a). It is used for making toys.

b). It is also used for making materials for decoration and for making surfaces smooth.
c). Doctors are used it as plaster for supporting fractured bones in the right position.
Plaster of Paris then becomes gypsum again after react with water moisture in air.
𝟏
𝑪𝒂𝑺𝑶. 𝑯𝟐 𝑶 + 𝟏𝟏𝟐 𝑯𝟐 𝑶 → 𝑪𝒂𝑺𝑶𝟒 . 𝟐𝑯𝟐 𝑶
𝟐
d). It is used as fireproofing materials.
e). It is also used for making chalks.
***

Chapter 03
Metals and Non-metals
Metals:
The elements which characterized by high electrical and thermal conductivity as well as
malleability, ductility, hard, lustre, sonorous are called metals.
OR
The elements which can lose their electrons easily and having positive charge on them
during preparation of compounds are called metals.

Physical properties:
Physical properties of metals are as follows:
i). Physical State:
Almost metals are solid and hard by nature. Hardness varies from metal to metals.
ii). Malleability:
Metals can be beaten into thin sheets; this property is called malleability.
Utensils, vessels and other sheets are able to made due to this property of metals.
iii). Ductility:
The ability of metals to be drawn into thin wires is called ductility.
Due to this property, metals are used in making electric wires.
iv). Conductivity:
The ability of metals to pass current and heat is called conductivity.
v). Lustre:

24
The surface of metals is lustre. Even they can be rust but their inner surface is remained
lustre (shining).
vi). Melting point:
Metals start to melt at high temperature. So, metals have high melting points.
vi). Sonorous:
When metals strike on a hard surface, they produce a sound, this ability is called
sonorous.
S. Physical property Metal
No.
1. Highest malleable metals Gold (Au) and Silver (Ag)
2. Highest ductile metals Gold (Au)
3. Highest conductors Silver (Ag) & Copper (Cu)
4. Poor conductors Lead (Pb) & Mercury (Hg)
5. Soft metals can be cut by knife (also very low Lithium (Li), Sodium (Na)
densities and melting points) and Potassium (K)
6. Liquid at room temperature Mercury (Hg)
7. Lowest melting points can melt on palm of Gallium (Ga) and Caesium
hand. (Cs)
8. Alkali metals Li, Na, K

Non-metals:
The elements that do not conduct electricity and are neither malleable nor ductile, are
called non-metals.
OR
The elements which can gain electron easily and having negative charge on them in
during preparation of compounds are called non-metals.
Ex: Hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulphur, chlorine, iodine, bromine
etc.
*Non-metals are either solids or gases except bromine (Br). It is a liquid at room
temperature.
*Non-metals are non-lustres but iodine (I), diamond and graphite a lustre non-metal.
*Carbon can exist in different forms; each form is called allotrope (physical properties
are different but chemical properties are same).
Ex. Diamond, graphite and fullerenes (C-60).
• Diamond has high melting point and boiling point.
• Graphite is another allotrope which is a conductor of electricity.

25
Metalloids: The elements which show properties of both metals and non-metals are called
metalloids (sum-metals). Ex. B, Si, Ge, As, Se, Sb, Te, Po etc.

Chemical properties of Metals:

1). Metals burn in air:
When metals burn in presence of oxygen, they produce metal oxide.
𝑴𝒆𝒕𝒂𝒍 + 𝑶𝒙𝒚𝒈𝒆𝒏 → 𝑴𝒆𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒐𝒙𝒊𝒅𝒆
Nature of metal oxide: Basic
Nature of non-metal oxide: Acidic
Ex.
i). When copper is heated in air, it combines with oxygen to form a black oxide (copper
oxide).
𝟐𝑪𝒖 + 𝑶𝟐 →2CuO
ii). Aluminium forms aluminium oxide.
𝟒𝑨𝒍 + 𝟑𝑶𝟐 → 𝟐𝑨𝒍𝟐 𝑶𝟑
** Important Notes:
Most metal oxides insoluble in water but some metal oxides dissolve in water and give
bases (alkalis).
Ex. K2O and Na2O
𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑶(𝒔) + 𝑯𝟐 𝑶(𝒍) → 𝟐𝑵𝒂𝑶𝑯(𝒂𝒒)
𝑲𝟐 𝑶(𝒔) + 𝑯𝟐 𝑶(𝒍) → 𝟐𝑲𝑶𝑯(𝒂𝒒)

