Preface

ABOUT THE SUBJECT

Python is a simple, interactive object oriented programming language which is robust, elegant and powerful. This
programming language not only used in scripting but also for general purpose programming. The development of
python was started in the year 1989 by Guido Van Rossum. Modules in python play an important role as they store
piece of python code which can be shared by other python programs. Python provides a wide range of standard
exceptions, but programmers would need to use their own exceptions that provide more detailed information.

It has been designed in such a way that the programmer does not need to look after the low level details such as
memory management. The applications of python are Zope, Google search engine, Inktomi search software, etc.

ABOUT THE BOOK

This book provides theoretical and practical knowledge to the student about “Python-1” for B.Sc [Computer Science]
V-Sem and B.A & B.Sc [Computer Applications] III-Sem. It covers the complete syllabus of the subject prescribed
by O.U. The content written in this book is presented in a consistently readable and student friendly format so that
student can prepare well for their both mid and final exams. This book is beneficial because it gives complete up-
to-date information about each topic and the questions to be asked in the exams. This helps the student in getting a
clear idea about the important questions in each topic. This book has been prepared keeping student’s views, ideas
and suggestions in mind. The main motivation behind the publication of this book is to help the student to gain good
marks and knowledge in the subject.

According to the examination pattern of B.Sc students, this book provides the following features:

v List of Definitions are provided before the units for easy reference.

v Every unit is structured into two main sections viz. Short Questions and Essay Questions with solutions
along with Learning Objectives and Introduction.

v Objective Type along with Very Short Answers are also given at the end of each unit.

v Three Model Papers are provided in order to help students to understand the paper pattern in the end examination.

v Including Latest Exams Question Papers with Solutions for B.A & B.Sc [Computer Applications] III-Sem. These
question papers help the students in understanding the way of asking question in the examination.

v Important Questions are included to help the students to prepare for Internal and External Assessment.

The table below gives complete idea about the subject, which will be helpful to plan and score good marks in their

exams.
Unit
Unit Name Description
No.
This unit includes topics like Python, Features of Python, Execution of
a Python Program, Viewing the Byte Code, Flavors of Python, Python
Virtual Machine, Frozen Binaries, Memory Management in Python,
Garbage Collection in Python, Comparisons between C and Python,
Comparisons between Java and Python. Writing Our Fist Python
Program: Installing Python for Windows, Installing Numpy, Setting the
Path to Python, Writing Our First Python Program, Executing a Python
1. Introduction to Python Program, Getting Help in Python, Getting Python Documentation
Help, Reopening the Python Program in IDLE. Data Types in Python:
Comments in Python, Doc Strings, How Python Sees Variables, Data
Types in Python, Built-in Data Types, Bool Data Type, Sequences
in Python, Sets, Literals in Python, Determining the Data Type of a
Variable, What about Characters, User-defined Data Types, Constants
in Python, Identifiers and Reserved Words, Naming Conventions in
Python.

This unit includes topics like Arithmetic Operators, Assignment

Operators, Unary Minus Operator, Relational Operators, Logical
Operators, Boolean Operators, Bitwise Operators, Membership
Operators, Identity Operators, Operator Precedence and Associativity,
Operators, Input and Output, Mathematical Functions, Output Statements, Input Statements,
2.
Control Statements in Python Command Line Arguments, Control Statements, The if Statement,
A Word on Indentation, The if ... else Statement, The if ... elif ... else
Statement, The while Loop, The for Loop, Infinite Loops, Nested Loops,
The else Suite, The break Statement, The continue Statement, The pass
Statement, The assert Statement, The return Statement.

It is sincerely hoped that this book will satisfy the expectations of students and at the same time helps them to score
maximum marks in exams.

Suggestions for improvement of the book from our esteemed readers will be highly appreciated and incorporated
in our forthcoming editions.
 Python-1
B.Sc iii-year V-Semester [Computer Science] (oU)
&
B.A & B.Sc ii-year iii-Semester [Computer Applications] (oU)

CONT ENT S
Syllabus (As per (2016-17) Curriculum)
List of Important Deinitions l.1 – l.2
Model Question PaPers With solutions
Model Paper-I MP.1 – MP.2
Model Paper-II MP.3 – MP.3
Model Paper-III MP.4 – MP.4

UNiT-wise shorT & essay TyPe QUesTioNs wiTh solUTioNs

Unit No. Unit Name Question Nos. Page Nos.

Topic No. Topic Name

Unit - i Introduction to Python Q1 - Q40 1 - 40

Part-A Short QUeStionS with SolUtionS Q1 - Q12 2 - 4

Part-B eSSAy QUeStionS with SolUtionS Q13 - Q40 5 - 35

1.1 Introduction to Python 5

1.1.1 Python, Features of Python Q13 - Q15 5

1.1.2 Execution of a Python Program, Viewing the

Bytecode, Flavors of Python Q16 - Q18 8

1.1.3 Python Virtual Machine, Frozen Binaries Q19 10

1.1.4 Memory Management in Python,

Garbage Collection in Python Q20 - Q21 10

1.1.5 Comparisons between C and Python,

Comparisons between Java and Python Q22 - Q23 11

1.2 Writing Our First Python Program 12

1.2.1 Installing Python for Windows, Installing Numpy,

Setting the Path to Python Q24 - Q25 12
 1.2.2 Writing Our First Python Program,
Executing a Python Program Q26 - Q27 16

1.2.3 Getting Help in Python, Getting Python

Documentation Help, Reopening the Python
Program in IDLE Q28 19

1.3 Datatypes in Python 22

1.3.1 Comments in Python, Doc Strings,

How Python Sees Variables Q29 - Q30 22

1.3.2 Datatypes in Python, Built-in Data Types,

Bool Data Type Q31 25

1.3.3 Sequences in Python, Sets, Literals in Python Q32 - Q36 25

1.3.4 Determining the Data Types of a Variable,

What about Characters Q37 31

1.3.5 User-deined Data Types, Constants in Python,

Identiiers and Reserved Words Q38 - Q39 31

1.3.6 Naming Conventions in Python Q40 35

exerCiSe QUeStionS 36

internAl ASSeSSMent 37 - 40

Unit - ii Operators, Input and Output, Control Statements

in Python Q1 - Q30 41 - 80

Part-A Short QUeStionS with SolUtionS Q1 - Q13 42 - 47

Part-B eSSAy QUeStionS with SolUtionS Q14 - Q30 48 - 75

2.1 Operators in Python 48

2.1.1 Arithmetic Operators, Assignment Operators,

Unary Minus Operator, Relational Operators,
Logical Operators, Boolean Operators,
Bitwise Operators, Membership Operators,
Identity Operators Q14 - Q17 48

2.1.2 Operator Precedence and Associativity Q18 55

2.1.3 Mathematical Functions Q19 56

2.2 Input and Output 58

2.2.1 Input Statements, Output Statements Q20 58

2.2.2 Command Line Arguments Q21 61

2.3 Control Statements 62

2.3.1 Control Statements: The if Statement,

A Word on Indentation, The if . . . else
Statement, The if . . . elif . . . else Statement Q22 - Q25 62

2.3.2 The while Loop, The for Loop, Ininite Loops,

Nested Loops Q26 - Q27 67

2.3.3 The else Suite, The break Statement,

The continue Statement, The pass Statement,
The assert Statement, The return Statement Q28 - Q30 71

exerCiSe QUeStionS 76

internAl ASSeSSMent 77 - 80

iMPortAnt QUeStionS iQ.1 – iQ.2

lAteSt exAMS QUeStion PAPerS with SolUtionS QP.1 – QP.2

 Syllabus
UNIT-I

Introduction to Python: Python, Features of Python, Execution of a Python Program, Viewing the Byte

Code, Flavors of Python, Python Virtual Machine, Frozen Binaries, Memory Management in Python,

Garbage Collection in Python, Comparisons between C and Python, Comparisons between Java and

Python.

Writing Our Fist Python Program: Installing Python for Windows, Installing Numpy, Setting the Path to

Python, Writing Our First Python Program, Executing a Python Program, Getting Help in Python, Getting

Python Documentation Help, Reopening the Python Program in IDLE.

Data Types in Python: Comments in Python, Doc Strings, How Python Sees Variables, Data Types in

Python, Built-in Data Types, Bool Data Type, Sequences in Python, Sets, Literals in Python, Determining

the Data Type of a Variable, What about Characters, User-defined Data Types, Constants in Python,

Identifiers and Reserved Words, Naming Conventions in Python.

UNIT-II

Operators in Python: Arithmetic Operators, Assignment Operators, Unary Minus Operator, Relational

Operators, Logical Operators, Boolean Operators, Bitwise Operators, Membership Operators, Identity

Operators, Operator Precedence and Associativity, Mathematical Functions.

Input and Output: Output Statements, Input Statements, Command Line Arguments.

Control Statements: Control Statements, The if Statement, A Word on Indentation, The if ... else Statement,

The if ... elif ... else Statement, The while Loop, The for Loop, Infinite Loops, Nested Loops, The else

Suite, The break Statement, The bontinue Statement, The pass Statement, The assert Statement, The

return Statement.
List of Important Definitions Computer Science Paper-V

LIST OF IMPORTANT Definitions

UNIT - I
1. Class

A class is a collection of components which may include class variables, class methods and instance method. Class
declaration consists of procedure which can act either as an instance method or a class method.

2. Variable

Variable can be defined as a storage location in memory. It stores data values of the programs and provides whenever
required to work on.

3. Sequence

A ‘sequence’ is a data structure, that stores elements, which can be accessed using index offsets.

4. Mapping Types

A map can determine a set of elements as key value pairs. If key is provided the value of it can be accessed.

5. Literal

A literal can be defined as constant value stored in variable of a program.

6. Constant

A constant is similar to that of variable but it’s value cannot be changed or modified while program execution.

7. Garbage Collection

Garbage collector in python is a module that is used to delete the objects from the memory. The objects that are not useful
in the program are deleted by the garbage collector. Garbage collector is maintained by name gc.

8. Comments

Comments determine the features of program code. This will increase the readability. Comments are of two types in
Python, they are single line and multi line comments.

9. Tuples

Tuples are containers, that are used to store data items. They are similar to lists because they allow a list of elements to
store.

10. Sets

A set can be defined as a group unordered elements. The elements in a set might not appear in the order they are entered
into it.

UNIT - II
1. Operator

An operator can be defined as a symbol which perform specific operations such as mathematical, logical and other
manipulations using one or more operands.

2. Identity Operators

These operators are used to compare two objects with their memory addresses.
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Computer Science Paper-V Python-I
3. Command Line Statements

Programs are run at command lines by using run command such as python program name in python. Programs can be
even designed to accept arguments at its command line.

4. Indentation

Indentation can be defined as the space before beginning the statement.

5. pass Statement

The pass statement is used in cases, where a python statement does nothing. In order to avoid syntax errors, we use pass
statement.

6. assert statement

The assert statement is used to check whether the given condition is fulfilled or not.

7. Expression

An expression can be defined as a set of values, variables and operators. The variable and value are considered itself as
an expression.

8. Control Statements

Control statements are the statements that allows the programmer to specify the next statement that must be executed
depending on some conditions.

9. continue Statement

The continue statement in Python is similar, to the continue statement of other high-level programming languages.

10. return Statement

A function contains a set of statements that together perform a task. Upon completion of that particular task. The function
returns the result. The function should return the result to the calling function.

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Model Question papers with solutions Computer SCienCe paper-V
MODEL
PA P E R 1
FACULTY OF SCIENCE
B.Sc. (CBCS) V-Semester Examination

Subject: COMPUTER SCIENCE

Paper-V (SEC-3)
E: Python-I

Time: 1½ Hours Max. Marks: 40

Note: Answer all questions from Part-A and Part-B.

Part - a ( 2 × 5 = 10 Marks )

(Short answer Type)

1. (a) List out the features of python. (Unit-I, Page No. 2, Q2)

OR

(b) Write short notes on multiline comments. (Unit-I, Page No. 3, Q6)

2. (a) Deine operator and list out the operators used in python. (Unit-II, Page No. 42, Q1)

OR

(b) Deine input statements. (Unit-II, Page No. 43, Q5)

Part - B ( 2 × 15 = 30 Marks )

(Essay answer Type)

3. (a) (i) List and explain the features of python. (Unit-I, Page No. 5, Q14)

(ii) Write in short about the following,

(a) Python Virtual Machine

(b) Frozen Binaries. (Unit-I, Page No. 10, Q19)

OR

(b) Explain about the following,

(i) Getting help in python

(ii) Getting python documentation help

(iii) Reopening the python program in IDLE. (Unit-I, Page No. 19, Q28)

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Computer SCienCe paper-V python-i
4. (a) (i) Deine operator. Describe different types of operators supported
by Python with an example for each. (Unit-II, Page No. 48, Q14)

(ii) Explain about python input and output statements. (Unit-II, Page No. 58, Q20)

OR

(b) (i) Discuss in detail about command line arguments. (Unit-II, Page No. 61, Q21)

(ii) Write how and when if-elif-else is used. (Unit-II, Page No. 65, Q25)

MP.2 SIA PUBLISHERS and dISTRIBUTORS PVT. LTd.

Model Question papers with solutions Computer SCienCe paper-V
MODEL
PA P E R 2
FACULTY OF SCIENCE
B.Sc. (CBCS) V-Semester Examination

Subject: COMPUTER SCIENCE

Paper-V (SEC-3)
E: Python-I

Time: 1½ Hours Max. Marks: 40

Note: Answer all questions from Part-A and Part-B.

