Chapter 30

Sources of the Magnetic Field

Magnetic Fields

The origin of the magnetic field is moving charges.

The magnetic field due to various current distributions can be calculated.
Ampère’s law is useful in calculating the magnetic field of a highly symmetric
configuration carrying a steady current.
Magnetic effects in matter can be explained on the basis of atomic magnetic
moments.

Introduction
Biot-Savart Law – Introduction

Biot and Savart conducted experiments on the force exerted by an electric

current on a nearby magnet.
They arrived at a mathematical expression that gives the magnetic field at some
point in space due to a current.
The magnetic field described by the Biot-Savart Law is the field due to a given
current carrying conductor.
§ Do not confuse this field with any external field applied to the conductor from
some other source.

Section 30.1
 Biot-Savart
Biot-Savart Law Law –– Observations Observations
ervations
The
Thevector
The vector
vector dB
dB is
dB
Biot-Savart isperpendicular
is perpendicular
perpendicular
Law – Observations to both ds
to both ds and to the unit vector vector r̂ directed
directed
ervationsbothds
ar tofrom
from
from dsand
ds toward
toward
toward
to the P.unit vector r̂ directed
P.
P.
The
The The
Themagnitude
magnitude
magnitude vector
Biot-Savart of ofdB
of dBis
dB is perpendicular
is inversely
Law inversely
inversely to both ds
proportional
proportional
– Observations to rand
22, where
to ther is unit
is thevector
the r̂ directed
distance
distance
sely tofrom
tarLaw both
from
from – ds
proportionalds
ds
from to
and
to ds
toP. toward
tor2the
P.
P.
to
Observations unit P.
, where r is ther̂distance
vector directed
The The
The
Themagnitude
The magnitude vector
magnitude
Biot-Savart
magnitude of of dB
of dBof
dB is
LawisdB
is perpendicular
proportional
proportional toto
–is Observations
inversely to the
theboth ds and
proportional
current totorto
and 2,the
theunit
where
the is the r̂distance
rvector
magnitude
magnitude directed
ds
ds
B
selyis of
ortionalofthe
proportional
the
the
Observationsto from
length
from
length
perpendicular
the ds
dselement
to r 2to
element
to
current ,toward
P. ds
where
both
and ds
dsP.
to ..is magnitude
rand
the the distance
to the unitds vector r̂ directed
ard P. dBis ds and ther̂ distance
The
The Themagnitude
The
Themagnitude
magnitude
magnitude vector
magnitude
of ofdB
of dB
dB is
of
is
is is
of dB is proportional
dB
perpendicular
proportional
proportional
proportional
proportional inversely
tosin
to
to to
sin
sin qq,to
both
, where
proportional
where
the qqtotothe
isis
current the
rthe
2 ,andunit
where
anglevector
to the
angle
angle rbetween
between
between directed
ismagnitude ds
ds and
e of dB
ortional
the
endicular
rtional the
the to
to to from
of
the
vectors qthe
vectors
is the
to
sin unit
inversely
both
vectors ds
ds
ds
length
,current
vector
where and toward
andto
and
and r̂r̂r̂to
q P.
element
proportional
and to
is .. P.
.the the
directed
the dsvector
to
unit
angle r.2between
magnitude
, wherer̂ directed
dsr is the distance
. dBisisis
dB
Themagnitude
The magnitude of ofdB inversely
proportional
proportional to to q, current
proportional
sinthe to r2, qand
where where rangle
to the
is the is the distanceds
magnitude
between
of dB
srtional
tional to
einversely 2,the
to ris
sin q,the
from
of
where ds
length
vectors
where
proportional
proportional qds
r istothe
P.iselement
to
to 2and
the r̂ .dsrbetween
angle
rdistance
current
, where .isand
thetodistance
the magnitude ds
element dsThe . magnitude of dB dBisisproportional
proportionaltotosin theq,current
whereand q is to
thethe magnitude
angle betweends
the of
thethe
dB is proportional
ofcurrent and
se proportional length
tovectors
tothe tods
element
sinand
thecurrent
magnitude
and r̂tods
q, whereds . qmagnitude
. the is the angle dsbetween
ss.and r̂ . The magnitude of dB is proportional to sin q, where q is the angle between
q, wherethe
nproportional isvectors
q to theqangle
sin , where q isr̂the
dsbetween
and . angle between
Section 30.1
Section 30.1
Section
Section 30.1
30.1
Section 30.1
Biot-Savart Law
Biot-Savart Law –– Equation
Equation
The observations
The observations are
are summarized
summarized in
in the
the mathematical
mathematical equation
equation called
called the
the Biot-
Biot-
Savart law:
Savart law:
μo I ds  ˆr
dB 
4π r 2
The constant mµo is
The constant is called
called the
the permeability
permeability of
of free
free space.
space.
o

mµo == 4p
o
4p xx 10
10-7-7 TT.. m
m // AA
TotalMagnetic
Total Magnetic Field
Field
Field
dB is the field created
createdby bythe
by thecurrent
the currentin
current in the
in thelength
lengthsegment
the length
segmentds.
length segment
segment ds.
ds.
dB is the field created inthe ds.
Tofind
To find thetotal
total field,
field,sum
sumup upthe
thecontributions
contributions from
fromall
allthe
thecurrent
currentelements
elements
To find the
the total field, sum up the contributionsfrom
contributions from all
all the
the current
current elements
elements
I ds
I ds
μo II ddssˆrˆr
B  4oπ  r22
B μ
4π r
Theintegral
§ The integralisisover
over theentire
entire currentdistribution.
distribution.
is over the
the entire current
current
current distribution.
distribution.
Thelaw
The lawisisalso
alsovalid
valid foraacurrent
current consistingof ofcharges
chargesflowing
flowingthrough
through
valid for
for a current consisting
consisting
consisting ofof charges
charges flowing
flowing through
through
space.
space.
space.
Forexample,
§ For
For example, thiscould
could applyto to thebeam
beamininananaccelerator.
accelerator.
example, this this could apply
apply to the
the
the beam
beam inin an
an accelerator.
accelerator.