Amphoteric Oxides:
Some metals show both acidic as well as basic behaviour. These metal oxides react with
both acids as well as bases to produce salts and water are known as amphoteric
oxides.
Ex. Zinc oxide (ZnO) and aluminium oxide (Al2O3).
𝑨𝒍𝟐 𝑶𝟑 + 𝟔𝑯𝑪𝒍 → 𝟐𝑨𝒍𝑪𝒍𝟑 + 3 𝑯𝟐 𝑶
𝑨𝒍𝟐 𝑶𝟑 + 𝟐𝑵𝒂𝑶𝑯 → 𝟐𝑵𝒂𝑨𝒍𝑶𝟐 + 𝑯𝟐 𝑶
(Sodium aluminite)
𝑨𝒍𝟐 𝑶𝟑 + 𝟐𝑲𝑶𝑯 → 𝟐𝑲𝑨𝒍𝑶𝟐 + 𝑯𝟐 𝑶
(Potassium aluminite)

26
Reactivity of metals with oxygen:
It varies from metal to metal. Different metals show different reactivities towards oxygen.
a). Sodium (Na) and potassium (K) react so vigorously (quickly) that they catch fire if kept
in the open.
That’s why sodium and potassium are kept immersed in kerosene oil.
b). Magnesium (Mg), aluminium (Al), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb) etc. are covered with a thin layer
of oxide at ordinary temperature.
This protective oxide layer prevents the metal from further oxidation.
c). Iron (Fe) does not burn on heating but iron filings burn vigorously.
d). Copper (Cu) does not burn, but the hot metal is coated with a black coloured layer of
copper oxide (CuO).
e). Silver (Ag) and gold (Au) do not react with oxygen at any temperature.

2). Metals react with water:

Metals react water and produce metal oxide and hydrogen gas.
Metal + Water → Metal oxide + Hydrogen gas
Metal oxide are soluble in water then produce metal oxide.
Metal oxide + Water → Metal hydroxide
But all metals do not react with water. Water may be cold, hot or in form of steam.

a). Metals that react with cold water:

Na, Mg, K and Ca can react with cold water.
a). Potassium and sodium react violently with cold water and produce hydroxide,
hydrogen gas and heat energy. These are exothermic reaction.
𝟐𝑲(𝒔) + 𝟐𝑯𝟐 𝑶(𝒍) → 𝟐𝑲𝑶𝑯(𝒂𝒒) + 𝑯𝟐 (𝒈)+ Heat energy
𝟐𝑵𝒂(𝒔) + 𝟐𝑯𝟐 𝑶(𝒍) → 𝟐𝑵𝒂𝑶𝑯(𝒂𝒒) + 𝑯𝟐 (𝒈)+ Heat energy
b). Calcium and magnesium react with cold water but not violent. The heat is not
sufficient for the hydrogen to catch fire. Hydrogen sticks with calcium hydroxide and
magnesium hydroxide. So that they float.
𝟐𝑪𝒂(𝒔) + 𝟐𝑯𝟐 𝑶(𝒍) → 𝑪𝒂(𝑶𝑯)𝟐 (𝒂𝒒) + 𝑯𝟐 (𝒈)
𝟐𝑴𝒈(𝒔) + 𝟐𝑯𝟐 𝑶(𝒍) → 𝑴𝒈(𝑶𝑯)𝟐 (𝒂𝒒) + 𝑯𝟐 (𝒈)

b). Metals react with steam:

Some metals like aluminium, iron and zinc do not both cold and hot water but they react
steam.

27
 𝟐𝑨𝒍(𝒔) + 𝟑𝑯𝟐 𝑶(𝒈) → 𝑨𝒍𝟐 𝑶𝟑 (𝒔) + 𝟑𝑯𝟐 (𝒈)
𝟑𝑭𝒆(𝒔) + 𝟒𝑯𝟐 𝑶(𝒈) → 𝑭𝒆𝟑 𝑶𝟒 (𝒔) + 4 𝑯𝟐 (𝒈)

c). Metals that do not react with water at all.

Lead, copper, silver and gold do not react with any water.

3). Metals react with acids.

Metals react with acids to give a salt and hydrogen gas.
Metal + Dilute acid → Salt + Hydrogen
2Na(s) + 𝟐𝑯𝑪𝒍(𝒂𝒒) → 2NaCl(s) + 𝑯𝟐 (𝒈)
Notes:
a). Nitric acid (HNO3) does not react with metals. Because HNO3 is a strong oxidising
agent. It oxidises hydrogen gas (H2) produced to water (H2O) and it gets reduced to any
of nitrogen oxides (N2O, NO or NO2).
b). Magnesium (Mg) and Manganese (Mn) react with very dilute nitric acid and produce
salt and evolve hydrogen gas.
c). Magnesium (Mg), aluminium (Al), zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe) react with dilute
hydrochloric acid exothermically.