Part - a ( 2 × 5 = 10 Marks )
(Short answer Type)

1. (a) Write in brief about PVM. (Unit-I, Page No. 2, Q4)

OR

(b) Deine sequences. (Unit-I, Page No. 3, Q8)

2. (a) Discuss in brief about boolean operators. (Unit-II, Page No. 42, Q3)

OR

(b) What are command line statements? (Unit-II, Page No. 44, Q6)

Part - B ( 2 × 15 = 30 Marks )
(Essay answer Type)

3. (a) (i) Discuss how a python program is executed. (Unit-I, Page No. 8, Q16)

(ii) Write steps to install python on windows. (Unit-I, Page No. 12, Q24)

OR

(b) (i) Explain the execution process of python. (Unit-I, Page No. 17, Q27)

(ii) Explain various data types in python. (Unit-I, Page No. 25, Q31)

4. (a) Write in brief about the following,

(i) Bitwise operators

(ii) Membership operators

(iii) Identity operators. (Unit-II, Page No. 53, Q17)

OR

(b) (i) Deine control statements. Discuss about if statement. (Unit-II, Page No. 62, Q22)

(ii) Write in short about ininite and nested loops. (Unit-II, Page No. 69, Q27)

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MODEL
PA P E R 3
FACULTY OF SCIENCE
B.Sc. (CBCS) V-Semester Examination

Subject: COMPUTER SCIENCE

Paper-V (SEC-3)
E: Python-I

Time: 1½ Hours Max. Marks: 40

Note: Answer all questions from Part-A and Part-B.

Part - a ( 2 × 5 = 10 Marks )
(Short answer Type)

1. (a) List ive differences between C and python. (Unit-I, Page No. 3, Q5)

OR

(b) List ten reserved words in python. (Unit-I, Page No. 4, Q12)

2. (a) Write about bitwise operators. (Unit-II, Page No. 43, Q4)

OR

(b) Explain the if...elif...else statement. (Unit-II, Page No. 46, Q12)

Part - B ( 2 × 15 = 30 Marks )
(Essay answer Type)

3. (a) Write short notes on the following,

(i) Installing numpy

(ii) Setting path to python. (Unit-I, Page No. 13, Q25)

OR

(b) (i) Discuss about comments and doc strings. (Unit-I, Page No. 22, Q29)

(ii) Explain about user-deined datatypes in python. (Unit-I, Page No. 31, Q38)

4. (a) (i) Discuss in detail about mathematical functions in python. (Unit-II, Page No. 56, Q19)

(ii) Write in brief about if . . . else statement. (Unit-II, Page No. 64, Q24)

OR

(b) Discuss in brief about the following statements,

(i) break
(ii) continue
(iii) pass. (Unit-II, Page No. 72, Q29)

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UNIT-1: INTrodUcTIoN To pyThoN Computer SCienCe paper-V

UnIT
IntroductIon to python

1
Learning Objectives

After studying this unit, a student will have a thorough knowledge about the following concepts,
Ø Python, features and lavours of it

Ø Memory management, PVM and garbage collection in python

Ø Installation of python and execution of python programme

Ø Comments, doc strings and variables in python

Ø Data types, sequence, sets and literals in python

Ø Constants, identiies and naming conventions.

intrOductiOn

Python is a simple interactive, interpreted object oriented programming language compared to other programming
wages. It is very robust, elegant and a powerful language.

The development of Python language was started in the year 1989 by Guido Van Rossum. He is one among
the developers of ABC language. This ABC language was unpopular because of its typical syntax and limited
functionality. Hence, Guido decided to develop a language that has better features than the ABC language such as
more readability, extensibility and less unrequired variability.

Guido believed that the object oriented languages were too complex. The use of static typing also increased
programs complexity. To appeal to unix/c hackers, he designed Python on ABC’s extensive usability testing. And,
to make it suitable to both the beginners as well as the experienced programmers Guido wanted it to be acceptable
as programming language. Thus, Python started inheriting from other languages.

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Computer SCienCe paper-V python-i

part-a
Short QueStIonS wIth SolutIonS
Q1. Deine the two modes in python.

Answer : B.Sc[C.a], dec.-17, Q1(a)

Python has two modes namely script and interactive. In normal mode, the python iles that are scripted py iles are run
by python interpreter. Whereas interactive mode is a command line shell. It provides feedback for every statements immediately
while running the program. It allows even small bits of code to be tested before scripting.

Q2. List out the features of python.

Answer : (Model Paper-I, Q1(a) | B.a[C.a], dec.-17, Q1(a)

The features of python programming language are as follows,

1. Follows Object-oriented Programming Paradigm
2. Easy to Learn
3. Dynamically Typed
4. Embeddable
5. Uses High-level Data Structure
6. Supports Extensibility
7. Supports Portability
8. Robust
9. Huge Library
10. Interpreted and (Byte) Compiled Language
11. Supports Scalability
12. Database Connectivity.

Q3. Deine class.

Answer :

A class is a collection of components which may include class variables, class methods and instance method. Class
declaration consists of procedure which can act either as an instance method or a class method. If a procedure is parameterized
with formal parameter, ‘self’ and if it refers to an object of a class being declared, then such a procedure is said to be an instance
method, otherwise the procedure acts as a class method.

Q4. Write in brief about PVM.

Answer : Model Paper-II, Q1(a)

A compiler will convert the source code into the machine code before it is submitted to the computer. This is because the
computer understands only machine code. The python compiler also performs the same thing. It initially converts the source code
into byte code. Each byte code size would be 1 byte i.e., 8 bits. Thus, they are called byte code instructions. They are stored in
.pyc ile.

The byte code instructions are converted into machine code by a PVM. with this the computer can execute the machine
code and generate the output. PVM has an interpreter embedded in if. This interpreter is responsible to convert the .byte code
machine code. It then sends the machine code to the processor for execution.
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Q5. List ive differences between C and python. Model Paper-III, Q1(a)

OR
distinguish between C and python.
Answer : B.Sc[C.a], dec.-17, Q1(b)

C Python
1. C is a procedure oriented programming language. 1. Python is an object oriented programming language
with features such as classes, objects, polymorphism,
inheritance etc.
2. Execution speed is fast. 2. Execution speed is slow.
3. Declaration of variables is required. 3. Declaration of variables is not required.
4. It cannot handle exceptions. 4. It can handle exceptions.
5. It does not have garbage collector. 5. It has garbage collector.
Q6. Write short notes on multiline comments.
Answer : Model Paper-I, Q1(b)

Python allows multi line comments also. It would be complex task to used # symbol before every single line in multiline
comments. So all the lines of comments embedded in triple single quotes (''') or triple double quotes (" " ") at beginning as well
as ending also. They are called as multi line comments or block comments.
"""
Python is an object oriented programming language. It supports multiline comment.
"""
'''
Python is an object oriented programming language.
It supports multi line comments
'''
Q7. Deine variable.
Answer :
Variable
Variable can be deined as a storage location in memory. It stores data values of the programs and provides whenever
required to work on. Python does not require the variables to be declared. Rather only naming and assigning the values to it is
enough. Even the data type is not required to be speciied. Python internally handles the variables according to the values assigned
to them.
Example
x = 50
print x
This statement prints 50 as the result. A variable can be redeclared with some other value also. Variables are of few types
they are local and global variables.
Q8. Deine sequences.
Answer : Model Paper-II, Q1(b)

A ‘sequence’ is a data structure, that stores elements, which can be accessed using index offsets. For example, the strings
are sequences of characters i.e., a string ‘Hello world!’, contains the sequence of characters, H, e, l, l, o, W, o, r, l, d, !. These
sequence elements are stored, starting at index 0 till the index N – 1, where N is the length of the sequence.
i.e.,
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

H E L L O W O R L D !

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Computer SCienCe paper-V python-i
Q9. Deine mapping types.
Answer :
A map can determine a set of elements as key value pairs. If key is provided the value of it can be accessed.
The dictionary ie., dict is one of the example of mapping type.
dt = {20 : ‘ABC’, 30 : ‘XYZ’}
The key value pairs in the dictionary are separated by colon(:).
Q10. What are literals?
Answer :
Literal
A literal can be deined as constant value stored in variable of a program. Consider the below statement.
x=2
Here, x is the variable that is assigned with a constant value ‘2’. This value is an integer literal.
Types of Literals
There are three types of literals, they are as follows,
1. Numeric Literals
2. Boolean Literals
3. String Literals
Q11. Deine constant.
Answer :
A constant is similar to that of variable but it’s value cannot be changed or modiied while program execution. Generally
the value of a variable can be changed as and when required. But constants values can not be changed. For example, the value
of pi in mathematics is 3.14. It is a predeined and deined value that cannot be changed. Constants in python can be speciied in
capital letters. Such as MAX, MIN etc.
Q12. List ten reserved words in python. Model Paper-III, Q1(b)

OR
Write in brief about any four keywords in python.
Answer : B.a[C.a], dec-17, Q1(b)

Keywords are reserved words which forms a construct of the language. Use of these keywords for any other purpose
results syntax error.
The below table depicts keywords used in Python.
1. and 2. as 3. assert 4. break 5. class
6. continue 7. def 8. while 9. elif 10. else
1. class
A class is a collection of components which may include class variables, class methods and instance method.
2. else
If the statement if evaluates to a Boolean value false then the code in the else block gets executed.
3. while
‘while’, is the irst conditional looping statement in python, in while the code is executed in a loop until the condition
becomes false.
4. continue
The continue statement in Python is similar, to the continue statement of other high-level programming languages.
5. break
The break statement in python is similar, to the one found in ‘c’. It is used to exit the current loop and executes the
following statement.
6. assert
The assert statement is used to check whether the given condition is fulfilled or not.
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part-b
eSSay QueStIonS wIth SolutIonS
1.1 IntroductIon to python

1.1.1 Python, Features of Python

Q13. Give a brief introduction about python.
Answer :
Python is a simple interactive, interpreted object oriented programming language compared to other programming languages.
It is very robust, elegant and a powerful language.

The development of Python language was started in the year 1989 by Guido Van Rossum. He is one among the developers
of ABC language. This ABC language was unpopular because of its typical syntax and limited functionality. Hence, Guido decided
to develop a language that has better features than the ABC language such as more readability, extensibility and less unrequired
variability.

Guido believed that the object oriented languages were too complex. The use of static typing also increased programs
complexity. To appeal to unix/c hackers, he designed Python on ABC’s extensive usability testing. And, to make it suitable to
both the beginners as well as the experienced programmers Guido wanted it to be acceptable as programming language. Thus,
Python started inheriting from other languages.

While working on Python, in mid 1990’s, Guido move to US to work with CNRI (Corporation for National Research
Initiatives), a non proitable organization of US government to undertake the construction of large scale applications. This
application development interfered with the development of core language even after careful study about the nature of work
changed.

In the year 2000, Guido joined. Be Open.com, a commercial organization for open source software development along
with two other members of Python team. Among them is a long time pythonister (named Tim Peter) and other, an intelligent
contributor to comp.lang. Python news group. The development of core language and its supportive libraries was their main
intention. However, this did not work out well in BeOpen.com. Within three months, they moved to digital creations and then
to the zope corporation.

After moving to zope corporation, they found noticable changes. This corporation is a major Python user and the creator
of the zope websystem. It is certain that the association with zope will focus on features that are important in developing zope
even though the core development team left zope.

Finally, the core team joined an organization showing a clear interest in developing Python. Guido holds the ultimate veto
on changes in language and Python community is happy to have him and referred him as a benevolent dictator for life.
Q14. List and explain the features of python.

Answer : Model Paper-I, Q3(a)(i)

The features of python programming language are as follows,

1. Follows Object-oriented Programming Paradigm
Python is an object-oriented programming language, as it separates data from logic. Moreover, Python is not only object-
oriented, but also a proper combination of multiple programming paradigms.
2. Easy to Learn
Very few keywords, simple structure and well deined syntaxes possessed by Python made it easy to learn.
3. Dynamically Typed
Python does not need any thing to declared. Just an assignment statement is used so it binds name to any type of object.
One name can be assigned to different types of object. Thus python is said to be dynamically typed.
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4. Embeddable
Python program can be embedded into C or C++ programs.
5. Uses High-level Data Structure
Python has been designed in a way, that the programmer does not need to look after the low level details such as, memory
management. It supports high level data structures such as, realizable arrays (lists in Python), hash tables (dictionary in
Python). As these building blocks are deined in the core language, they are extensively used. This reduces the development
time, as well as the size of the code. Thereby, making the code more simpler to read.
6. Supports Extensibility
Python allows the programmer to code some part of the program in different languages like, C, C++, java and utilize them
through Python code.
7. Support Portability
Since Python is written in C, it can work on different platforms i.e., the Python applications built on one system, can run
on any other system, with little or no modiication. Any platform that contains ANSI C compiler, supports Python. Python
is also independent of the type of architecture.
8. Robust
Python is more powerful in determining as well as handling error conditions, through software handlers. It guides the
programmer, by providing full details of errors, in case of program crashing due to errors. For example, the location where
the error has occurred in the code, by specifying the ilename, line number and function. It also allows the programmer
to take an action for the elimination of the error.
The exception handlers in Python are capable of reducing debugging process, by simplifying the problem, redirecting the
program low, performing cleanup or maintenance measure, closing the application elegantly or just ignoring it. In case,
if the errors could not be handled properly, Python generates a stack that displays the type and location of the error, in
addition to the location of module that contains the erroneous code.
9. Huge Library
Python contains heavy library that can be used on all operating systems.
10. Interpreted and (Byte) Compiled Language
Just like Java, Python is also an interpreted and a byte-compiled language. That is, it allows the programmer to run the
program directly from the source code without performing the compilation process.
The process followed by Python is,
(i) It just transforms the source code into an intermediate form known as ‘byte code’.
(ii) Then translates the byte code into a machine code (0’s and 1’s)
(iii) And then run it.
The programmer need not have to worry about the program compilation, proper linkage and loading of libraries etc.
11. Supports Scalability
The term ‘scalability’ here, refers to the capability of the programming language, to accept and handle the additional
performance required, upon the addition of new hardware to the system. Unlike other programming languages, Python
can expand the code size, by adding new or existing Python elements and reusing the code when required. This is possible
because, Python has a pluggable and modular architecture.
12. Database Connectivity
Any software can be represented by a database. Python allows its program to connect all the databases such as Oracle,
sybase or MySQL.
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Q15. Write about classes and objects in python.
Answer :
A class is a collection of components which may include class variables, class methods and instance method. Class
declaration consists of procedure which can act either as an instance method or a class method. If a procedure is parameterized
with formal parameter, ‘self’ and if it refers to an object of a class being declared, then such a procedure is said to be an instance
method, otherwise the procedure acts as a class method.
Each class consists of an initialization method “|” in it which is deined as substitute for a constructor. This method
initializes instance variables and is invoked automatically when ever a class object is created. However, it is even possible that
instance variables be initialized using any other method. Every component of a class is public excluding those components whose
identiiers start with “–”. Therefore, it can be said that for every component public is the default visibility level. Both modules and
class supports encapsulation by making use of naming convention so as to differentiate between public and private components.
The concept of multiple inheritance wherein a subclass can have more than one super class.
These super classes are searched in order in which they were declared in class declaration so as to resolve the issue of
ambiguous, reference, made to class components
Example
The following example illustrates the concept of Python class,
class Animal:
def init (self_behavior, gender, age, legs):
self _behavior = behavior
self_male = (gender = = “M” or gender == “m”)
self_age = age
self_legs = legs
def get_behavior (self)
return self_behavior
def set_behavior (self_behavior):
self_behavior = behavior
def display_info (self):
print (self_age +”“ + self_gender))
The above class consists of one initialization method (init) and three instance methods (get_behavior, set behavior,
display_info). These instance methods are parameterized with “self” parameter and also with other parameters.
Creating Class Object
Consider the following code,
a = Animal (“wild”, “m”, 2, 4)
The process of constructing an object is initiated by creating an object of class “Animal”. After creating the object the
arguments along with a reference to the newly created objects are passed to the initialization method, which then initializes the
instance variables of the object i.e., named behavior,_gender,-age and-legs)
Call Making a Method Call
Consider the following method call,
a.Set_behavior (“Domestic”)
The implementation of this is assigned to instance method.
The above method call can also be written as,
Animal. set_behavior (a, “Domestic”).
This indicates that formal parameter “self” refers to the object “a”.
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1.1.2 Execution of a Python Program, Viewing the Bytecode, Flavors of Python