Section 30.1
Section
Section 30.1
Section 30.1
30.1
 Magnetic Field Compared to Electric Field

Distance
§ The magnitude of the magnetic field varies as the inverse square of the
distance from the source.
§ The electric field due to a point charge also varies as the inverse square of
the distance from the charge.
Direction

aw The electric field created by a point charge is radial in direction.

–§ Observations
– Observations
Law
§ The magnetic field created by a current element is perpendicular to both the
Bs perpendicular
lengthtoelement
is perpendicular both
to dsds
both and to to
and
and thethe
unit vectorr̂ .directed
vector
unit r̂ directed
P. P.
rd
ef dB is inversely
of dB proportional
is inversely to to
proportional r2,rwhere r isr is
2, where the distance
the distance

dBdB
ef of is proportional to to
is proportional thethe
current and
current to to
and thethe
magnitude dsds
magnitude
ment dsds
lement . . Section 30.1
Magnetic Field Compared to Electric Field, cont.

Source
§ An electric field is established by an isolated electric charge.
§ The current element that produces a magnetic field must be part of an
extended current distribution.
§ Therefore you must integrate over the entire current distribution.

Section 30.1
 0
4$withr 2k̂
field at point P due to this current. letting point P be along the positived B " (dB)yk̂axis,
"

we unit vector pointing out of

all the page, we seeproduce
that
Straight Conductor Interactive
Solution
aight From the Biot–Savart law,
Conductor
Conductor Interactive
expect that the
Interactive Because current elements
magnitude of the field is proportional to the current in in the k̂ direction, let us restrict our
nt Magnetic Field for a Long, Straight Conductor
product is simply the magnitude of ds, which is the length
roduct
3.
product
the wire dx. andis
is simply
simply
decreases
Substitution
the
the into
magnitude
as
magnitude the distance
Equation
of
of30.1
ds,
ds,
which is
a fromis the
which
gives
the length
thewire length " !ds !
tod s ! r̂magnitude of r̂the! k̂field (dx tosin
" due one k̂
!)curren
icpoint
x.
dx. Magnetic Field for a Long, Straight Conductor
Substitution
P increases.
Substitution
into
into Equation
Equation
We start 30.1
30.1bygives
givesconsidering a length
' 0I dx sin ! ' 0 I dx si
element d s locateddaB distance
Find the dfield B " (dB)
" (dB) k̂'"
contribution
k̂ " ' I 4dx 0rI from
dx sinP.
$ from
sin
! The where
r!2k̂a small
k̂direction ! d s of
! r̂ ! represents the
(1) magnitude
dB " of 2
the magneticd B field TatI O point
S"E C(dB) N k̂3 " 0 . 1 P4• $due
0 Theto
2
the k̂currentLaw
rBiot–Savart in this 929 4$ r
eelement element
Find is the
Because allofcurrent
field
outcurrent
of current
the contribution
page and
elements 4$produce
because then rd sintegrate
from
produce2 r̂
Because
amagnetic
ar̂small
magnetic
is outfield of field
the
is a unit vector, the magnitude of t
Because all elements a! To integrate this expression, we must rela
n in thethe
over k̂ direction,
current let us restrict our attention to the
distribution.
page.
ecause
o
in element
In
the fact,
k̂
magnitude
of
because
direction,
all current current
of the
all
let
elements of
us
field due to
and the
restrict then
current
produce our
one current
integrate
elements
attention
a magnetic to
element, which
I d
thes lie
field is x, and r. One approach is to express x an
nhinthe magnitude
the k̂plane
over theof the
of current
direction, field
the page,let usdue to
they one
distribution. current
all produce
restrict element,
our attention a magnetic which is
tofield
the From the geometry y in Figure 30.3a, we ha
The thin, straight wire is 'carrying
I dx sin ! a Interactive
ctor directed
magnitude
of out of the
of the field(1)due to onepage at point
dB'" P.
0 Icurrent
Thus,
dx sin !element,
0 we have the
which is d s  =
dx P
constant current
(1)
isdirection of the magnetic field dB " 4 $ r 2 a
4$at point r2 P, and we need (2) r" " a cs
' I dx sin ! sin
 
eonly find the magnitude. Taking 0 therelateorigin the at O and !
seletting
simply d s
To integratethe
To integrate ˆrthis
(1)  this expression,
dx
expression,
magnitude
dB "
sin θ weof k̂ we must
mustds,
4$express relate
which
2
raxis, the variables
is
variables
the ,
!length
!,
x,point
and r.POne r in k̂
r. One be along isthe
ispositive
x yand
x andwith being
of !. a
approach to terms of !. Because tan ! " a/(# x) from the right
d x, and approach to express r in terms
otution into Equation 30.1 gives
unit From
vector the geometry
pointing out in of Figure
the 30.3a,
page, we
we seehave thatvariables !,
FromIntegrating
e integrate the this
geometry over
expression,
in Figure all we themust
30.3a, current relate
we have elements
the 30.3a (the negative sign is necessary becau
dand r.givesOne approach is to express a dx sin
a x and r in terms of !. r value aof x), we have
a negative
d s !(2) (2)
r̂ " ! d sr ! ' r I"
" 0r̂ ! k̂ sin ""!(dx " a
a cscsin! csc
! !) k̂
!
rom
d B " (dB)
thedgeometry in k̂ Figure
" 30.3a, sin ! we have k̂
2 x " #a cot !
awhere Because
! d s tan μ I
! r̂!! "represents
tan θ
a/(#
oa/(# x) fromthe 4
x) $ from ther right
magnitude triangle d s ! r̂ .
in
of Figure Figure