Reactivity order is Mg>Al>Zn>Fe

d). Copper (Cu) does not react with dilute HCl. No bubbles are not released and
temperature remains unchanged in the reaction.
Reason: Hydrogen is more active than copper. So, copper unable to displace it in the
reaction.

4). Displacement reaction:

Reactive metals can displace less reactive metals from their compounds in solution. This
property helps to arrange the metals in the reactivity series.
𝑴𝒆𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑨 + 𝑺𝒂𝒍𝒕 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝑴𝒆𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑩 → 𝑺𝒂𝒍𝒕 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑨 + 𝑴𝒆𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑩
Ex. Zn + FeS𝑶𝟒 →ZnS𝑶𝟒 + Fe
The Reactivity Series of Metals:
The reactivity series is a list of metals arranged in the order of their decreasing activities
on the base of displacement reaction.
S. No. Reactivity Metals
1. Most reactive metals K, Na, Ca, Mg, Al
2. Moderate reactive metals Zn, Fe, Pb, Cu
3. Less reactive metals Hg, Ag, Au

28
Decreasing order of reactivity: K>Na>Ca>Mg>Al>Zn>Fe>Pb> H>Cu>Hg>Ag>Au
Hint*: (Popular Scientist Can Make All Zoo In Low Humid Country, More Silver Gold)

Ionic Bond and ionic compounds:

Metal and non-metal react each other in form of ionic compounds.
OR
The compound formed in this manner by the transfer of electrons from a metal to
a non-metal are known as ionic compounds.
Ionic compounds are also known as electrovalent compounds.
The attraction force between ionic compounds is known as ionic bond.
Metals lose their electron to complete their octet while non-metals gain electron to
complete their octet (as noble gases).

Ex. Formation of sodium chloride.

Sodium (11) has 2, 8, 1 electron in its K, L, M shell. The outermost shell M has 1 electron.
If it loses one electron then it will obtain the stable octet as noble gas Neon (Ne).
While Chlorine (17) has 2, 8, 7 electrons in its K, L, M shell. It needs only one electron to
complete its octet as noble gas Argon (Ar).
If sodium and chlorine react to each other, the electron lost by sodium could be taken by
chlorine. Chlorine gets the negative charge (17 protons and 18 electrons) and sodium
gets positive charge (11 protons and 10 electrons).

Both elements attract each other and held by strong electrostatic force in form of sodium
chloride (NaCl).

Ex. Formation of Magnesium chloride:

Magnesium chloride MgCl2 is also formed as the manner of formation of sodium chloride
(NaCl).
Magnesium loses 2 electrons which gain by chlorine in form of magnesium chloride
(MgCl2). (Description of this procedure is same as Sodium chloride).

29
Formation of Sodium oxide Na2O:

Formation of Calcium oxide CaO:

General properties of Ionic compounds:

a). Physical nature:
Ionic compounds are solid and have strong force of attraction between the positive and
negative ions.
But these compounds are brittle and can break into pieces by beating.
b). Melting points and boiling points:
Melting and boiling points of ionic compounds are high. Because they are required much
energy to break the strong ionic bond.
c). Solubility:
Ionic compounds are soluble in water but not soluble in benzene, kerosene or petrol
etc.
d). Conductivity:
Ionic compounds in solid form are unable to conduct the electricity because movement
of ions in the solid is not possible.
But their liquid solution can conduct the electricity because the ions can move freely and
conduct electricity in the solution.

Occurrence of Metals:
Some Metals are obtained in the form of minerals from the earth’s crust. These minerals
are called ores.

30
Seawater also contains some soluble salts. Ex. NaCl, MgCl 2 etc.

Form of Ores of Metals:

Metals are found in form of their compounds. Ores of compounds may be found in form
of oxides, carbonates, sulphides etc.
Ores of many metals are found as oxides.
Reason: Oxygen in easily available in the nature and it is very reactive element.

Group of metals according their reactivity:

a). Metals of low reactivity:
Mercury and Copper are found as sulphides.
b). Metals of moderate reactivity:
These metals (Zn, Fe, Pb) are found mainly as oxides, sulphides or carbonates.
c). Metals of high reactivity:
These metals (K, Na, Mg, Ca, Al) are never found in nature as free state.
Note: Gold, silver, platinum, copper etc. are found in the nature as free state. Copper and
silver are also found in form of sulphides or oxides.