Q16. discuss how a python program is executed.
Answer : Model Paper-II, Q3(a)(i)

Writing and executing the python scripts is an easy process. Initially type “Python” or “Python 3” at the command prompt
to access python. With this even python REPL (Read-Eval-Print-Loop) gets opend. To exit from REPL type Ctrl-D. Follow the
below steps to write and run a phython script.
1. Create a new ile with name MyScript.py.
2. Type the below code in it

3. Save the ile with .py extension. Even text editors such as notepad or notepad ++ to write the code and press ctrl + x to
exit.
4. Without making the ile executable it can be run by navigating the location of the script and then by typing MyScript.py.
5. MyScript.py can be made executable by typing chmod +x MyScript.py at command prompt.
6. To run the script type at command prompt.
C:\>python MyScript.py
This command will call the compiler to convert the ile into byte code. This byte code will converted to machine code
and the processor will execute this machine code.
Output

Q17. Write about viewing byte code in python.

Answer :
In the execution process of python program initially the code is written in a text editor and saved as ‘ilename.py’. The
ile can be given with any user deined name with extension ‘.py’. When this program is compiled the processing will display
the result on the screen.
The python compiler will irst convert the source code of ‘ilename.py’ into bytecode when compiled. This byte code is
converted into binary code that is machine code so that it understands the code. The processor will then execute the code and
generates the result on the screen.
With the above process the user will be able to view the output. But to view the bytecode, user need to specify dis module
with python command.
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C:\>python –m dis ilename.py
The below output will be shown,
2
0 LOAD_CONST 0(10)
3 DUP_TOP .
4 STORE_NAME 0(a)
7 STORE_NAME 1(b)
10 LOAD_NAME 2(print)
13 LOAD_COUNST 1(‘sum = ’)
16 LOAD_NAME 0(a)
19 LOAD_NAME 1(b)
22 BINARY_ADD 1(b)
23 CALL_FUNCTION 2(2 positional, 0 key word pair)
26 POP_TOP
27 LOAD_CONST 2(None)
30 RETURN_VALUE
The dis module will display the above byte code. It is also called as disassembler that displays the bytecode in human
understandable format. The irst column in the above byte code indicates line number of the code is ilename.py. The second
column indicates offset position of bye code, third column indicates the bytecode instruction name, fourth column indicates
instructions argument and the ifth column indicates constants or name of fourth columns.
Q18. What are the various lavors of python? Explain.
Answer :
Flavors of Python
Various types of Python compilers are referred as lavors of python. They help to integrate various types of programming
languages to python. Some of the python lavour are as follows,
1. CPython
It is a python compiler that was implemented in C language. Any python program will be converted to bytecode by using C
language functions. A PVM that is created in C is used to run the byte code. Even C++ code can be executed using CPython.
2. JPython
It is enables python implementation to be run on Java platform. Here JVM is used to execute the byte code generated by
the python compiler.
3. IronPython
It is a compiler designed for .NET framework, but it is written in C#. When code is compiled if will generate an intermediate
language that can be run on CLR (common language runtime).
4. pypy
It is a python implementation by using the python language itself. Since JIT is incorporated to PVM, the pypy programs
are run fastly.
5. Ruby Python
It acts as a bridge form pyby to python interpreter. It embeds the python interpreter inside the Ruby applications.
6. Pythonxy
It is written in the form python (X, Y). It is designed by adding scientiic and engineering related packages.
7. Anaconda Python
The .name anaconda python is obtained after python is redeveloped to handle the large scale data processing, predictive
analytics and scientiic computing. It handles huge amount of data.
8. Stackless Python
Tasklets are the small tasks that are run independently. They communicate with each other by using channels. They
schedule, control and own suspend the tasklets. Hundreds of tasklets can be run by a thread. The threads and tasklets can
be created in stackless python. It is a re-implementation of python.
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1.1.3 Python Virtual Machine, Frozen Binaries
Q19. Write in short about the following,
(i) Python Virtual Machine
(ii) Frozen Binaries.
Answer : Model Paper-I, Q3(a)(ii)

(i) PVM
A compiler will convert the source code into the machine code before it is submitted to the computer. This is because the
computer understands only machine code. The python compiler also performs the same thing. It initially converts the source
code into byte code. Each byte code size would be 1 byte i.e., 8 bits. Thus they are called byte code instructions. They are stored
in .pyc ile.
The byte code instructions are converted into machine code by a PVM. with this the computer can execute the machine
code and generate the output. PVM has an interpreter embedded in it. This interpreter is responsible to convert the byte code
machine code. It then sends the machine code to the processor for execution.
(ii) Frozen Binaries
Once software is designed in python, it can be provided to the user in two ways. The irst method provides the .pyc iles
to the user. In order to run the instructions of .pyc iles, user need to install the PVM in the computer. The second method will
provide .pyc iles, PVM and some required python library to the user. These three things will be converted into a single executable
ile. User can double click this ile to execute it directly. Conversion of python programs into true executable by following this
process is called frozen binaries will be more than that of .pyc iles. frozen binaries are created by using some software like
py2exe, pyinstaller, frozen etc.

1.1.4 Memory Management in Python, Garbage Collection in Python

Q20. Write in detail about memory management in python.
Answer : B.Sc[C.a], dec.-17, Q3(b)(i)

Memory in python is allocated and deallocated automatically during runtime.

PVM is responsible for allocation and deallocation. Almost everything is considered as an object in python such as
strings, lists, modules etc. PVM contains a memory manager for allocating the memory for the objects. These objects are stored
in memory called heap.
Generally RAM is allocated by the OS for any program. Top of if a raw memory allocator will verify if memory is
available for the objects. And on top of if various object speciic al locators operate on the same heap. They are responsible for
implementing different types of memory management policies based on the object types.

Object speciic Object speciic

allocator allocator

Pythons raw memory allocator

Operating system memory

allocator

RAM

Figure: Memory Allocation by pVM

The above igure shows the allocation of memory by PVM. For example, an integer must be stored in one way and string must
be stored in some other way. Such issues are resolved by object speciic memory allocators.
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Q21. discuss about garbage collection.
Answer :
Garbage collector in python is a module that is used to delete the objects from the memory. The objects that are not useful
in the program are deleted by the garbage collector. Garbage collector is maintained by name gc. It maintains count for the usage
of each object in the program, If an object is used there then its count would be 3. If the count of any object is 0 then if assumes
that the object is not used any more. It then deletes that object from the memory. With this the memory allocated for this object
will be deallocated.
The garbage collector will detect the reference cycles that points from last object to the irst object. Consider three objects
for example X, Y and Z. The object X will refer to object Y and object Y refers to object Z. Object Z also refers to object X. This
form a reference cycle of three objects.

Figure: reference cycle

If these objects are not used in python they maintain a reference count 1. So garbage collector will not remove these objects
from memory. The garbage collector will make use of algorithm to detect the reference cycle and to remove the objects in cycle.
The garbage collector will run automatically. It is scheduled by the garbage collector based on the threshold. This number
will maintain the frequency of deletions made by the garbage collector. It runs when difference between the allocations and
deallocations is greater than the threshold. Garbage collector can be run manually if reference cycles are found in a program.
This can be time-based and event-based. But frequent usage of manual garbage collection can slow down the execution
of program.

1.1.5 Comparisons between C and Python, Comparisons between Java and Python
Q22. differentiate between C and Python.
OR
What is the difference between C and python?
Answer : B.a[C.a], dec.-17, Q3(b)(ii)

C Python
1. C is a procedure oriented programming language. 1.
Python is an object oriented programming language
with features such as classes, objects, polymorphism,
inheritance etc.
2. Execution speed is fast. 2. Execution speed is slow.
3. Declaration of variables is required. 3. Declaration of variables is not required.
4. It cannot handle exceptions. 4. It can handle exceptions.
5. It does not have garbage collector. 5. It has garbage collector.
6. Indentation of c statement is not required. 6. Indentation is compulsory.
7. It allows in-time assignments. 7. It does not allow in-time assignments.
8. Comma is used as statement separator. 8. Semicolon is used as statement separator.
9. Semicolon is used to terminate the statements. 9. New line indicates statement termination.
10. Array index must be positive integer. 10. Array index can be positive or negative integer.
11. It supports one as well as multi-dimensional ar- 11. It support only one dimensional array.
rays.
12. It supports pointers. 12. It does not supports pointers.

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Q23. Compare and contrast Java and Python.
Answer :

Java Python
1. Java is an object oriented programming language. 1. Python contains combination of both functional pro-
gramming language and object oriented programming
language features.
2. Declaration of variables is compulsory. 2. Declaration of variables is not required.
3. It is static and weak. 3. It is dynamic and strong.
4. JVM does the memory allocation. 4. PVM does the memory allocation.
5. Array index must be positive integer. 5. Array index must be positive or negative integer.
6. It supports both one and multidimensional arrays. 6. It supports only one dimensional arrays.
7. Comma is used as statement separator. 7. Semicolon is used as statement separator.
8. Semicolon is used to terminate the statements. 8. New line is used to terminate the statements.
9. Indentation for statements is not necessary. 9. Indentation for statements is compulsory.
10. It has switch statements. 10. It does not have switch statements.

1.2 wrItIng our fIrSt python program

1.2.1 Installing Python for Windows, Installing Numpy, Setting the Path to Python
Q24. Write steps to install python on windows.
Answer : Model Paper-II, Q3(a)(ii)

The latest version of python is python 3.6.4. Any software has two version 32 bit and 64-bit. Respective version based
on the operating system can be downloaded and installed from the below link.
https://www.python.org/downloads/release/python-364
1. Select ‘windows x 86-64 executable installer’ for 64 bit operating system computer or select ‘windows x86 executable
installer’ for 32-bit operating system computer with this ‘python-3.6.4 and 64-exe’ ile will be downloaded.
2. Double click on ‘python-3.6.4-and 64.exe’ ile. This will display a setup dialog box.
3. Click the checkbox install launcher for all the users and add python 3.6 to PATH.

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4. Click on Install Now. This will show a setup program window.

5. Once the installation completes a dialog box appears showing the message ‘setup was successful’. Finally, click on close
button.

Q25. Write short notes on the following,

(i) Installing numpy
(ii) Setting path to python. Model Paper-III, Q3(a)

OR
How to add the python path in windows?
(Refer Only Topic: Setting Path to Python)
Answer : B.a[C.a], dec.17, Q3(b)(i)

(i) Installation of Numpy

Python supports only one dimensional array. To support multi dimensional array it needs a special package called Numerical
python backage or numpy. To install this package follow the below process.
Goto system prompt and type the below command
C:\>pip install numpy
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‘pip’ will be combined with python software by default. The above command will search for the latest numpy package
version on internet, downloads it and installs it.

(ii) Setting Path to Python

Once the python is installed on the computer a speciic path must be set before working with python.

1. Right click on My computer. Select properties and click on change settings.

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2. Click on environment variables under Advanced System Settings.

3. Select new under user variables.

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4. Set the variable name as ‘path’ and variable value as the path where the python folder exists and click on ‘OK’ button.