! "
 
2
Because
Because
B
30.3a (the
(2)
r̂ isnegativenegative
a4unit sign
r
vector,
cos
" is θ athe
the
dθ
necessary
right triangle in
a because
magnitude
" csc ! d
ofs is
thelocated
cross at Taking
r̂ the derivative of this expression giv
30.3a
all current (the
a negative elements πaof x),
value
sign θ 1 is necessary
we produce
sin
have!
because d s is
a magnetic fieldlocated at
θ
a negative value of x), we have (3) dx " a csc2 ! d
tan ! "μlet
direction, o I
usx) restrict our attention to the x
ecause a/(#
 from

x "y the #a cot right! triangle in Figure
r̂0.3a
de .
of the
(the the derivative
field
negative duesign sinto
is
x "
one
1
#a sin
θnecessary cot
currentθbecause
!
2 element,d s is located which at is
Substitution
d s of Equations (2) and (3) into
Taking
ss Taking the derivative 4dπa s  = dx of this
P
of this expression
expression
gives
gives O 2 ! sin ! d!
negative value of x), we have ' 0I a csc
I
(3)
(3)
dx
dx " a2 csc2 ! d !
"Ia csc (4) x dB " "
x" " #a(2) ' 0cotand dx !sin
d! !
! (3) into Equation (1) gives 4 $ a 2 csc 2 !
(1) of Equations
Substitution
Substitution
of dBEquations
(2) and (3) into2Equation (1) gives
aking the derivative of this 4$a 2 ! sinr!gives
r ' I expression (a)
an expression in which the only variable i
0 a2 csc d! '0ISection 30.1
(4) dB'"I a csc ! sin ! d! "0I
' sin ! d!
" 0 4$dx "
(4)
ate this expression, dB(3) 4$ wea must 2 aa22csc
csc22 !! "
csc ! relate d ! 4$the a
4$ sin
variables !, the
a ! d! 30.1
Section magnitude of the magnetic field at p
ing Equation (4) over all elements, whe
an expression r̂in which the only variable is !. We now obtain
ubstitution of Equations (2) and (3) into Equation (1) gives
 r a
x " #a
a (the negative sign is necessary cot ! ds is located at
because
r̂ .
gative value
ss
Takingofthe
x),derivative
we have of this expression gives
x "(3)
2
#a cot !dx " a csc ! d ! r̂
Substitution of Equations (2) and (3) into Equation (1) gives θ
ng the derivative of this expression gives x
Magnetic Field
' 0I a for
csc 22 !a
sinLong,
! d! 'Straight
0I
Conductor, Special Case
(4) (3) dB "dx " a csc2 ! d2! " sin ! d! ds O
4$ a csc ! 4$a
stitution of Equations (2) and (3) into Equation (1) gives x I
an expression in which the only variable is !. We now obtain
' 0I aofcsc
the magnitude the2 !magnetic
sin ! d! field at I
'0point P by integrat-
4) dB "
ing Equation " sin ! d! (a)
4$ (4) over all2 !
a 2 csc elements, 4where
$a the subtending
angles range from !1 to !2 as defined in Figure 30.3b:
xpression in which the only variable is !. We now obtain
magnitude
B"
Equation
' 0the
of
4$aover
(4) ! 1
"
I !magnetic
2

all elements,4
' 0I point P by integrat-
sin ! d! "field at (cos
Magnetic Field for a Long, Straight Conductor,
$ a
where
!1 # cos !2)
the subtending
(30.4)
Special Case
P
es range from !1 to
We can use!2thisas defined
result to in Figure
find 30.3b: field of any
the magnetic
Ifstraight
the conductor is an
wireinfinitely
if we know long,
"
current-carrying the geometry and
I !
angles q I
!1 q#
f the conductor '
sin ! d! "is an infinitely
0(cos long,
=p
' 0 straight
2
hence thewire, =
! 110and !and
2. Consider the special case of an
2 cos !2) (30.4)
straight wire, q1 = p/2 and q2 = -p/2
4$ a infinitely
! 1
long, straight
4 $ a wire. If we let the wire in Figure
The
30.3bfield
becomebecomes
infinitely long, we see that ! 1 " 0 and ! 2 " $
We can for
uselength elements
this result to ranging
find thebetween
magneticpositions
field xof"any
# % and
The field becomes
x " & %. Because (cos ! # cos ! ) " (cos 0 # cos $) " 2, θ2
ght current-carrying wire if we 1 know 2the geometry and
θ1
Equation μ30.4Ibecomes
ce the angles ! 1 and ! 2. Consider the special case of an
B  o
nitely long, straight
2πa wire. BIf"we 'let 0I
the wire in Figure
(30.5)
b become infinitely long, we see2that $a ! 1 " 0 and ! 2 " $
ength elements ranging between positions x " # % and
(b)
& %. Because (cos
Equations # cos
! 1and
30.4 ) " show
30.5! 2both (cos 0that
# cos $) " 2, of
the magnitude
ng a
nation 30.4 magnetic field is proportional to the Figure
the becomes current and30.3 (Example 30.1) (a) A thin, straight wire
decreases with increasing distance from the wire, as we
d at
expected. Notice that current I. The magnetic field at point P due to the cu
d ' 0 I Equation 30.5 has the same mathe-
Section 30.1
g, B"
matical form each
(30.5)
as the expression for the magnitude element
of the d s of the wire is out of the page, so the
2$a
 FG
4µ 0 I π 3π IJ where a =
P30.3 (a) B=
4π a H cos − cos
4 4 K 2

is the distance from any side to the center.