Some keywords:
a). Metallurgy:
A process that is used for the extraction of metals from their ores in pure form is
called metallurgy.
b). Gangue:
The large impurities present in the ores such as soil, sand etc. are known as gangue.
These are removed from the ores by differences between the physical or chemical
properties of the gangue and the ore.
c). Roasting:
The sulphides ores are converted into oxides by heating strongly in the presence of excess
air, is called roasting.
d). Calcination:
The carbonates ores are changed into oxides by heating in limited air, is called calcination.
e). Electrolysis:
The process of decomposing ionic compounds into their elements by passing a direct
electric current through the compound in a fluid form, is called electrolysis.
This method is used to extract metals sodium, magnesium, calcium and aluminium.

31
f). Cathode:
The electrode which charged negatively is called cathode.
Metals are deposited on it in electrolysis reduction.
g). Anode:
The positively charged electrode is called anode.
Non-metals are deposited at the anode.
h). Anode mud:
The insoluble impurities settle down at the bottom of the anode. Are known as anode
mud.
i). Main ores of the metals:
Mercury - Cinnabar (HgS)
Copper – Copper sulphide (Cu2S)
Zinc – Zinc sulphide (ZnS) and Zinc carbonate (ZnCO3)

Extraction of Metals:
Several steps are needed in the extraction of pure metal from its ore.

Fig: Steps involved in the extraction of

metals from ores

(A). Extracting Metals Low in the Activity Series:

These are very unreactive. The oxides of these metals can be reduced to metals by heating
alone.

a). Extraction of mercury:

32
When cinnabar (HgS) is heated in air, it converted into mercuric oxide (HgO). Then
reduced to mercury on further heating.
𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒕
𝟐𝑯𝒈𝑺(𝒔) + 𝟑𝑶𝟐 (𝒈) → 𝟐𝑯𝒈𝑶(𝒔) + 𝟐𝑺𝑶𝟐 (𝒈)
𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒕
𝟐𝑯𝒈𝑶(𝒔) → 𝟐𝑯𝒈(𝒍) + 𝑶𝟐 (𝒈)

b). Extraction of copper:

Copper is also obtained from its ore by just heating in air.
𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒕
𝟐𝑪𝒖𝟐 𝑺 + 𝟑𝑶𝟐 (𝒈) → 𝟐𝑪𝒖𝟐 𝑶(𝒔) + 𝟐𝑺𝑶𝟐 (𝒈)
𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒕
𝟐𝑪𝒖𝟐 𝑶 + 𝑪𝒖𝟐 𝑺 → 𝟐𝑪𝒖(𝒔) + 𝑺𝑶𝟐 (𝒈)

(B). Extracting Metals in the Middle of the Activity Series:

These metals are usually present as sulphides or carbonates. So, roasting or calcination
process are used to convert into oxides. It is easier to obtain a metal from its oxide as
compared to its sulphides or carbonates.

a). Extraction of Zinc:

Roasting:
𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒕
𝟐𝒁𝒏𝑺(𝒔) + 𝟑𝑶𝟐 (𝒈) → 𝟐𝒁𝒏𝑶(𝒔) + 𝟐𝑺𝑶𝟐 (𝒈)
Calcination:
𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒕
𝒁𝒏𝑪𝑶𝟑 (𝒔) → 𝟐𝒁𝒏𝑶(𝒔) + 𝑪𝑶𝟐 (𝒈)

Reduction:
The metal oxides are reduced by using suitable reducing agent such as carbon. Carbon
(C) reduces the metal oxide to metals.

𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒕
𝒁𝒏𝑶(𝒔) + 𝑪(𝒔) → 𝒁𝒏(𝒔) + 𝑪𝑶(𝒈)

b). Extraction of Manganese:

Displacement reaction:
These are highly exothermic reaction.
Manganese oxide is heated with aluminium powder.
𝟑𝑴𝒏𝑶𝟐 (𝒔) + 4Al(s) →3Mn(l) +2A𝒍𝟐 𝑶𝟑 (𝒔)+ Heat
In this reaction, aluminium is used as reducing agent because they can displace metals of
lower reactivity from their compounds.