5. Finally, Click on OK button to inish the path set up.

1.2.2 Writing Our First Python Program, Executing a Python Program

Q26. Write a simple python program.
Answer :
Python language deines a very simple syntax. Its simplicity lies in design choice. There are several ways to represent a
single program but this leads to dificulty in learning and using the language. The philosophy of Pythons states that “There is
one and one way to do it”.
Since, Python is a non-functional language mostly assignment statement is used. The syntax is as follows,
Syntax
name = expression
Here, the name is binded to the value of the expression.
In other programming language this line will assign the expression value to name.
Thus, python uses assignment operator to bind a name to data value generated by the expression. If a reference value is
taken in place of expression then the name will be binded to the existing value.
Unlike, other programming languages name is not bound to particular data type and no type checking is needed to bind
the name to the value.
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Consider the below python program,
Program

Output

Here, # represents comments in python. Data stored in memory location is referred as variable. In the above program, 2
is stored in variable x, 6 is stored in variable y. In the fourth line product of x and y is stored in variable z. In the ifth the result
is displayed using print function.
Q27. Explain the execution process of python. Model Paper-II, Q3(b)(i)

OR
Explain how to write and execute a program in python.
Answer : B.Sc[C.a], dec.-17, Q3(a)(ii)

A python program can be executed in three different ways, they are,

(a) Using python’s command line window
(b) Using python’s IDLE graphics window
(c) From system prompt.
(a) Using Python’s Command Line Window
This is an interactive mode where a program can be typed in one line at a time. PVM will execute it.
 Open the python’s command line.
 Type the desired program beside >>> symbol (python prompt).
 Result will be displayed when the user type the last line of program and clicks Enter button.

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(b) Using Python’s IDLE Graphics Window

1. Click on Python’s IDLE icon

2. Goto ile and click on New File (Ctrl + N) option in IDLE window

3. A new window will open. Type the program in it.

4. Save the ile.

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5. Goto Run and select Run Module.

6. Result will be displayed in a new window.

(c) From System Prompt

For answer refer Unit-I, Page No. 8, Q.No. 16.

1.2.3 Getting Help in Python, Getting Python Documentation Help, Reopening the Python
Program in IDLE
Q28. Explain about the following,
(i) Getting help in python
(ii) Getting python documentation help
(iii) Reopening the python program in IDLE.
Answer : Model Paper-I, Q3(b)

(i) Creating Help in Python

Programmer might face certain problems or doubts about how to use speciic feature of python language. In such cases
user can refer to help by typing help( ) in python prompt. This will show a help utility.

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To know about the modules type ‘modules’ and to know about the topics type ‘topics’ in help window.

To know about the functions in python type ‘FUNCTIONS’ in help window.

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Help mode can be exited by pressing enter button. To exit from python interpreter type exit( ) or quit( ).

Another alternative to view help is to type help( ) command in paranthesis at python promt...
(ii) Getting Python Documentation Help
Python documents contain the description about the python features. It is mostly helpful to the beginners and professional
programmers in order to understand the python features. To view it user need to open IDLE window and select help followed by
Python Docs.

The window displays the documentation help of the respective python version. It displays all the features so that user can
select the desired feature by clicking on it.

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The left frame in the window shows the contents such as the python tutorial, the Python Language Reference, The Python
Standard Library etc. When one of it is selected the right frame will display the information regarding to it.

(iii) Reopening the Python in IDLE

For answer refer Unit-I, Page 18, Q.No. 27, Topic Using Python’s IDLE Graphics Window.

1.3 datatypeS In python

1.3.1 Comments in Python, Doc Strings, How Python Sees Variables

Q29. discuss about comments and doc strings.
Answer : Model Paper-III, Q3(b)(i)

Comments
Comments determine the features of program code. This will increase the readability. Comments are of two types in
Python, they are single line and multi line comments.
1. Single Line Comments
Comments begin with # symbol. The complex line from the # symbol represents a single line comment. Comments are not
executed by the compiler or PVM. They are non executable and are used only for human understandability x = 2 # x is assigned a value.

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2. Multi Line Comments
Python allows multi line comments also. It would be complex task to used # symbol before every single line in multiline
comments. So all the lines of comments embedded in triple single quotes (‘‘‘) or triple double quotes (“ “ “) at beginning as well
as ending also. They are calle as multi line comments or block comments.
“““
Python is an object oriented programming language. It supports multiline comment.
“““
‘‘‘
Python is an object oriented programming language.
It supports multi line comments
‘‘‘

Doc Strings
Factfully the multiline comments are not supported by python. The lines embedded in triple quotes are not actually
comments. They are the regular strings with exception that they can span multiple lines. The memory is allocated internally to
the strings embedded in triple quotes. If these strings are not assigned to any variables. They will be removed from memory by
the garbage collector. Because of this they are referred as comments.
Users of python mostly not recommend the multiline comments because the occupy memory internally and waste the
interpreter time. When the multiline comments are placed before any module function, class or method, they are referred as
documentation strings. They are used in creating the API documentation ile from python program.
Example
def add(a, b):
“““
This function will add two variables and generates their sum
“““
Print(“sum = ”, (a + b))
Q30. How does python view the variables?
Answer :
Variable
Variable can be deined as a storage location in memory. It stores data values of the programs and provides whenever
required to work on. Python does not require the variables to be declared. Rather only naming and assigning the values to it is
enough. Even the data type is not required to be speciied. Python internally handles the variables according to the values assigned
to them.
Example
x = 50
print x

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This statement prints 50 as the result. A variable can be redeclared with some other value also. Variables are of few types
they are local and global variables.
Python assigns variables through assignment operator and augmented assignment operator.
Assignment Operator
In python, the main assignment operator is equal (=) sign. Unlike other programming languages this operator does not
explicitly assign a value to a variable. In this language, objects are referenced.
Augmented Assignment Operator
In python, augmented assignment refers to the use of combination of arithmetic operation and equal (=) sign.
The following example illustrates augmented assignment.
i=i+1
The above statement can also be written as follows,
i+ =1

Multiple Assignment
In python, multiple assignment refers to the assignment of single object to multiple variables.
Example

In the above example, p, q and r are assigned to single integer object (of value 25).
Multuple Assignment
In python, multuple assignment refers to the assignment of multuple objects to multiple variables wherein objects on both
sides of the assignment operator are tuples.
An example of multuple assignment is as follows,

Another representation of multuple assignment is >>>(p, q, r) = (25, ‘B.Tech’, ‘Fair’). Here, parenthesis are used for
representing tuples and they are optional (which makes user easier to read).
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1.3.2 Datatypes in Python, Built-in Data Types, Bool Data Type
Q31. Explain various data types in python. Model Paper-II, Q3(b)(ii)
OR
Explain in detail different data types in python with examples.
Answer : B.a[C.a], dec.-17, Q3(a)(i)
Python provides various data types, they are as follows,
1. None Type
It is a special type in python known as null type. It indicates an object that will not contain any value.
2. Numeric Types
Numeric data types depict numbers. There are three types of numeric data types, they are,
(i) Integer Data Type
Integers represent numeric values that are stored, manipulated and expressed inside the variables. Integer data types are
of two types, namely standard integers and long integers.
Example
x = – 28
y = 40
(ii) Float Data Type
Floating point real numbers are represented as forward decimal or scientiic notations. In decimal numbers, decimal point
is used while in scientiic notation exponent is used.
Example
x = 2.45
y = – 6.98
(iii) Complex Data Type
A complex number is an unordered pair of loating point real number and imaginary number.
Syntax
real + imagj
Example
45.2j, 16 + 15.9j
3. Sequences
For answer refer Unit-I, Page No. 26, Q.No. 32.
4. Sets
For answer refer Unit-I, Page No. 28, Q.No. 34.
5. Mappings
For answer refer Unit-I, Page No. 28, Q.No. 34, Topic: Mapping Types.
6. Bool Data Type
The bool datatype will represent the boolean values. Boolean values are of two types namely True or False. Python
considers True as 1 and False as 0.
Example
x=6>2
print(x)
True.
1.3.3 Sequences in Python, Sets, Literals in Python
Q32. Write short notes on sequences with an example.
Answer : B.a[C.a], dec.-17, Q3(a)(ii)
Sequence
A ‘sequence’ is a data structure, that stores elements, which can be accessed using index offsets. For example, the strings
are sequences of characters i.e., a string ‘Hello world!’, contains the sequence of characters, H, e, l, l, o, W, o, r, l, d, !. These
sequence elements are stored, starting at index 0 till the index N – 1, where N is the length of the sequence.
i.e.,
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

H E L L O W O R L D !

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The different types of sequences in python are as follows,
1. Strings
Strings are created by encoding characters in single or double quotes. These characters are assigned to a string variable.
Example

Output

2. Lists
List is like a string, which provides sequential storage mechanism. Through slices, we can access any number of consecutive
elements of list. The unique and lexible characteristics of lists that, differentiate them from strings and arrays are,
(i) List can contain different types of Python objects-standard types, objects and user-deined objects.
(ii) At any given time, single or multiple objects can be inserted, removed and updated to the list.
(iii) List can grow and shrink.
(iv) List can even be sorted, reversed, empty and populated.
(v) A list can be added/removed to/from other lists.
(vi) Creating a list is also very simple.
(vii) Individual or multiple elements of a list can be easily added, updated or removed.
Example

Output

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3. Tuples
Tuples are containers, that are used to store data items. They are similar to lists because they allow a list of elements to
store. However, there are few differences between lists and tuples. Tuples use parentheses whereas, lists use square brackets.
Tuples are immutable (i.e., they cannot be modiied), whereas, lists are not. Due to the property of immutability, tuples can be
used as a dictionary-key and also while dealing with object groups.
Example

Output

Q33. Write a python program to display each char from a string.

Answer : B.Sc[C.a], dec.-17, Q4(b)(ii)

Program

Output

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Q34. Write in short about sets.
Answer :
Sets
A set can be deined as a group unordered elements. The elements in a set might not appear in the order they are entered
into it. There are two types of sub types, they are,
1. Set Datatype
A set can be created in the below way,

The elements in the set must be separated by commas with in the curly braces. A set will not store any duplicate values.
Elements of sets cannot be retrieved by using the index elements. New elements can be added to the set by using update( ) method.
And remove( ) method is used to remove an element from the set.
2. The Frozenset Datatype
This data type is similar to that of set data type. The elements of the frozenset datatype cannot be modiied. It can be
created by passing a set to frozenset( ) function.

The update( ) function is used to add elements to the frozenset and remove( ) function is used to remove the elements
from the set.
Mapping Types
A map can determine a set of elements as key value pairs. If key is provided the value of it can be accessed.
The dictionary i.e., dict is one of the example of mapping type.
dt = {20 : ‘ABC’, 30 : ‘XYZ’}
The key value pairs in the dictionary are separated by colon(:).

Q35. Deine literals. List out various types of literals.

Answer :
Literals
A literal can be deined as constant value stored in variable of a program. Consider the below statement,
x=2
Here, x is the variable that is assigned with a constant value ‘2’. This value is an integer literal. There are three types of
literals, they are as follows,
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1. Numeric Literals
Numeric literals indicate numbers various types of numeric literals are as follows,
Literals Examples
Integer literal 16, – 4
Hexadecimal literal Ox4A1C
Float literal 2.18, – 9.2
Octal literal 6452
Binary literal 0B101010
Complex literal 16 + 5J
2. Boolean Literals
Boolean literals represent the value either True or False. They are stored in bool type variable.
3. String Literals
A set of characters together are called string literal. They are enclosed in single quotes or double quotes or even in triple
quotes. Python does not differentiate single or double quoted strings. Consider the below example,
str1 = ‘Core Python’
str2 = “Core Python”
If the above sting literals seam to get extended beyond one line they must be embedded in triple quotes. String literals
allow escape characters to be embedded in them,
Escape character Meaning
\ New line continuation
\’ Display single quote
\” Display double quotes
\r Enter
\v Vertical tub
\n New line
\t Horizontal tab
\b Backspace
\\ Display a single \

Q36. Write a python program to display different data types using variables and literal constants.
Answer : BSc[C.a], dec.-17, Q3(a)(i)

from __future__ import print_function

import sys
class Types(object):
pass
def gen_func():
yield 1
def set_data():
d_bool = bool(0)
d_int = 0
d_loat = loat(0)
d_complex = complex(0, 0)
d_str = ‘’
d_tuple = ()
d_list = []
d_dict = {}
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d_set = set()
d_iterator = iter([1, 2, 3])
d_function = gen_func
d_generator = gen_func()
d_instance = Types()
data = (d_bool, d_int, d_loat, d_complex,
d_str, d_tuple, d_list, d_dict, d_set,
d_iterator, d_function, d_generator, d_instance)
return data
data = set_data()
print(“\nPython data type sizes:\n”)
header = “{} {} {}”.format(\
“Data”.center(10), “Type”.center(15), “Length”.center(10))
print(header)
print(‘-’ * 40)
rows = [ “{} {} {}”.format(\
repr(item).center(10), str(type(item)).center(15), \
str(sys.getsizeof(item)).center(10)) for item in data[:-4] ]
print(‘\n’.join(rows))
print(‘-’ * 70)
rows = [ “{} {} {}”.format(\
repr(item).center(10), str(type(item)).center(15), \
str(sys.getsizeof(item)).center(10)) for item in data[-4:] ]
print(‘\n’.join(rows))
print(‘-’ * 70)
Output

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1.3.4 Determining the Data Types of a Variable, What about Characters
Q37. How datatypes of variable is determined? Discuss about characters in python.
Answer :
Determining Data Type of Variable
Sometimes user might need to know the data type of variable or object. For this purpose user can use type( ) function. It
will display the data type of the speciied variable
Example

Here, x stores the number 10 in it. The Python interpreter assumes x as integer type. The third line indicates that x is an
object of class ‘int’. Here, int is treated as the class. Even the function, method, module, lists, sets etc., are treated as objects in
python.
Characters
All the languages such as C and Java have char data type (which represents single character). But python does not have
char data type. Instead it has str data type for representing strings.
Example

In the above example, the variable C is assigned a variable ‘X’. The type( ) function will display that the type of C as
‘str’. Individual characters of any string can be accessed by using the index or position number.
Example

To access all the characters of the string, for loop is used

for i in str : print (i)
1.3.5 User-defined Data Types, Constants in Python, Identifiers and Reserved Words
Q38. Explain about user-deined datatypes in python. Model Paper-III, Q3(b)(ii)

OR
Explain about user-deined data types with examples.
Answer : B.Sc[C.a], dec.-17, Q3(b)(ii)