Problem 30.4
F 2 + 2 I = 2 2 × 10 T = 28.3 µT into the paper
4.00 × 10 −6
B= G
H
0.200 2 2 JK
−5

Calculate the magnitude of the magnetic field at a point 100 cm from a long, thin
conductor carrying a current of 1.00 A.
(b) For a single circular turn with 4 = 2π R ,

B=
µ 0 I µ 0π I
= =
e
4π 2 × 10 −7 10.0 ja f
= 24.7 µT into the paper
2R 4 4 0. 400 a f
P30.4 B=
µ0I
=
e ja
4π × 10 −7 1.00 A f
= 2.00 × 10 −7 T
2π r a
2π 1.00 m f
P30.5 For leg 1, ds × r = 0 , so there is no contribution to the field from this
segment. For leg 2, the wire is only semi-infinite; thus,

F
1 µ0I I
µ0I
B= GH
2 2π x
= JK
4π x
into the paper .

Section 30.1
Magnetic Force Between Two Parallel Conductors
Two parallel
Two parallel wires
wires each
each carry
carry a
a steady
steady
current.
current.
The field B2 due to the current in wire 2
exerts a force on wire 1 of F1 = I1ℓ B2.

Section 30.2
 MagneticForce
Magnetic ForceBetween
BetweenTwo
TwoParallel
ParallelConductors,
Conductors,cont.
cont.

Substitutingthe
Substituting theequation
equationfor
forthe
themagnetic
magneticfield
field(B(B ) gives
2)2 gives

μo I1 I 2
F1 
2πa
Parallelconductors
§ Parallel conductorscarrying
carryingcurrents
currentsininthe
thesame
samedirection
directionattract
attracteach
each
other.
other.
Parallelconductors
§ Parallel conductorscarrying
carryingcurrent
currentininopposite
oppositedirections
directionsrepel
repeleach
eachother.
other.

Section30.2
Section 30.2
Magnetic
MagneticForce
ForceBetween
BetweenTwo
TwoParallel
ParallelConductors,
Conductors,final
final
The result is often expressed as the magnetic force between the two wires, FB.
The result is often expressed as the magnetic force between the two wires, FB.
This can also be given as the force per unit length:
This can also be given as the force per unit length:
FB μo I1 I 2

2πa
The derivation assumes both wires are long compared with their separation
The derivation assumes both wires are long compared with their separation
distance.
distance.
§ Only one wire needs to be long.
 Only one wire needs to be long.
§ The equations accurately describe the forces exerted on each other by a
 The equations accurately describe the forces exerted on each other by a
long wire and a straight, parallel wire of limited length, ℓ.
long wire and a straight, parallel wire of limited length, ℓ.

Section 30.2
Section 30.2
 1
2π a b
A 0.050 0 m g 13.0 cm
12.0 cm

Problem 30.16 B1 = 12.0 µT downward and leftward, at angle 67.4° below the –x axis.
Current 2 contributes I2

e2.00 × 10 T ⋅ mja3.00 Af clockwise perpendicular to 12.0 cm

B2 =
−7

Aa0.120 mf
Two long, parallel conductors, separated by 10.0 cm, carryFIG. currents
P30.15 in the same
direction. TheB first = 5.00 µwire
2 T to thecarries
right and down, current I1 = 5.00 A and the second carries I2 = 8.00
at angle –22.6°

A. (a) What isThen, = B + B = b12.0 µTof

the Bmagnitude 1 2 ge− i cos
the j sin 67.4°j + b5.00field
magnetic
67.4°− µTge i cos
created 6°j I at the location of
22.6°− j sin 22.by
1
I2? (b) What is theB force = b−11.1 µTper
g j − b1.92unit
µTg j =length
b−13.0 µTgexerted
j by I1 on I2? (c) What is the
magnitude of the magnetic field created by I2 at the location of I1? (d) What is the
force per length
Section 30.2 exerted
The Magnetic by Force I2Between
on I1Two ? Parallel Conductors
P30.16 Let both wires carry current in the x direction, the first at y = 0 and the y
second at y = 10.0 cm . I2 = 8.00 A
y = 10.0 cm

(a) B=
µ0I
k=
e
4π × 10 −7 T ⋅ m A 5.00 A
k
ja f I1 = 5.00 A

2π r 2π 0.100 m a f z
x

B = 1.00 × 10 −5 T out of the page

FIG. P30.16(a)

(b) a fa f e j e
FB = I 2 × B = 8.00 A 1.00 m i × 1.00 × 10 −5 T k = 8.00 × 10 −5 N − j je j
FB = 8.00 × 10 −5 N toward the first wire