33
Other reducing agents are sodium, calcium etc.

b). Extraction of Iron:

Thermite reaction:
Iron obtains from iron oxide (Fe2O3). In this process, aluminium is also used as oxidising
agent. Iron gets in molten state in this process. This process is called thermite reaction.
𝑭𝒆𝟐 𝑶𝟑 (𝒔) + 𝟐𝑨𝒍(𝒔) → 𝟐𝑭𝒆(𝒍) + 𝑨𝒍𝟐 𝑶𝟑 (𝒔) + Heat

Importance of thermite reaction:

This reaction is used to join the railway track or cracked machine parts.

Fig: Thermite process for joining railway track

(C). Extracting Metals towards the Top of the Activity series:

In the extraction of high reactivity metals, carbon do not use.
Reasons:
Carbon cannot reduce the oxides of sodium, magnesium, calcium, aluminium.
And these metals have more affinity for oxygen than carbon.

Electrolytic reduction:
Electrolytic reduction is used for obtaining metals from their molten chlorides.
The metals are deposited at the cathode while chlorine is liberated at the anode.
Ex. 1. Extraction of Sodium from sodium chloride.
At Cathode At Anode
𝑵𝒂+ + 𝒆− → Na 𝟐𝑪𝒍 → 𝑪𝒍𝟐 + 𝟐𝒆−
Ex. 2. Aluminium is also obtained from aluminium oxide.
At Cathode At Anode
𝑨𝒍+𝟑 + 𝟑𝒆− → Al 𝟐𝑶−𝟐 → 𝑶𝟐 + 𝟒𝒆−

34
Refining of Metals:
Metals are obtained from various reduction processes are not pure. So, their impurities
can be removed by the process of electrolytic refining.
When current passes through electrolyte, the pure
metals dissolves into electrolyte then deposited on
the cathode.
In this method, the impure metal is made the anode
and a thin strip of pure metal is made the cathode.
Both electrodes are immersed in the salt of that
metal as electrolyte.
The soluble impurities go into the solution while
insoluble impurities settle down under the anode as
anode mud.
Fig: Electrolytic refining of copper

Corrosion:
Corrosion is a process in which a substance (specially metals) gets destructive
attack by reaction with the environment.
OR
The process in which metals are eaten up gradually by the action of air, moisture
or a chemical on their surface is known as corrosion.
Ex. Rusting of iron, black coating on silver, green coating on copper.
• Silver article becomes black after exposed some time in air.
Reason:
Silver reacts with sulphur present in the air to form a coating of silver sulphide.
• Copper reacts slowly with moist carbon dioxide in the air and gains a green coat.
This green substance is copper carbonate.
• During the corrosion of the iron, iron is oxidised by the oxygen of air in the
presence of moisture to form iron oxide (Fe3O4) (reddish brown).

Prevention of Corrosion (Rusting of Iron):

It can be prevented by painting, oiling, greasing, galvanising, chrome plating,
anodising and making alloys.

Galvanising: The process of coating of zinc (Zn) on the surface of iron or steel to
protect from rusting is called galvanising.

Alloying:

35
Alloying is one of the best methods of prevention of rusting and improving the properties
of a metal.
Alloying is a homogenous mixture (solution) of a metals and other metal or a non-metal.

Process of alloying:
First melting the primary metal (which required in much quantity) then dissolving the
other element in it definite proportions. After this solution cooled at room temperature.

Properties of alloys:
Properties of any metal can be changed after alloying.
• The melting point and conductivity of an alloy is decreased than that of a pure
metal.

Examples of some important alloys:

a). Stainless steel:
It is an alloy of iron. It is a mixture of pure iron, carbon (0.05%), nickel and chromium.
It is hard and does not rust.
Note: Iron is a soft and stretches easily when it hot. So, carbon (about 0.05%) is mixed
with iron for strong and hardness.
b). Amalgam:
The alloy of mercury (Hg) is called amalgam. It is a mixture of mercury with some other
metals.
c). Brass:
It is an alloy of copper (Cu).
It is a mixture of copper (Cu-66%) and zinc (Zn-34%).
d). Bronze:
It is also an alloy of copper. It is a mixture of copper (Cu-88%) and tin (Sn-12%).
e). Solder:
It is an alloy of tin (Sn-63) and lead (Pb-37%).
Solder has a low melting point. It is used for welding electric wires together.
f). Gold:
Pure gold (Au) (24 carat) is a very soft metal. It is not suitable for making jewellery. It is
alloyed with silver (Ag) or copper (Cu) to make it hard.
In India, it is called 22 carat gold. It is a mixture of gold (98%) and silver or copper (2%).
***

36