User-deined Data Types

Programmers in python are allowed to create user deined data types. The classes, arrays or modules are the user deined
data types.
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1. Class
For answer refer Unit-I, Page No. 7, Q.No. 15, (First Paragraph Only).
Example

Output

2. Arrays
An array is nothing but an object that contains a set of elements of same data type. Arrays in python can store only one type
of elements. The size of the arrays can be increased and decreased dynamically. Size of arrays are not required to be mentioned
in Python. It allows the elements to be added or deleted automatically. Arrays can be created or used by using the module ‘array’.
Arrays can be created in the following way,
arrayname = array.array(typecode, [elements])
Here, type code represents the type of array elements. It will be a single character such as ‘b’ representing signed integer,
‘f’ representing loating Point etc.
Example

Output

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3. Modules
Modules in python allow the users to organize the python code. The code can be grouped into the module so that it can
be easily understood and used. The modules are also the python objects that can be bind and referenced.
Example

Output

Q39. Write in short about the following,

(i) Constants
(ii) Identiiers and reserved words.
Answer :
(i) Constants
A constant is similar to that of variable but it’s value cannot be changed modiied while program execution. Generally the
value of a variable can be changed as and when required. But constants values can’t be changed. For example, the value of pi in
mathematics is 3.14. It is a predeined and deined value that cannot be changed. Constants in python can be speciied in capital
letters. Such as MAX, MIN etc.
(ii) Identiiers and Reserved Words
Identiiers
Identiiers refers to a set of valid strings that can be used as names in a computer language.
Python considers an identiier to be valid only when,
1. The irst character of identiier is either underscore ( _ ) or a character.
2. The second character can be any alphanumeric character or underscore.
3. Identiiers cannot be initiated with a number or symbol except underscore( _ ).
4. Identiiers are case sensitive i.e., man, Man and MAN are not identical.
Python deines its identiiers using letters, digits and a underscore. But, the irst character of a name should never be a digit.
If several names have to be binded to the same value, it can be done in single statement as follows,

The output of these three statements is same i.e., Hello world as all three names binded to same string.
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Reserved Words
Keywords are reserved words which forms a construct of the language. Use of these keywords for any other purpose
results syntax error.
Table depicts keywords used in Python.

S.No. Keyword

1 and
2 as
3 assert
4 break
5 class
6 continue
7 def
8 del
9 elif
10 else
11 except
12 exec
13 inally
14 for
15 from
16 global
17 if
18 import
19 in
20 is
21 lambda
22 not
23 or
24 pass
25 print
26 raise
27 return
28 try
29 while
30 with
31 none
32 yield
Table: Keywords
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Built-ins
Built-ins are special names identiiers used by interpreter. These are not keywords but considered as reserved for system.
Therefore, programmers should not use them. Built-ins are members of built-in module. Interpreter automatically imports the
built-in module before the program begins or user enter the >>> prompt in the interpreter. They can also be used as global
variables that can be accessed anywhere in programs.
Special Underscore Identiiers
In python, special underscore variables are also used. These variables are both preixed and sufixed. Some of these
underscore identiiers are as follows,
 _xxx
It requests private name that integrates within classes.
 _ _ xxx
It states that donot import with ‘from module import *’.
 _ _xxx_ _
It is a system deined name.

1.3.6 Naming Conventions in Python

Q40. Write about naming conventions in python.
Answer :
Naming Conventions
Naming conventions are the rules or constraints speciied in python for modules, classes, variables etc. The naming
conventions are described as follows,
1. Packages
The name of packages should always be written in lower case letters. Multiple words in the name of package can be
separated by underscore.
2. Modules
The names of modules must be written in lower case letters. Multiple words can be separated using underscore.
3. Functions
The names of functions must be written in lower case. Multiple words must be separated by underscore.
4. Classes
Every word of class name must begin with a capital letter. Multiple words must be separated by underscore.
5. Constants
All the letters in constant name must be in upper case only. Multiple words must be separated by underscore.
6. Methods
The name of method must be lower case only. Multiple words must be separated by underscore.
7. Variables
The names of instance variables must be in lower case letters. Multiple words must be separated by underscore.
8. Method Arguments
The irst argument of instance methods must be ‘self’. The irst argument of class methods must be ‘cls’.
9. Non Accessible Entities
Certain variables, functions and methods cannot be accessed outside and should be used in the program itself. Such things
must be embedded in double quotes.
10. Global Variables or Module Level Variables
The names of global variables must be in lower case. Multiple words must be separated by underscore.

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exercISe QueStIonS

1. Write a Python program to swap two variables.

2. Write a Python program to print “Hello Python”.

3. Write a Python program to accept student information from users and print it.

4. Write a Python program to illustrate the usage of comments.

5. Write a Python program using sequences.

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Internal aSSeSSment

objectIve type
I. Multiple Choice
1. The term ____________ refers to capability of the programming language, to accept and handle
additional performance, upon the addition of new hardware to system. [ ]
(a) Portability (b) Scalability
(c) Extensibility (d) Robust
2. The development of python language was started in the year ____________ by Guido van Rossum. [ ]
(a) 1989 (b) 1990
(c) 1972 (d) 2000
3. ____________ are reserved words that form a construct of the language. [ ]
(a) Identiiers (b) Keywords
(c) Variables (d) Operators
4. ____________ represent numeric values which are stored, manipulated and expressed inside the variables. [ ]
(a) Strings (b) Boolean
(c) Integers (d) Character
5. ____________ can be deined as a storage location in memory. [ ]
(a) Keyword (b) Identiier
(c) Assignment operator (d) Variable
6. The _____________ type of objects can have two possible values True and False. [ ]
(a) Boolean (b) Integers
(c) Strings (d) Variable
7. _________ method is used to remove an item if it is present in another set. [ ]
(a) add( ) (b) clear( )
(c) remove( ) (d) discard( )
8. _________ refers to python’s mapping type. [ ]
(a) Dictionaries (b) Tuples
(c) Lists (d) Set
9. _________ is used to specify mapping variable. [ ]
(a) # (b) (var)
(c) <sp> (d) m.n
10. ________ is used, to display the raw strings without performing any translation to special or
non-printed characters. [ ]
(a) Format operator (b) Unicode string operator
(c) Raw string operator (d) String templates
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II. Fill in the Blanks.

1. ____________is more powerful in determining as well as handling error conditions, through software handlers.

2. Python is not only a programming language but also a software package called as ____________.

3. The irst character of identiier is either ____________ or a ____________ .

4. ____________ does not require the variables to be declared.

5. ____________ refers to a set of valid string that can be used as names in a computer language.

6. The block of code in python begins with ____________ and ends with the irst unindented line.

7. ____________ are immutable data types that contain series of characters under single name.

8. The programming languages C, C++ and Java make use of ____________ for deining a block of code..

9. A ________ is a data structure, that stores elements which can be accessed using index off sets.

10. _________ are immutable data types, restricting their values to be changed.

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Key

I. Multiple Choice

1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (d)

6. (a) 7. (d) 8. (a) 9. (b) 10. (c)

II. Fill in the Blanks

1. Python

2. Interpreter

3. Underscore( _), Character

4. Python

5. Identiiers

6. Indentation

7. Strings

8. Braces{ }

9. Sequence

10. Strings

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III. Very Short Questions and Answers
Q1. Deine PVM.

Answer :
The byte code instructions are converted into machine code by a PVM.

Q2. Deine Doc string.

Answer :
When the multiline commends are placed before any module function, class or method, they are referred as documentation
strings.

Q3. What is a variable?

Answer :
Variable can be deined as a storage location in memory. It stores data values of the programs and provides whenever
required to work on.

Q4. What is a literal?

Answer :
A literal can be deined as a constant value stored in variable of a program.

Q5. Deine an identiier.

Answer :
Identiiers refers to a set of valid strings that can be used as names in a computer language.

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UnIT OperatOrs, Input

and Output, cOntrOl

2 statements In pythOn

Learning Objectives

After studying this unit, a student will have a thorough knowledge about the following concepts,
Ø Various types of operators

Ø Operator precedence and associativity

Ø Mathematical functions

Ø Input and output statements

Ø Command line arguments

Ø Various control statements.

intrOductiOn

An operator can be deined as a symbol which performs speciic operations such as mathematical, logical and
relational manipulations using one or more operands.

Python supports a large number of operators such as arithmetic, relational, logical, assignment, bitwise,
membership and identity operators. If multiple operators are found in an expression then the order of evaluation is
based on their precedence. For this, python uses PEDMAS rules. Python input and output statements are used to
read and write the data values from and to the input and output devices respectively. Python has various types of
control statements to control the low of execution. They are if, if..else, if..elif..else, for, while, pass, assert, break
and continue statements.

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part-a
shOrt QuestIOns wIth sOlutIOns
Q1. Deine operator and list out the operators used in python.
Answer : Model Paper-I, Q2(a)

Operator
An operator can be deined as a symbol which perform speciic operations such as mathematical, logical and other
manipulations using one or more operands. Python supports, large number of operators.
Types of Operators
The operators that are present in python are as follows,
1. Arithmetic operators
2. Relational operators
3. Logical operators
4. Assignment operators
5. Bitwise operators
6. Membership operators
7. Identity operator.
Q2. What are identity operators?
Answer :
Identity Operators
These operators are used to compare two objects with their memory addresses. Python provides two operators they are
mentioned below,

Operator Function
is It is determined as true when the variables are on one side of the operator that points
to same object or else false.
is not It is determined as false when the variables on one side of the operator points to
same object or else true.
Example

Q3. Discuss in brief about boolean operators.

Answer : Model Paper-II, Q2(a)

Boolean operators are used to operate on bool type literals. Such as true and false. The generate bool type output. That is
the output will be either true or false.
Boolean operators in python are as follows,
1. and
It is a boolean and operator.
x and y
The ‘and’ operator returns true if both x and y are true. Otherwise false is returned.
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2. or
It is a boolean or operator.
x or y
The ‘or’ operator returns true if either x or y is true. Otherwise it returns false.
3. not
It is a boolean not operator.
not x
The ‘not’ operator returns true if x value if false otherwise is return true.
Q4. Write about bitwise operators.
Answer : Model Paper-III, Q2(a)

These operators are used to perform bit by bit operation on bits. Python provides certain bitwise operators mentioned as
below,

Operator Operation Description

& Binary AND It is used to copy the bit to the result when it is available in
both operands.
| Binary OR It is used to copy the bit, if it is available in any one operand.
^ Binary XOR It is used to copy the bit when it is set in any one operand.
~ Binary ones complement It is a unary operator and can lip the bits.
<< Binary left shift It is used to shift the left operand value towards left by the
number of bits as determined by the right operand.
>> Binary right shift It is used to shift the left operands value towards right by the
number of bits as determined by the right operand.
Q5. Deine input statements.
Answer : Model Paper-I, Q2(b)

Input
The input is read from the input devices by using the input function. It reads the data value of the variables from the input
devices. The statement consists of assignment statement for the variable. The variable with this will change its value to the newly
assigned value provided as input. The user is prompted for the speciic input by a text string.
Example

Other than input function, another function provided by python for reading input is rawinput( _) function.
Example

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Q6. What are command line statements?
Answer : Model Paper-II, Q2(a)

Programs are run at command lines by using run command such as python program name in python. Programs can be
even designed to accept arguments at its command line. The arguments can be input to the program.
Example
product py
inport sys
product = int(sys.argv[1]) * int(sys.argv[2])
print(‘product = ’, product)
Output

Q7. What is indentation?

OR
Explain about indentation in python.
Answer : B.Sc[C.A], Dec.-17, Q2(b)

Indentation can be deined as the space before beginning the statement. The programming language such as C, C++ and
Java makes use of braces { } for deining a block of code. The python makes use of indentation. The block of code (loop, function
etc) in python begins with indentation and ends with the irst unindented line. The indentation will be decided by the programmer
itself but the consistency should be maintained throughout the block. Generally four whitespaces are preferred for indentation
over tabspace.
For example, the function body will be indented under the function. The ‘if’ statement body or ‘then’ statement will be
indented under if. The statement that are indented as a group are together called a block. But the statements of a block should be
indented with same amount. If this is not done the python will produce error messages about inconsistency of indentation.
The programmer in python can select a block of code and adjust their indentation. This can be done by pressing tab key
for adjusting the indentation. To remove or decrease the indentation shift-tab can be used.
Q8. What are nested loops?
Answer :
The concept of nesting the loop involves embedding of one loop inside another loop. The embedding loop is called outer
loop and the embedded loop is called inner loop. These loops are called nested loops. Syntax of if is as follows,
loop expression:
statement(s)
loop expression:
statement(s)
statement(s)
The inner loop is executed first and the outer loop is executed later on.

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Example

Q9. Deine pass statement.

Answer :
pass Statement
The pass statement is used in cases, where a python statement does nothing. In order to avoid syntax errors, we use pass
statement. Python statement, expects some code and if that code is not available, we use pass statement.
This pass statement is not available in ‘c’. To execute the blocks without any code, we use empty braces but in python
we use pass statement (when user wants nothing to be executed, he/she can use it).
Example
if valid = = false:
pass
elif valid ==true:
print “valid statement”
else
pass
If the structure of the code is used without interfacing with the other parts that already exist, pass statement is used.
It is helpful in debugging and development stages. It is also used in exception handling.
Q10. Deine assert statement.
Answer :
assert Statement
The assert statement is used to check whether the given condition is fulfilled or not.
Syntax
assert expression, message
In the above example message is optional.
Example
assert a % 2 = = 0
print(“The given number is even”)
In the above example, asserts checks whether the number ‘a’ divided by 2 will generate the remainder ‘0’ or not. If ‘0’ is
the result then the following print statement is executed. Otherwise, an assertion error will be displayed.
The assertion errors are nothing but the exceptions. They can be handled by using ‘try...except’ statement.
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Q11. Write a python program for evaluating an expression entered from keyboard.
Answer : B.A[C.A], Dec.-17, Q2(a)

Program

Output

Q12. Explain the if...elif...else statement.