(c) B=
µ0I
−k = e j e
4π × 10 −7 T ⋅ m A 8.00 A ja f
−k = 1.60 × 10 −5 T − k e j e je j
2π r 2π 0.100 m a f
B = 1.60 × 10 −5 T into the page

(d) a fa f e je j e
FB = I 1 × B = 5.00 A 1.00 m i × 1.60 × 10 −5 T − k = 8.00 × 10 −5 N + j je j
FB = 8.00 × 10 −5 N towards the second wire
 length exerted by I 1 on I 2? (c) What is the m
the magnetic field created by I 2 at the loc
Problem 30.17 (d) What is the force per length exerted by I 2
17. In Figure P30.17, the current in the long, str
In the Figure, the current in the long, straight wireI 1is"I15.00
= 5.00
A andAtheandwirethe
lieswire lies
in the in of t
plane
the plane of the rectangular loop, which carries the larcurrent
loop, which
I2 =carries
10.0theA. current
The I 2 " 10.0 A
sions are c " 0.100 m, a " 0.150 m, and ! " 0
dimensions are c = 0.100 m, a = 0.150 m, and l =the 0.450 m. Find the magnitude
magnitude and direction of the net force
and direction of the net force exerted on the loop theby loop
the magnetic fieldfield
by the magnetic created
createdbyby the w
the wire.
Sources of the Magnetic Field

.17 By symmetry, we note that the magnetic forces on the top and bottom
segments of the rectangle cancel. The net force on the vertical segments of
the rectangle is (using Equation 30.11)
I1
µ I I F 1 1I µ I I F −a I
F=F +F =
1 2 G
0 1 2
2π H c + a c K
− J 2π GH cac + af JK i
i = 0 1 2 I2

e4π × 10 N A ja5.00 Afa10.0 Afa0.450 mf F −0.150 m I i

−7 2 !
F=
2π GH a0.100 mfa0.250 mf JK
F = e −2.70 × 10 i j N
−5

or F = 2.70 × 10 −5 N toward the left .

FIG. P30.17
c a
.18 To attract, both currents must be to the right. The attraction is described by
Figure P30.17
µ0I
F = I 2 B sin 90° = I 2
2π r
F I
18. Two long, parallel wires are attracted to each
Definition of the Ampere

The force between two parallel wires can be used to define the ampere.
When the magnitude of the force per unit length between two long, parallel wires
that carry identical currents and are separated by 1 m is 2 x 10-7 N/m, the current
in each wire is defined to be 1 A.

Section 30.2
Definition of the Coulomb

The SI unit of charge, the coulomb, is defined in terms of the ampere.

When a conductor carries a steady current of 1 A, the quantity of charge that
flows through a cross section of the conductor in 1 s is 1 C.

Section 30.2
Andre-Marie Ampère

1775 – 1836
French physicist
Credited with the discovery of
electromagnetism
§ The relationship between electric
current and magnetic fields
Also worked in mathematics

Section 30.3
Magnetic Field for a Long, Straight Conductor: Direction

The magnetic field lines are circles

concentric with the wire.
The field lines lie in planes
perpendicular to the wire.
The magnitude of the field is constant
on any circle of radius a.
The right-hand rule for determining the
direction of the field is shown.

Section 30.3
Magnetic Field of a Wire

A compass can be used to detect the

magnetic field.
When there is no current in the wire,
there is no field due to the current.
The compass needles all point toward
the Earth’s north pole.
§ Due to the Earth’s magnetic field

Section 30.3
Magnetic Field of a Wire, cont.
Here the wire carries a strong current.
The compass needles deflect in a
direction tangent to the circle.
This shows the direction of the
magnetic field produced by the wire.
If the current is reversed, the direction
of the needles also reverse.

Section 30.3
Magnetic Field of a Wire, final

The circular magnetic field around the

wire is shown by the iron filings.

Section 30.3
Ampere’s Law

The product of 𝐁 " 𝑑𝐬⃗ can be evaluated for small length elements 𝑑𝐬⃗ on the
circular path defined by the compass needles for the long straight wire.
Ampere’s law states that the line integral of 𝐁 " 𝑑𝐬⃗ around any closed path equals
µoI where I is the total steady current passing through any surface bounded by
the closed path:

& 𝐁 " 𝑑𝐬⃗ = 𝜇! 𝐼

Ampere’s law describes the creation of magnetic fields by all continuous current
configurations.
§ Most useful for this course if the current configuration has a high degree of symmetry.
Put the thumb of your right hand in the direction of the current through the
amperian loop and your fingers curl in the direction you should integrate around
the loop.

Section 30.3
Field Due to a Long Straight Wire – From Ampere’s Law
Calculate the magnetic field at a
distance r from the center of a wire
carrying a steady current I.
The current is uniformly distributed
through the cross section of the wire.
Since the wire has a high degree of
symmetry, the problem can be
categorized as a Ampère’s Law
problem.
§ For r ≥ R, this should be the same
result as obtained from the Biot-
Savart Law.