Answer : (Model Paper-III, Q2(b) | B.A[C.A], Dec.-17, Q2(b))
if
The if clause is executed only if the expression is true otherwise execution starts at the next statement following the code.
An expression is tested for its truth value. If the expression evaluates to non-zero or Boolean true then the code is executed.
Syntax
if expression:
Statement1
Statement2
elif
Like else statement, elif is also optional. elif in python is else_if statement. In else statement there is only one statement
atmost but elif can be numerous in a python program.
The execution of the block continues till the condition becomes true.
Syntax
if condition1:
Statement1
elif condition 2:
Statement2

elif condition n:
Statement n
else:
Statement
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Q13. Give the operator precedence in python.

Answer : B.Sc[C.A], Dec.-17, Q2(a)

If multiple operators are found in an expression then, the order of evaluation is determined by operator precedence and
associativity. Apart from this, python follows certain mathematical rules for mathematical operators. The word PEMDAS is used
to remember the rules.

Precedence of the operators is discussed below,

(a) Parentheses is used to evaluate an expression in sequence and it has the highest precedence. Therefore, the values which
are in parentheses in an expression are evaluated irst 3*(4– 1) is 9. Here the operands within the parenthesis are evaluated
irst i.e., 4 – 1 = 3. Next the result is multiplied by 3 i.e., 3 * 3 = 9.

(b) The second highest precedence is for exponentiation.

Example: 4** 2 + 1 is 17 but not 64.

(c) Multiplication and division have the same precedence: They have higher precedence than addition and subtraction. The
addition and subtraction posses same precedence.

Example: 5* 2 – 1 is 9 not 5.

Operators which are having same precedence are evaluated from left to right.

Precedence of the operators is illustrated as follows from higher to lower.

Operator Name
[...], {...}, (...) List, dictionary creation, Tuple
'- - -' String conversion
s[i : j], s[i] Slicing and Indexing
s.attr Attributes
f(- - -) Function calls
+x, –x, ~x Unary operators
x**y Power (right associative)
x%y, x/y, x*y, x//y Modulo, division, multiplication, loor division.
x – y, x + y Substraction, Addition
x>>y, x<<y Bit-shifting
x&y Bitwise and
x^y Bitwise exclusive or
x|y Bitwise or
x>y, x<y, x<=y, x>=y Identify, Comparison and Sequence Membership
Tests
x!=y, x==y Not equal, equal operator
x is not y, x is y Identity operators
x not in s, x in s Membership operators
not x Logical negation
x and y Logical and
x or y Logical or
Lambda args:expr Anonymous function

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part-b
essay QuestIOns wIth sOlutIOns
2.1 OperatOrs In pythOn

2.1.1 arithmetic Operators, assignment Operators, unary minus Operator, relational

Operators, logical Operators, boolean Operators, bitwise Operators, membership
Operators, Identity Operators
Q14. Deine operator. Describe different types of operators supported by Python with an example for each.
Answer : Model Paper-I, Q4(a)(i)
Operator
An operator can be deined as a symbol which perform speciic operations such as mathematical, logical and other
manipulations using one or more operands. Python supports, large number of operators.
Types of Operators
There are three main different types of operators supported by Python. They are listed below,
I. Arithmetic or numeric operators
II. Comparison/Relational operators
III. Logical operators.
I. Arithmetic or Numeric Operators
The numeric type arithmetic operators that are supported by python are listed below:
1. Division (/, //)
2. Modulus (%)
3. Exponentiation (**)
4. Addition (binary (+) operator)
5. Subtraction (binary (–) operator)
6. No change (Unary(+) operator)
7. Negation (Unary (–) operator).
1. Division(/, //)
There are three different types of division operations,
(i) Classic division
(ii) True division (/)
(iii) Floor division (//).
(i) Classic Division
In the Classic Division Operation, the quotient or result obtained will have the same type as that of the operand involved.
That is, if integer type operands are involved, then the classic division operation returns an integer type by truncating the
fraction. Similarly, for loating point operands, it returns the actual loating point quotient.
Example
>>> 25/2
12
>>> 25.0/2.0
12.5
(ii) True Division (/)
In the True Division Operation, the quotient or result obtained will be the actual value, irrespective of the operand types.
This type of division operation can be performed, only when the ‘from–future–import division’ directive is deined.
Example
>>> from–future–import division
>>> 25/2
12.5
>>> 25.0/2.0
12.5
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(iii) Floor Division (//)
In the loor division operation, the fractions obtained in the quotient are always truncated and rounded to the smallest
whole number which is on its immediate left on the number line.
Example
>>> 25//2
12
>>> 25.0//2.0
12.0
2. Modulus(%)
The computation of modulus is different for different numeric types.
v The modulo of two integer numbers is the remainder of their integer division.
Example
17 % 3 = 2
v The modulo of two loating point numbers is obtained using the following formula.
   dividend  
divide nd −  math . floor   * divisor 
   divisor  
v The modulo of two complex numbers is obtained using the following formula.
    dividend   
divide nd− math . floor   . real* divisor  
    divisor   
3. Exponentiation (**)
The exponentiation operation, determines the power of a numeric type. The binding between the exponentiation operator
and its left operand is more tighter than that with unary operators (+, –). Whereas, the binding between the exponentiation
operator and its right operand is less tighter than that with unary operators (+, –).
Examples
>>>2**5 # 2 power 5
32
>>>>–2++5 # left binding with ‘**’ is tighter than with ‘–’
–32
>>>(–2)**5 # Makes left binding with ‘–’ more tighter
–32
>>>2.0 ** – 5.0 # Right binding with ‘–’ is tighter than with ‘**’.
>>>2**–5 # Integers cannot be raised to negative powers
Traceback(innermost last);
File“<stdin>”, line1 \n?
ValueError:integer to the negative power
The list of all numeric arithmetic operators in the highest-to-lowest order of precedence is given below.
S.No. Operator Syntax Function
1. ** exp1 ** exp2 exp1 power exp2 (tighter binding to its left)
2 + (unary) +exp Keep sign of exp, unchanged
3. – (unary) –exp Negation of exp (or) change sign of exp to ‘–’
4. ** exp1 ** exp2 exp1 power exp2 (tighter binding to its right)
5. * exp1 * exp2 Multiply exp1 and exp2
6. / exp1/exp2 Divide exp1 by exp2. This division can either be a
classic or a true division
7. // exp1 // exp2 Divide exp1 by exp2. This division can be only a loor
division
8. % exp1 % exp2 Module of exp1 divided by exp2
9. +(binary) exp1 + exp2 Add exp1 and exp2
10. –(binary) exp1 – exp2 Subtract exp1 and exp2
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4. Addition (Binary(+) Operator)
The addition operator is used to add two operands and generate sum of them as the result.
Example
>>>65 + 60
95
>>>65.4 + 16.2
81.6
5. Subtraction (Binary(–) Operator)
The subtraction operator is used to subtract two operands and generate the difference between them as the result.
Example
>>>32 – 10
20
>>>16.8 – 4.2
12.6
6. No Change (Unary(+) Operator)
The no change (unary(+) operator) is used before a variable but the value of it does not change. If the value is positive it
remains positive and if the value is negative it remains negative.
Example
>>>x = 5
>>>print (– x)
–5
>>>x = 5
>>>print (x)
5
7. Negation(Unary(–) Operator)
For answer refer Unit-II, Page No. 52, Q.No. 16(i).
Examples

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II. Comparison/Relational Operators
These operators compare only the data values of the participating objects. The comparisons performed are based on the
sign and magnitude for numeric values, whereas a lexicography (i.e.,) alphabetical order is followed, in writing dictionaries for
strings. The comparisons result in either Boolean True or False values.
The list of standard type value comparison operators in highest-to-lowest precedence order is given below,
Operator Syntax Determines whether
< exp1 < exp2 exp1 is less than exp2
> exp1 > exp2 exp1 is greater than exp2
<= exp1< = exp2 exp1 is less than or equal to exp2
>= exp1 > = exp2 exp1 is greater than or equal to exp2
== exp1 = = exp2 exp1 is equal to exp2
!= exp1! = exp2 exp1 is not equal to exp2
Examples

III. Logical Operator

These operators negate or link two or more expressions.
The list of standard type logical operators in highest to lowest precedence order is given below:
Operator Syntax Determines
not not exp negation or logical NOT
of exp
and exp1 and exp2 conjunction or logical
AND of exp1 and exp2
or exp1 or exp2 disjunction or logical OR
of exp1 and exp2
Examples

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Q15. Explain about assignment operators.
Answer :
Assignment Operators
In python, the main assignment operator is equal (=) sign. Unlike other languages the operator does not explicitly assign
a value to a variable. In this language objects are referenced.
In Python, an Augmented Assignment Statement is a statement, containing the combination of equal sign(=) and an
arithmetic operator (+, –, *, /, %, **, <<, >>, &, ∧,|). The augmented assignment statements are the short forms of the following
type of simple assignment statements,
Variable = Variable arithOperator value as,
Variable arithOperator = value

Examples
a = a*10 [Simple assignment statement]
a* = 10 [Augmented assignment statement]
The set of symbols that can be used in the augmented statements are,
+= *= %= <<= &= /=
– = /= **= >>= ∧=
In Python, pre/post increment and pre/post decrement are not supported.
For example,
a++
a––
++a
––a
In the Augmented Assignment Statements, the object at the left hand side of the operator is examined only once, unlike
in the simple assignment statement where it is examined twice.
Examples

Q16. Write short notes on,

(i) Unary minus operator
(ii) Boolean operators.
Answer :
(i) Unary Minus Operator
Unary minus operator is represented by the symbol minus (–). It is used before a variable to make its value negated. That
is the positive value of a variable will become negative and negative value will become positive when this operator is used.

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Consider the below example,
x=5
print(–x) #It will display – 5
n=–5
n=–n
print(n) #It will display 5
(ii) Boolean Operators
Boolean operators are used to operate on bool type literals. Such as true and false. They generate bool type output i.e.,
the output will be either true or false.
Boolean operators in python are as follows,
1. and
It is a boolean and operator.
x and y
The ‘and’ operator returns true if both x and y are true. Otherwise false is returned.
2. or
It is a boolean or operator.
x or y
The ‘or’ operator returns true if either x or y is true. Otherwise it returns false.
3. not
It is a boolean not operator.
not x
The ‘not’ operator returns true if x value is false otherwise it return true.
Example

Q17. Write in brief about the following,

(i) Bitwise operators
(ii) Membership operators
(iii) Identity operators.

Answer : Model Paper-II, Q4(a)

(i) Bitwise Operators

These operators are used to perform bit by bit operation on bits. Python provides certain bitwise operators mentioned as
below,

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Operator Operation Description

& Binary AND It is used to copy the bit to the result when it is available
in both operands.
| Binary OR It is used to copy the bit, if it is available in any one operand.
^ Binary XOR It is used to copy the bit when it is set in any one operand.
~ Binary ones complement It is a unary operator and can lip the bits.
<< Binary left shift It is used to shift the left operand value towards left by the
number of bits as determined by the right operand.
>> Binary right shift It is used to shift the left operands value towards right by
the number of bits as determined by the right operand.
Let, p = 12(0000 1100), q = 25(0001 1001)
Example

When, binary AND operation is performed on p and q then, the obtained result is 8 (1000).
Binary OR operation is performed on p and q then, the obtained result is 29 (11101).
When, Binary XOR operation is performed on p and q then, the obtained result is 21 (10101).
Binary ones complement result is 243 (11110011).
Binary left shift result is 192 (1100000).
Binary Right shift result is 0(0).
(ii) Membership Operators
These operators are used to test the membership in an order like strings, lists or tuples. These are of two types such as,

Operator Description
in It is determined as true when the variables on one side of the
operator points to same object or else false.
not in It is determined as true if the variables are not found in a particu-
lar order or else false.
Example

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(iii) Identity Operators
These operators are used to compare two objects with their memory addresses. Python provides two operators they are
mentioned below,

Operator Function
is It is determined as true when the variables are on one side of
the operator that points to same object or else false.
is not It is determined as false when the variables on one side of the
operator points to same object or else true.
Example

2.1.2 Operator precedence and associativity

Q18. Deine expression and discuss the operator precedence and associativity.
Answer :
Expression
An expression can be deined as a set of values, variables and operators. The variable and value are considered itself as
an expression. Some of the legal expressions are as follows,
3
a
a+3
If an expression is typed in interactive mode then, the interpreter computes it and the generated result is shown below,

If these statements are written in a script, the same result will not be generated. The expression result will only get displayed
when a print statement is used with the expression in the script.
Precedence and Associativity
If multiple operators are found in an expression then, the order of evaluation is determined by operator precedence and
associativity. Apart from this, python follows certain mathematical rules for mathematical operators. The word PEMDAS is used
to remember the rules.
Precedence of the operators is discussed below,
(a) Parentheses is used to evaluate an expression in sequence and it has the highest precedence. Therefore, the values which
are in parentheses in an expression are evaluated irst 3*(4– 1) is 9. Here the operands within the parenthesis are evaluated
irst i.e., 4 – 1 = 3. Next the result is multiplied by 3 i.e., 3 * 3 = 9.
(b) The second highest precedence is for exponentiation.
Example: 4** 2 + 1 is 17 but not 64.
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(c) Multiplication and division have the same precedence: They have higher precedence than addition and subtraction. The
addition and subtraction posses same precedence.
Example: 5* 2 – 1 is 9 not 5.
Operators which are having same precedence are evaluated from left to right.
Example
In an expression a value is divided by 2 and then, multiplied by pi. Here, the division is computed irst then, the resultant
is multiplied with pi.

Precedence of the operators is illustrated as follows from higher to lower.

Operator Name
[...], {...}, (...) List, dictionary creation, Tuple
'- - -' String conversion
s[i : j], s[i] Slicing and Indexing
s.attr Attributes
f(- - -) Function calls
+x, –x, ~x Unary operators
x**y Power (right associative)
x%y, x/y, x*y, x//y Modulo, division, multiplication, loor division.
x – y, x + y Substraction, Addition
x>>y, x<<y Bit-shifting
x&y Bitwise and
x^y Bitwise exclusive or
x|y Bitwise or
x>y, x<y, x<=y, x>=y Identify, Comparison and Sequence Membership
Tests
x!=y, x==y Not equal, equal operator
x is not y, x is y Identity operators
x not in s, x in s Membership operators
not x Logical negation
x and y Logical and
x or y Logical or
Lambda args:expr Anonymous function

2.1.3 mathematical Functions

Q19. Discuss in detail about mathematical functions in python.
Answer : Model Paper-III, Q4(i)

Mathematical Functions
Python provides certain functions to perform mathematical operations. It provides a math module that contains such
functions. Initially this module must be imported into the program using import statement.
import math
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Any function for example sqrt( ) can be called by using the above module.
p = math.sqrt(5)
The math module can also be imported as shown below,
import math as mt
Here ‘mt’ is the user-deined name used to refer math.
If the user want to import speciic functions from import then from keyword is used.
from math import sqrt
Various functions of math module are depicted as follows,
1. degrees(a)
It converts the angle value a from radians into degrees.
2. sin(a)
It generates the sine value of a.
3. ceil(a)
It generates the next higher integer of a value.
4. loor(a)
It decreases the a value to the one less than it.
5. isnan(a)
It returns true if a is a NaN. Otherwise, it returns false.
6. gcd(p, q)
It produces greatest common divisor of p and q.
7. isinf(a)
It returns true if a is positive or negative ininity otherwise it returns false.
8. trun(a)
It returns the truncated value of x to integer value.
9. factorial(a)
It returns the factorial of a.
10. fmod(p, q)
It returns the remainder of division of p and q.
11. cos(a)
It returns the cosine value of a.
12. exp(a)
It returns exponentiation of a.
13. tan(a)
It returns tangent value of a.
14. fabs(a)
It generates the absolute value of a.
15. fsum(vals)
It returns the sum of loat values.
16. modf(a)
It returns the loat as well as integral parts of a.
17. log10(x)
It returns the base-10 logarithm of a
18. log(x, [, base])
It returns the natural log of a of speciied base.
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19. sqrt(a)
It returns the square root of a
20. pow(p, q)
It raises the p value to power of q
21. radians(a)
It returns the converted value of a from degrees to radians.
Various constants of math module are as follows,
1. pi : It depicts the mathematical constant
p = 3.141592 . . . with high precision
2. inf : It depicts the loating point positive ininity
3. e : It depicts the mathematical constant
e = 2.718281 . . .
4. nam : It depicts the loating print “not a member” value.

2.2 Input and Output

2.2.1 Input statements, Output statements

Q20. Explain about python input and output statements.
Answer : Model Paper-I, Q4(a)(ii)

Python input and output statements are used to read and write the data values from and to the input and output devices
respectively.
Input Output
Input devices Output devices

Input Statement
The input is read from the input devices by using the input function. It reads the data value of the variables from the input
devices. The statement consists of assignment statement for the variable. The variable with this will change its value to the newly
assigned value provided as input. The user is prompted for the speciic input by a text string.
Example

Other than input function, another function provided by python for reading input is rawinput( _) function.
Example

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Input from keyboard is accepted by using input( ) functions.
s = input( )
User can even provide any message for input inside input( ) function. The value accepted into s can be converted to int,
loat and so on. To directly accept speciic values, the user can specify data type with the input( ) function such as shown below,
s = int(input(“Enter the number:”))
To accept a set of values for loop is used with input( ) function.
x, y = [int(8) for z in input(“Enter two numbers:”). split( )]
An expression can also be evaluated with input( ) function. This is possible by using eval( ) function.
a = eval(input(“Enter the expression:”))
print(a)
Enter the expression : 6 + 2
8
Output Statement
The output statement outputs the result containing list of variables and literals to the output device. The function print( ) is
used to output the data. It sends the output to sys.stdout.
Example
print “value of x = ”, x, “value of y = ”, y
The above statement prints multiple values using a single print function.
The print function works in various formats depicted as follows,
(a) print( ) Statement
When an empty print statement is used, a blank line is displayed. The cursor will be moved to the next line.
(b) print(“string”) Statement
A string can be deined as a set of characters. If a string is passed to print function, it will be exactly displayed.

The string can be enclosed in either single quotes or double quotes. Escape character ‘\t’ indicates tab space and ‘\n’ indicates
a new line. Similarly even other escape sequences can be used in print function. The operator * indicates repetition of the
string and operator + performs addition operator between strings.

(c) print(variable list) Statement

print function can display the variable values when variables are passed to it.

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The output values will be separated with a space by default.

To separate with delimeters ‘sep’ attribute is used. ‘sep’ is nothing but separator.

(d) print(object) Statement

The elements of a particular object can be printed by passing objects such as lists, tuples or dictionaries to print( ) function.

(e) print(“string”, variable list) Statement

The variables can also be used along with strings in print( ) function.

(f) print(formatted string) Statement

The output can be formatted by using special operator ‘%’ and formatting string.

Formatting String Description

%i or %d They are used to display decimal integer number.
%f It is used to display loating point values.
%s It is used to display strings.
%c It is used to display single character.

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2.2.2 command line arguments

Q21. Discuss in detail about command line arguments. Model Paper-I, Q4(b)(i)

OR
Write a python program to display command line arguments.
(Refer Only Topics: Example, Output)
Answer : B.Sc[C.A], Dec.-17, Q4(b)(ii)

Command Line Arguments

Programs are run at command lines by using run command such as python program name in python. Programs can be
even designed to accept arguments at its command line. The arguments can be input to the program.
Example
product.py
import sys
product = int(sys.argv[1]) * int(sys.argv[2])
print(‘product = ’, product)
Output

In the above example, the program computes the product of two numbers. At command line the program is run using the
command python followed by program name. The arguments 6 and 3 are passed as parameters to the program. They are called
as command line arguments. They are entered as input to the program from the keyboard separated by the keyboard. They are
by default stored in the list of variables starting from argv[0]. It is contained in sys module. The variable argv[0] stores program
name, argv[1] stores first command line argument and so on.
argv 'product.py' '6' '3'
argv[0] argv[1] argv[2]
Number of command line arguments can be known by using len( ) function. This function will read the command line
arguments and display the count of them
x = len(sys.argv)
The string arguments must be enclosed in quotations as shown below,
‘ “Halo” ’
“ ‘Halo’ ”
Arguments can converted into user desired such as int or float as shown below,
int(sys.argv[1])
float(sys.argv[1])
Command line arguments can be passed by using argparse module, with this user friendly programs can be designed.
When invalid arguments are provided the argparse module will generate help and usage messages to the user. In order to use this
module, it should be imported as shown below,
import argparse
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The ArgumentParser class will be invoked only by using the object of it.
parser = argparse.ArgumentParser( )
The above statement creates an object of the ArgumentParser.
cmd1.py
import argparse
parser = argparse.ArgumentParser( )
parser.add_argument(“echo”)
args.parser.parse_args( )
print(args.echo)
Output

2.3 cOntrOl statements

2.3.1 control statements: the if statement, a word on Indentation, the if . . . else

statement, the if . . . elif . . . else statement
Q22. Deine control statements. Discuss about if statement.
Answer : Model Paper-II, Q4(b)(i)

Control Statements
Control statements are the statements that allows the programmer to specify the next statement that must be executed
depending on some conditions.
if Statement
The if statement contains the following three components,
(i) The keyword ‘if’
(ii) An expression or a condition and
(iii) The code.
(i) The Keyword ‘if’
The ‘if’ clause is executed, only if the expression is true otherwise, execution starts at the next statement following the
code.
(ii) An Expression or a Condition
An expression is tested for its truth value. If the expression evaluates to non-zero or Boolean true then the code is executed.
Syntax
if expression:
Statement1
Statement2
Example
days = int(input(“How many days does leap year contain?: ”))
if days == 366:
print(“You are right!!”)
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Output

Multiple Conditional Expressions

To provide multiple conditional expressions, or to perform negation of expressions in the if statement, Boolean operators
and, or and not are used.
Example
if not valid or (count < 0):
print “Invalid input”
(iii) The Code
Single Statement Code
If the code of if clause contains only a single statement, it may be written on the same line as the header statement.
Example
if i = = 1 : print “Welcome to Python”
Although, it is easy to write the code in one line, it is dificult to read.
Example

Output

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Q23. Write in short about indentation in python.
Answer :
Indentation
Indentation can be deined as the space before beginning the statement. The programming languages such as C, C++
and Java makes use of braces { } for deining a block of code. The python makes use of indentation. The block of code (loop,
function etc) in python begins with indentation and ends with the irst unindented line. The indentation will be decided by the
programmer itself but the consistency should be maintained throughout the block. Generally, four whitespaces are preferred for
indentation over tabspace.
For example, the function body will be indented under the function. The ‘if’ statement body or ‘then’ statement will be
indented under if. The statement that are indented as a group are together called a block. But the statements of a block should be
indented with same amount. If this is not done the python will produce error messages about inconsistency of indentation.
The programmer in python can select a block of code and adjust their indentation. This can be done by pressing tab key
for adjusting the indentation. To remove or decrease the indentation shift-tab can be used.
Example
if true:
print “Command Answer”
else:
print “Wrong Answer”
In the above example, the statement print is indented under the if and else statements. Therefore these statements belong
to if statement. If their indentation changes then they does not belong to if or python complaints about their indentation.
Q24. Write in brief about if . . . else statement. Model Paper-III, Q4(a)(ii)

OR
Write a python program to accept a number from the keyboard and test whether it is even or odd.
(Refer Only Topics: Example, Output)
Answer : B.Sc[C.A], Dec.-17, Q4(a)(i)

if...else Statement
This statement is used to execute a set of statements if the condition is true otherwise it executes another set of statements.
syntax of if...else is as follows,
if condition :
statements
:
else :
statements
The if is succeeded by a condition and a set of statements. If the condition is true the statements following if condition
will be executed.
If the condition is false the statements following else will be executed.
Example

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Output

In the above example initially the input is accepted from user into a. The value of ‘a’ is divided by 2 using % operator.
This operator generates remainder of division operator. If the remainder is 0 then the statement following if condition is executed.
If the remainder is non zero then the statement following else will be executed.
Q25. Write how and when if-elif-else is used. Model Paper-I, Q4(b)(ii)

OR
Explain if-elif-else statement with a suitable program.
Answer : B.Sc[C.A], Dec.-17, Q4(b)(i)

if
The if clause is executed only if the expression is true otherwise execution starts at the next statement following the code.
An expression is tested for its truth value. If the expression evaluates to non-zero or Boolean true then the code is executed.
Syntax
if expression:
Statement1
Statement2
else
The else statement can be used in conjunction with the if statement. If the statement if evaluates to a Boolean value false
then the code in the else block gets executed.
Syntax
if condition:
Statement1
else:
Statement2
elif
Like else statement, elif is also optional. elif in python is else_if statement. In else statement there is only one statement
atmost but elif can be numerous in a python program.
The execution of the block continues till the condition becomes true.
Syntax
if condition1:
Statement1
elif condition 2:
Statement2

elif condition n:
Statement n
else:
Statement
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Some of the problems or situations might contain multiple conditions. Such cases can be handled by using multiple elif
clauses after an if and before else clause. This is depicted as follows,
if expression1:
Statement1
Statement2

elif expression2:
Statement3
Statement4

elif expresion3:
Statement5
Statement6

else:
Statement7
Statement8
In the above scenario, python will evaluate each and every expression sequentially. The statements are executed only if
the expression above them is true. If no expression is true then the statements under else are executed.
Example

Output

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2.3.2 The while Loop, The for Loop, Ininite Loops, Nested Loops
Q26. Explain the working of while and for loops.
Answer :
‘while’ Loop
‘while’, is the irst conditional looping statement in python. In ‘if’ statement, the code is executed if the condition is true,
whereas, in while the code is executed in a loop until the condition becomes false.
Syntax
while condition
Code to be executed.
The code in the while loop, gets executed repeated number of times, until the expression (condition) becomes false
(Boolean value false).
Whenever a user does know the number of times a loop need to execute, it is better to use the ‘while’ statement.
Counting Loops

Output

With each iteration, the condition in the while loop is checked, whenever condition becomes false control comes out of
the loop.
‘for’ Loop
The for statement is a powerful looping construction in Python. The looping mechanism in for statement is applied, over
the sequence members. for statement calls the next( ) method of an iterator and ends when StopIteration exception is raised. List
comprehensions and generator expressions also uses ‘for statement’.
Syntax
for var in <object> :
<statements>
To repeat the code in the for loop, each time the iteration variable is set to the current element of the object.