Section 30.3
 Field
Field Due toaaLong
Due to Long Straight
Straight Wire
Wire – Results
– Results From From Ampere’s
Ampere’s Law Law
Field Due to a Long Straight Wire – Results From Ampere’s Law
Outside
Outside
Field Dueof
Outside oftothe
of the
the wire,
wire,
a wire,
Long >rRR
> R Wire – Results From Ampere’s Law
rr>Straight
μoμoI I
& 𝐁" B
Outside B 
of⃗d s  B
𝑑𝐬 ds=𝐵B(2𝜋𝑟
the (
wire, 2 πr
2πr )=
r > R ) 
𝜇 μ I
μo!o𝐼I  B  B 
2πr
μo I2πr
 B  dsthe
Inside
Inside the
 B( 2πr )  μo I  B 
wire,we
the wire,
wire, we
we need
need
need I’, current
I’,I’,the
the the current
current inside
inside
2πr inside
the
the the amperian
amperian
amperian circle. circle.
circle.
2
r 2rthe
Inside the wire, we need I’, the current inside amperian circle.
& 𝐁 " 𝑑 s 𝐵BB((2𝜋𝑟
B𝐬⃗ ds= μμ𝜇oo!I 𝐼′
πr ))=
22πr  I 'I 
I' '  '
II
2 2
r R R
2

 B   μμoo II r o
B  d s  B ( 2πr )  μ I '  I ' 
R2
I
 22  r
 μ o22IπR
πR  
B 2 
r
 2πR 

Section 30.3
Section 30.3
Section 30.3

Section 30.3
Field Due to a Long Straight Wire – Results Summary

The field is proportional to r inside the

wire.
The field varies as 1/r outside the wire.
Both equations are equal at r = R.

Section 30.3
Magnetic Field of a Solenoid

A solenoid is a long wire wound in the

form of a helix.
A reasonably uniform magnetic field
can be produced in the space
surrounded by the turns of the wire.
§ The interior of the solenoid

Section 30.4
Magnetic Field of a Solenoid, Description

The field lines in the interior are

§ Nearly parallel to each other
§ Uniformly distributed
§ Close together
This indicates the field is strong and almost uniform.

Section 30.4
Magnetic Field of a Tightly Wound Solenoid

The field distribution is similar to that of a bar magnet.

As the length of the solenoid increases,
§ The interior field becomes more uniform.
§ The exterior field becomes weaker.
Section 30.4
Ideal Solenoid – Characteristics

An ideal solenoid is approached when:

§ The turns are closely spaced.
§ The length is much greater than
the radius of the turns.

Section 30.4
Ampere’s Law Applied to a Solenoid
Consider an amperian loop (loop 1 in the diagram) surrounding the ideal
solenoid.
§ The loop encloses a small current.
§ There is a weak field external to the solenoid.
§ A second layer of turns of wire could be used to eliminate the field.
Ampere’s law can also be used to find the interior magnetic field of the solenoid.
§ Consider a rectangle with side ℓ parallel to the interior field and side w
perpendicular to the field.
§ This is loop 2 in the diagram.
§ The side of length ℓ inside the solenoid contributes to the field.
§ This is side 1 in the diagram.
§ Sides 2, 3, and 4 give contributions of zero to the field.

Section 30.4
Ampere’s Law Applied to a Solenoid, cont.
Ampere’s Law Applied to a Solenoid, cont.
Ampere’s Law Applied to a Solenoid, cont.
Applying Ampere’s Law gives
Applying Ampere’s Law gives
Applying Ampere’s
Ampere’s Law gives
Law Applied to a Solenoid, cont.
& 𝐁B" 𝑑
ds   B  ds  B  ds  B
𝐬⃗ =
 B  dAmpere’s
Applying s  path 1 BLaw
path 1
 dsgives  1ds  B
 B path
path 1
The total
The B current dthrough
  B through
 dscurrent
total s  B the the rectangular
dsrectangular
B path
path equals
equals thethe current
current through
through eacheach
Themultiplied
turn
turn total current
multiplied bythrough
path 1by the
thenumber
the number
path 1 rectangular
ofof turns. path equals the current through each
turns.
turn multiplied by the number of turns.

B  dcurrent
The total
𝐁B" 𝑑d𝐬⃗s=by
& multiplied
turn
 mo NIthe rectangular path equals the current through each
s  B through
 mnumber
B the o NI of turns.
Solving Ampere’s law for the magnetic field is
 B  dAmpere’s
Solving s  B  molaw
N
NI for the magnetic field is
B
Solving  μ N I  μolaw
Ampere’s n I formagnetic
the magnetic
field is field is
SolvingB Ampere’s
μoo I law μonforI the
 B n = μNo N / ℓ is the number of turns per unit length.
 n = N / ℓI  is μthe
o n Inumber of turns per unit length.

This
§ nnisis==valid
N only
N/ ℓ/ is at
thethe
ℓonly
is points
number
numberofnear
turns the
per
ofthe center
unitper
turns of
length.a very
unit long solenoid.
length.
This valid at points near center of a very long solenoid.
This is valid only at points near the center of a very long solenoid.
This is valid only at points near the center of a very long solenoid.

Section 30.4
Section 30.4 30.4
Section
Section 30.4
 By = 2 GH 2π 2
a +z 2
JK
sin θ =
2
π a +z 2
GH 2
a +z 2
JK = π ea 2
+ z2 j
Problem 30.31
The condition for a maximum is:
What current is required
dBy in the
− µ 0 Iz
=a length of
2z a f
windings
+
ofµ aI long solenoid
0
=produce
0 , or
µ 0 I a 2 − zhas
that 2
= 0 of the
e
1 000 turns j
uniformly distributed over 2 0.400 m, to at the center
dz π a + z
2 2
e j e 2
π a +z
solenoid a magnetic field of magnitude 1.00 x 10-4 T?
2 π a +zj 2 2
e j F
Thus, along the z axis, the field is a maximum at d = a .
F