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Uses of for Loops
(i) Used with Sequence Types
Basic Usage

Output

The iteration variable ‘spam’, always contains only a single character when iterating over a string. This construct is useful
in debugging of sequences in the for loop.
(ii) Iterating by Sequence Item
Example

Output

For each iteration in the above example, the list is iterated and the variable ‘x’ contains the list elements.
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(iii) Iterating by Sequence Index
Example

Output

Here, len( ) and range( ) are the built-in functions

len( ) gives the total number of elements in the tuple and range( ), provides the actual sequence to iterate over tuple
elements.
>>> len(array elements)
4
>>> range (len(arrayelements))
[0, 1, 2, 3]
Q27. Write in short about ininite and nested loops. Model Paper-II, Q4(b)(ii)

OR
What the term “Nested loops” refers to? Explain.
(Refer Only Topic: Nested Loops)
Answer : B.A[C.A], Dec.-17, Q4(b)(i)

Infinite Loop
These loops never terminate. The number of iterations in this loop is ininite.
Example

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Output

The above loop is an ininite loop, and gets executed ininite number of times, as the condition remains true always. Since,
true never becomes false, it executes continuously. These ininite loops are useful, when the server needs to run continuously to
serve the client requests.
Nested Loops
The concept of nesting the loop involves embedding of one loop inside another loop. The embedding loop is called outer
loop and the embedded loop is called inner loop. These loops are called nested loops. Syntax of it is as follows,
loop(condition)
{

loop(condition)
{

}
}
The inner loop is executed first and the outer loop is executed later on.
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Example

Output

2.3.3 the else suite, the break statement, the continue statement, the pass statement,
the assert statement, the return statement
Q28. Write short notes on else suite.
Answer :
Else Suite
Python allows else suite to be used along with for loop or while loop. The statements of defined after the keyword else are
called suite. The execution of statements within else suite are not dependent upon the execution of statements within the loop.
Example

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Output

In the above example, the for part as well as the else part both are used executed. When else is used with if, only one of
them will be executed. But when else is used with any loops, both of them will be executed.
In the above example, the statement in for will be executed 10 times and statement within else will be executed once.
Q29. Discuss in brief about the following statements,
(i) break
(ii) continue
(iii) pass. Model Paper-III, Q4(b)

OR
Explain break and continue statement with the help of for loop in an example.
(Refer Only Topics: break Statement, continue Statement)
Answer : B.Sc[C.A], Dec.-17, Q4(a)(ii)

(i) break Statement

The break statement in python is similar, to the one found in ‘c’. It is used to exit the current loop and executes the
following statement. It is used, when a condition demands the control to come out of the loop. Sometimes, the break statement
is used to stop the repetitive execution of statements and resumes the execution to the next statement following the loop.
It is used in while and for loops.
Example

Output

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(ii) continue Statement
The continue statement in Python is similar, to the continue statement of other high-level programming languages.
When continue statement is encountered in a loop, it stops executing the lines below the continue statement, and transfers
the control to the top of the loop. It is used in while and for loops.
Before starting the next iteration in while loop, the condition is checked for validity and in ‘for’ repetitive loop, the number
of arguments to iterate is checked.
Example

Output

(iii) pass Statement

The pass statement is used in cases, where a python statement does nothing. In order to avoid syntax errors, pass statement is used.
Python statement, expects some code and if that code is not available, pass statement is used.
This pass statement is not available in ‘c’. To execute the blocks without any code, empty braces are used but in python
pass statement is used (when user wants nothing to be executed, he/she can use it).
Example

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Output

If the structure of the code is used without interfacing with the other parts that already exist, pass statement is used.
It is helpful in debugging and development stages. It is also used in exception handling.
Q30. Discuss in brief about the following,
(i) break
(ii) continue
(iii) return
(iv) assert statement.
OR
Explain the use of the following statements with an example,
(i) break
(ii) continue
(iii) return.
Answer : B.A[C.A], Dec.-17, Q4(a)

(i) break
For answer refer Unit-II, Page No. 72, Q.No. 29(i).
(ii) continue
For answer refer Unit-II, Page No. 72, Q.No. 29(ii).
(iii) return Statement
A function contains a set of statements that together perform a task. Upon completion of that particular task. The function
returns the result. The function should return the result to the calling function.
Syntax
return expression
Example

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Output

In the above example, a function is defined to compute the square of a number. The result is returned back by using the
return statement. The function will only work when it is invoked or called. So the function square is called and the returned
result is stored in variable res. When the function is called the control goes to function definition and when return statement is
encountered the result is returned to calling statement. Finally the result is returned.
(iv) assert Statement
The assert statement is used to check whether the given condition is fulfilled or not.
Syntax
assert expression, message
In the above syntax ‘message’ is optional.
Example

Output

In the above example, asserts checks whether the number ‘a’ divided by 2 will generate the remainder ‘0’ or not. If ‘0’ is
the result then the following print statement is executed, otherwise an assertion error will be displayed.
The assertion errors are nothing but the exceptions. They can be handled by using ‘try...except’ statement.
Example
a = int(input(‘Enter a number:’)
try:
assert(a%2 = = 0)
print(‘Given number is even’)
except AssertionError:
print(“Entered number is not divisible by 2”)
The assert statement must be used in try block and exception must be included in exception block.

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exercIse QuestIOns

1. Python Program to Make a Simple Calculator

2. Python program to do arithmetical operations

3. Write a Python Program to Find the Factorial of a Number.

4. Write a Python Program to Display the multiplication Table.

5. Write a Python program to ind the area of a triangle.

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Internal assessment

ObjectIve type
I. Multiple Choice Questions
1. In python ____________ refers to the assignment of single object to multiple variables. [ ]
(a) Augmented assignment (b) Multiple assignment
(c) Variable assignment (d) Multiple assignment
2. Other than input function, another function provided by python for reading input is ____________ function.
[ ]
(a) Output( ) (b) Rawinput( )
(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of the above
3. _________ is used to copy the bit, if it is available in any one operand. [ ]
(a) Binary OR (b) Binary XOR
(c) Binary AND (d) Binary Left Shift
4. _________ operators negate or link two or more expressions. [ ]
(a) Arithmetic operators (b) Comparison operators
(c) Boolean operators (d) None of the above
5. ________ calls the next( ) method of an iterator and ends when stop iteration exception is raised. [ ]
(a) if statement (b) while statement
(c) for statement (d) if-else statement
6. When _______ statement is encountered in a loop, it stops executing the succeeding times and transfers the control
to the top of loop. [ ]
(a) break statement (b) pass statement
(c) if statement (d) continue statement
7. To execute the blocks without any code, we use empty braces but in python we use _______. [ ]
(a) pass statement (b) break statement
(c) continue statement (d) while statement
8. List comprehensions and generator expressions also uses ________. [ ]
(a) while statement (b) for statement
(c) continue statement (d) if statement
9. The ‘if’ clause is executed, only if the expression is ________ otherwise, execution starts at the next statement fol-
lowing the code. [ ]
(a) True (b) False
(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of the above
10. The _________ statement is used when a condition demands the control to come out the loop. [ ]
(a) exit (b) break
(c) terminate (d) close

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II. Fill in the Blanks

1. _________ refers to the use of combination of arithmetic operation and equal(=) sign.

2. The block of code in python begins with _________ and ends with the irst unindented line.

3. To remove or decrease the indentation _________ can be used.

4. In python, _________ statement is used to assign the values to variables.

5. _________ operators are used to compare two objects with their memory addresses.

6. The statements in the _________ loop, gets executed repeated number of times, until the expression becomes false.

7. _________ is used when a condition demands the control to come out of the loop.

8. The _________ statement is used in cases, where a python statement does nothing.

9. _________ operator can lip the bits.

10. ‘…’ is a _________ operator.

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Key

I. Multiple Choice Questions

1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (c)

6. (d) 7. (a) 8. (b) 9. (a) 10. (b)

II. Fill in the Blanks

1. Augmented assignment

2. Indentation

3. Shift –tab

4. Augmented assignment

5. Identity

6. While

7. Break statement

8. Pass

9. Binary ones compliment

10. String conversion.

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III. Very Short Questions and Answers
Q1. What is an operator?

Answer :

An operator can be deined as a symbol which perform speciic operations such as mathematical, logical and other
manipulations using one or more operands.

Q2. What is the use of unary minus operator?

Answer :

Unary minus operator is represented by the symbol minus (–). It is used before a variable to make its value negated.

Q3. Deine ‘if’.

Answer :

The ‘if’ clause is executed, only if the expression is true otherwise, execution starts at the next statement following the
code.

Q4. What is indentation?

Answer :

Indentation can be deined as the space before beginning the statement.

Q5. Deine ininite loop.

Answer :

Ininite loops never terminate. The number of iterations in this loop is ininite.

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Question papers with solutions Computer SCienCe paper-V
Code No. 7089

FACULTY OF ARTS
B.Sc. (CBCS) III-Semester Examination

December - 2017
Subject: COMPUTER APPLICATIONS
Paper-III (SEC-I)
B: Python-I

Time: 1½ Hours Max. Marks: 40

Note: Answer all questions from Part-A and Part-B.

Part - a ( 2 × 5 = 10 Marks )
(Short Answer Type)

1. (a) Deine the two modes in python. (Unit-I, Page No. 2, Q1)

OR

(b) Distinguish between C and python. (Unit-I, Page No. 3, Q5)

2. (a) Give the operator precedence in python. (Unit-II, Page No. 47, Q13)

OR

(b) Explain about indentation in python. (Unit-II, Page No. 44, Q7)

Part - B ( 2 × 15 = 30 Marks )
(Essay Answer Type)

3. (a) (i) Write a python program to display different data types using variables and literal constants.
(Unit-I, Page No. 29, Q36)

(ii) Explain how to write and execute a program in python. (Unit-I, Page No. 17, Q27)

OR

(b) (i) Write in detail about memory management in python. (Unit-I, Page No. 10, Q20)

(ii) Explain about user-deined data types with examples. (Unit-I, Page No. 31, Q38)

4. (a) (i) Write a python program to accept a number from the keyboard and
test whether it is even or odd. (Unit-II, Page No. 64, Q24)

(ii) Explain break and continue statement with the help of for loop in
an example. (Unit-II, Page No. 72, Q29)

OR

(b) (i) Explain if-elif-else statement with a suitable program. (Unit-II, Page No. 65, Q25)

(ii) Write a python program to display command line arguments. (Unit-II, Page No. 61, Q21)

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Computer SCienCe paper-V python-i
Code No. 7092

FACULTY OF ARTS
B.A. (CBCS) III-Semester Examination

December - 2017
Subject: COMPUTER APPLICATIONS
Paper-III (SEC-I)
B: Python-I

Time: 1½ Hours Max. Marks: 40

Note: Answer all questions from Part-A and Part-B.
Part - a ( 2 × 5 = 10 Marks )
(Short Answer Type)

1. (a) List out the features of python. (Unit-I, Page No. 2, Q2)

OR

(b) Write in brief about any four keywords in python. (Unit-I, Page No. 4, Q12)

2. (a) Write a python program for evaluating an expression entered from keyboard. (Unit-II, Page No. 46, Q11)

OR

(b) Explain if...elif...else statement. (Unit-II, Page No. 46, Q12)

Part - B ( 2 × 15 = 30 Marks )
(Essay Answer Type)

3. (a) (i) Explain in detail different data types in python with examples. (Unit-I, Page No. 25, Q31)

(ii) Write short notes on sequences with an example. (Unit-I, Page No. 26, Q32)

OR

(b) (i) How to add the python path in windows? (Unit-I, Page No. 13, Q25)

(ii) What is the difference between C and python? (Unit-I, Page No. 11, Q22)

4. (a) Explain the use of the following statements with an example,

(i) break

(ii) continue

(iii) return. (Unit-II, Page No. 74, Q30)

OR

(b) (i) What the term “Nested loops” refers to? Explain. (Unit-II, Page No. 69, Q27)

(ii) Write a python program to display each char from a string using
sequence index. (Unit-I, Page No. 27, Q33)

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Important Questions Computer SCienCe paper-V

Important Questions

Unit- 1
Q1. List and explain the features of python.
Answer : Important Question

For answer refer Unit-I, Page No. 5, Q.No. 14.

Q2. discuss how a python program is executed.
Answer : Important Question

For answer refer Unit-I, Page No. 8, Q.No. 16.

Q3. Write in short about the following,
(a) Python Virtual Machine
(b) Frozen Binaries.
Answer : Important Question

For answer refer Unit-I, Page No. 10, Q.No. 19.

Q4. Write steps to install python on windows.
Answer : Important Question

For answer refer Unit-I, Page No. 12, Q.No. 24.

Q5. Write short notes on the following,
(i) Installing numpy
(ii) Setting path to python.
Answer : Important Question

For answer refer Unit-I, Page No. 13, Q.No. 25.

Q6. Explain the execution process of python.
Answer : Important Question

For answer refer Unit-I, Page No. 17, Q.No. 27.

Q7. Explain about the following,
(i) Getting help in python
(ii) Getting python documentation help
(iii) Reopening the python program in IdLE.
Answer : Important Question

For answer refer Unit-I, Page No. 19, Q.No. 28.

Q8. discuss about comments and doc strings.
Answer : Important Question

For answer refer Unit-I, Page No. 22, Q.No. 29.

Q9. Explain various data types in python.
Answer : Important Question

For answer refer Unit-I, Page No. 25, Q.No. 31.

Q10. Explain about user-deined datatypes in python.
Answer : Important Question

For answer refer Unit-I, Page No. 31, Q.No. 38.

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Unit- 2
Q1. Deine operator. Describe different types of operators supported by Python with an example for each.
Answer : Important Question

For answer refer Unit-II, Page No. 48, Q.No. 14.

Q2. Write in brief about the following,
(i) Bitwise operators
(ii) Membership operators
(iii) Identity operators.
Answer : Important Question

For answer refer Unit-II, Page No. 53, Q.No. 17.

Q3. discuss in detail about mathematical functions in python.
Answer : Important Question

For answer refer Unit-II, Page No. 56, Q.No. 19.

Q4. Explain about python input and output statements.
Answer : Important Question

For answer refer Unit-II, Page No. 58, Q.No. 20.

Q5. discuss in detail about command line arguments.
Answer : Important Question

For answer refer Unit-II, Page No. 61, Q.No. 21.

Q6. Deine control statements. Discuss about if statement.
Answer : Important Question

For answer refer Unit-II, Page No. 62, Q.No. 22.

Q7. Write in brief about if . . . else statement.
Answer : Important Question

For answer refer Unit-II, Page No. 64, Q.No. 24.

Q8. Write how and when if-elif-else is used.
Answer : Important Question

For answer refer Unit-II, Page No. 65, Q.No. 25.

Q9. Write in short about ininite and nested loops.
Answer : Important Question

For answer refer Unit-II, Page No. 69, Q.No. 27.

Q10. discuss in brief about the following statements,
(i) break
(ii) continue
(iii) pass.
Answer : Important Question

For answer refer Unit-II, Page No. 72, Q.No. 29.

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