Section 30.4 The Magnetic Field of a Solenoid

P30.31 B = µ0
N
I so I =
B
=
e
1.00 × 10 −4 T 0.400 m j
= 31.8 mA
e
µ 0 n 4π × 10 −7 T ⋅ m A 1 000 j
*P30.32 Let the axis of the solenoid lie along the y–axis from y = 0 to y = . We will determ
y = a . This point will be inside the solenoid if 0 < a < and outside if a < 0 or a >
solenoid as formed of rings, each of thickness dy. Now I is the symbol for the curre
N FG IJ
wire and the number of turns per length is
H K
. So the number of turns in the rin

FG N IJ dy . Now we use the result of Example 30.3 fo

the current in the ring is I ring = I
H K
by one ring:
µ 0 I ring R 2
B =
Magnetic Flux

The
The magnetic flux associated with aa
magnetic
magnetic field is defined in a way
similar
similar to electric flux.
Consider
Consider an area element dA on an
an
arbitrarily
arbitrarily shaped surface.
is B ..
The magnetic field in this element is
The
dA is a vector that is perpendicular
perpendicular to
to
the surface and has a magnitude equal
the equal
to the
to the area dA.
Magnetic
MagneticFlux,
Flux,cont.
cont.

The
Themagnetic
magneticflux ΦBΦis
flux B is

B   B  dA
The
Theunit ofof
unit magnetic flux
magnetic is is
flux T .m
T.2m=2 =
WbWb
 §Wb
Wbis is
a weber
a weber

Section
Section 30.5
30.5
 The magnetic flux associated with a
magnetic field is defined in a way
similar to electric flux.
Consider an area element dA on an
Magnetic Flux Through a Plane, 1
arbitrarily shaped surface.

A special case is when aThe magnetic

plane field in this element is B .
of area
A makes an angle θ with dA .is a vector that is perpendicular to
the surface and has a magnitude equal
The magnetic flux is ΦB =toBA areaθ.
thecos dA.
In this case, the field is parallel to the
plane and ΦB = 0.

Section 30.5
Magnetic Flux Through A Plane, 2

The magnetic flux is FB = BA cos q.

In this case, the field is perpendicular to
the plane and F = BA.
§ This is the maximum value of the
flux.

Section 30.5
 wire.
A rectangular loop of width a and length b is located near a The factor 1/r indicates that the field varies over the lo
Example 30.8 Magnetic Flux Through a Rectangular Loop
long wire carrying a current I (Fig. 30.22). The distance andSolution
Figure 30.22 FromshowsEquation
that the field is directed
30.14, we know into
between the wire and the Cclosest
SSEECTI
T I O ON N3 03.6side
0.6 of the Law
Gauss’s
• •Gauss’s loop
Law inisMagnetism
inc.Magnetism
The page 941at
941the location of the loop. Because B is parallel to
wire is parallel toS ECTItheO Nlong
tude of the magnetic field created by the wir
Find the total 941at any point within the loop, the magnetic flux through
3 0.6 side
• Gauss’sof theLaw loop. in Magnetism
A rectangular
magnetic flux through the loop loop of due width to the a and current length in theb isarea from
located the
element near
dAwire
is a is
long wire carrying a

# #
wire. current I. The distance between the wire and the closest side of the loop is c. The
rLoop
Loop Interactive
Interactive " 0 I " 0I
$ ! B dA ! B dA
wireFromis parallel
Equationto30.14, the long side thatofthe themagni-loop. Find the total magnetic flux through
Interactive 2!#r 2#r the
B
Solution we know
loop
The
aatude of
The due 1/r
factor
thefactor
magnetic to
1/rthe field current
indicates
created
indicates that byin
that the
the
thethe
field
wire wire.
field varies
at avaries over
distance overthe
r theloop,loop,
To integrate, we first express the area element (the
The
ce
e factor
from and
the 1/r
wire indicates
Figure
is 30.22 that
shows the thatfield
and Figure 30.22 shows that the field is directed into the varies
field over
is the
directed loop,
into the
regionthe in Fig. 30.22) as dA ! b dr. Because r is now the o
he page 30.22
nd Figure at the shows
location of the
that the loop.field Because
is directed B is intoparallel dA
the tovariable dr
e page at the location of "the I loop. Because B is parallel to dA in the integral, we have
age at at
al theany point within
location of the the ! loop,
loop. 0 the magnetic
Because B is parallel flux to through
dA an × × × × ×
al
he
at any point withinB the
area element d A is 2 loop,
#
t any point within the loop, the magnetic flux through an
e area element dA is
r the magnetic flux through an
$B ! 0
"
#
Ib a%c dr
!
" 0Ib
$
a%c
ln r Law in Mag

## ##
rea element dA is 2# ×ScE C T I×O N r 3 0 . 6ו2Gauss’s
# × c ×
"0I

# #
$B ! dr B dA ! "r0 IdA
ni- × × $× ! ×B dA 0!× " I 2 # × dA × × × × ×
$B ! BBdA !
i-r
ple
r 30.8
To integrate,
Magnetic
× × we
Flux
× first ×express
Through
dA 2#r
2#r the area element (the tan
× a Rectangular × Loop (1) !
" 0Ib
2#
ln! a%c
c " !
" 0Ib
2# !
ln 1 %
a
c"
To
region integrate,
in Fig. 30.22) we asfirstd A express
! b dr. the
Because area r element
is now the(the
only tan × × × × ×
To integrate, we first express the area element (the tan I
region
variable × Fig.
inin the× 30.22) × aswe
integral, × have
dA ! b ×dr. Because × rthe
is now theThe onlyfactor 1/r indicates r
egion in Fig. 30.22) as dA b
ngular loop of width a and length b is located near a
! dr. Because r is now only What If? Suppose we move that
the×loop the infield
Figurevaries
b × ovv
30.22

#
ariable variable in the
in the integral, integral, we have × × ×
ire carrying × "we
a× current havea%c
0×Ib I (Fig. 30.22). The× distance a%c and Figure 30.22wire.shows that the to field is direct
$
× dr × " 0Ib far away from the What happens the magnetic flu

# #
I $
n the wire and the closest !r side
a%c rof !the2" loop ln r page at the location of the loop. Because B is pa
B a%cis c. c The
a%c
0Ib drc dr 0Ib
$
2a%c
" # #
parallel$to B!
tic flux through
"
× 0
the$long
2#
Ib×
B ! side of !
2
×
#
thec loop due
r c
×
the
"
2
0 Ib
b
loop.
#r
×
$
to the current
r2# ln
!ln Find
c
×
the r total
c
in the a into
Answer
at
area
any
weaker
The flux
point within
and weaker
element
× become
should the
×
d A is fields.
loop,
×smaller ×
the as the loop×
magnetic mo
flux

! "
× × " 0×Ib
! " ×a % c × " 0Ib× As the loop moves×far away, × the × value of × c is much × lar

# #
(1) ! ln ! ln 1 %
2#Ib c Ib 2" # Ib a c athan that of a, so that a/c : 0. Thus, the natural " 0 I logarit
2!# c we"! know
c 2"#that the ! c"
0 a % c× a % c"
(1) (1)
on From Equation
!
2# 30.14,
"
× 0 Ib× "
! ln ×
!2# magni-
c"
ln ! × 0 ! ln 1 %×0
ln 1 % in Equation (1) approaches
× × × ×
$ B ! B dA
c the limit a
×
!
2#r
dA
What If? c
Suppose a move the loop in Figure 30.22 very
we
the magnetic×field
he wire far
is
What
away from
If?
× created
the
Suppose
×
wire.
we
by
× the wire
What
move
×
happens
loopthe
at a ×distance r
to
loop
the magnetic flux?Figure
30.22region
130.22
%
in Fig.
a
Tolnintegrate,
c
we
9:
(Example !
firstln(1
30.22)I isasnot
express
% 0)
30.8)
d Auniform
"
The
the
! area
ln(1) ! elem
0 fie
magnetic
! b dr. Because r is n
What
FigureIf? Suppose
30.22 (Example we30.8)
move Thethe
magnetic infield duein
Figure Figure
to30.22 very
the wire very
carrying a current over the recta
arcarrying
away far from
aaway the
current
Answer Iwire.
from
The is not
fluxWhat
the " 0Ihappens
wire.
uniform
should What
over to
happens
the
become the magnetic
rectangular
smaller toas the flux?moves
themagnetic
loop. loop variable
we findinthat
flux?
and the$integral,
B : 0 as we weexpected.
have
B!
 result, it is seen that the net torque exerted on the square loop
Figure P30.34
by the field of the solenoid should be zero. More formally, the
Problem
magnetic dipole 30.35
moment of the square loop is given by FIG. P30.33
35. A cube of edge length ! " 2.50 cm is positioned as
a fe je j
µ = IA = 0.200 A 2.00 × 10 −2 m − i =
2
− 80.0 µ
A cube of edge length l = 2.50 cm is positioned as
A ⋅ m i 2
in Figure P30.35. A uniform magnetic field
by shown
B " (5 î in
# 4the
ĵ # 3Figure.
k̂)T existsA throughout
uniform the
magnetic
The torquefield given
exerted byloop
on the (5 i + =4µj ×+B3= ek)T
B =is then −80.0exists
µA ⋅(a) j × e −5.65the
m throughout
iCalculate 2
the
× 10flux i jregion.
= 0 the (a)
Tthrough −2
shaded face. (b)
the total flux through the six faces?
Calculate the flux through the shaded face. (b) What is the total flux through the
six faces?
y
ction 30.5 Magnetic Flux B

0.34 (a) b gB flat a f

= B ⋅ A = Bπ R 2 cos 180 − θ = − Bπ R 2 cos θ

(b) The net flux out of the closed surface is zero: b g

B flat + b g B curved = 0.

b gB curved = Bπ R 2 cos θ
x

z
!
0.35 (a) B e j e
= B ⋅ dA = B ⋅ A = 5 i + 4 j + 3k T ⋅ 2.50 × 10 −2 m ij 2 !

z !
B = 3.12 × 10 −3 T ⋅ m 2 = 3.12 × 10 −3 Wb = 3.12 mWb
Figure P30.35

(b) b gB total z
= B ⋅ dA = 0 for any closed surface (Gauss’s law for magnetism)
36. A solenoid 2.50 cm in diameter and 30.0 cm lo
300 turns and carries 12.0 A. (a) Calculate th
through the surface of a disk of radius 5.00 cm
positioned perpendicular to and centered on the
Gauss’ Law in Magnetism

Magnetic fields do not begin or end at any point.

§ Magnetic field lines are continuous and form closed loops.
§ The number of lines entering a surface equals the number of lines leaving
the surface.
Gauss’ law in magnetism says the magnetic flux through any closed surface is
always zero:

& 𝐁 " 𝑑𝐀 = 0

This indicates that isolated magnetic poles (monopoles) have never been
detected.
§ Perhaps they do not exist
§ Certain theories do suggest the possible existence of magnetic monopoles.

Section 30.5