IELTS WRITING: TASK 1

A. TIME CHANGING
1. s1...started at..., after which it experienced a rise/growth/decline to...in..., before
ending the period...
The number of students studying abroad started at 0.4 million, after which it
experienced/witnessed/saw a dramatic rise to 1.4 million in 1985, before ending the
period at 0.8.
2. Data..., with a subsequent... and a final...
0.4 million students studied abroad in 1970 in the US, with a subsequent
considerable/significant rise to 1.4 million and a final drop to 0.8.
3. ...was at..., followed by a (slow/significant) increase/decrease to...
The number of students studying abroad in 1970 was 0.4 million, followed by a
significant increase to reach a peak of 1.4 million in 1985, and final drop to 0.8 15
years later.
The number of students studying abroad increased significantly from 0.4 million in
1970 to reach a peak of 1.4 million in 1985, followed by a final drop to 0.8 15 years
later.
4. The number/amount/proportion...+ V, and V.
The number of students studying abroad increased sharply from 0.4 at the beginning
of the period to reach a peak of 1.4 in 1985, but later dropped to 0.8 in the last year
of the period examined.
5. The number/amount/proportion ... + change, ending/reaching...
The number of students studying abroad increased sharply, reaching a peak of 1.4 in
1985, but it later dropped to 0.8 in the last year of the period examined.

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 1. REGULAR:
Sample 1: The table below shows daily oil production in 4 countries from 2000 to
2004.

The chart illustrates how much oil was produced daily in four countries between
2000 and 2004.
(The chart illustrates how many barrels of oil were produced daily in…/The chart
shows the daily oil production in four countries between 2000 and 2004.)
Overall, there was an increase in the daily amount of oil produced in Nigeria, Chad
and Somalia, while a gradual decline (in oil production/output) was seen in Congo.
In addition/Despite that, Congo generally produced the most oil among the 4
countries examined, but it was surpassed/overtaken/outweighed by Nigeria in the
last year of the period.

Congo’s oil production started at 275,000 barrels per day, after which it declined
annually, before reaching only 203,000 barrels a day by 2004. Conversely, Chad
did not produce any oil in the first three years but started with a modest output of
8,000 barrels per day in 2003, which then rose significantly to 50,000 barrels per
day in the final year.

205000 barrels of oil were produced by Nigeria each day in the beginning of the
period, with a subsequent decline to 190000 in 2002 and a recovery of 20,000
barrels in 2004. Similarly, the figure for Somalia experienced a tenfold increase
over the period, rising from 5,000 barrels per day in 2000 to 50,000 barrels per day
in 2004. Notably, its production nearly doubled in both 2002 and 2004.

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Sample 2: The bar chart below shows the percentage of government spending on
roads and transport in 4 countries in the years 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005.

The chart illustrates how much governments in four countries invested in roads and
transport between 1990 and 2005.
(The chart illustrates how governments in four countries invested in the transport
infrastructure between 1990 and 2005).
(The chart illustrates the percentage of government expenditure on roads and
transport in four countries between 1990 and 2005).
Overall, there was an decline in the proportion of government spending on roads and
transport in Italy, Portugal and the UK, while (;meanwhile,)a rise was seen in the
USA. In addition, Portugal generally had the highest figures throughout the period.
The share of the government’s budget spent on roads and transport in Portugal
started at about 27%, after which it saw a progressive decrease to exactly 20% in
2005. Conversely, the figure for the USA rose from just over 105 in 1990 to 15% in
2005, despite a mall fall in the first 5 years.
Approximately 22% of the Italian national budget was spent on/went into the
transport infrastructure, with subsequent fluctuations and a final decline from 24%
in 2000 to about 195 in 2005. Similarly, the figure for the UK fluctuated in the range
from 9% to 13% from 1990 to 2000, before ending the period at around 7%.

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 2. 2 YEARS

Sample 3: The charts show the results of a questionnaire that asked visitors to the
Parkway Hotel how they rated the hotel’s customer service. The same questionnaire
was given to 100 guests in the years 2005 and 2010.

The pie charts illustrate visitors' responses to a survey about customer service at
the Parkway Hotel in 2005 and in 2010.
Overall, there was a significant decline in the proportion of hotel guests rating
customer service as satisfactory, poor or very poor; meanwhile, an opposite trend
can be seen in the figure for those describing the hotel's service as good or excellent.
In addition, the majority of customers gave a 'satisfactory' response in 2005, but in
2010, most of the surveyed people (respondents)/the majority felt that the service
was good.
The percentage of hotel’s visitors rating its customer service as excellent started at
5%, after which it saw a significant rise to 28% in 2010. Furthermore, only 14% of
guests described customer service in the hotel as good in 2005, with a subsequent
three-fold increase to 39% five years later. As a result, the figure for people giving
a ‘satisfactory’ response declined significantly from 45% to 17% over the period.
The proportion of guests who considered the hotel’s customer service to be poor
almost halved, ending at 12%. A similar change can be seen in the figure for
people who thought customer service to be very poor, which dropped from 15% to
only 4% over the 5-year period.

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 3. LESS THEN 3 CATEGORIES
Sample 4: The table below shows the number of cars made in three countries in
2003, 2006 and 2009.

The table illustrates how many cars were produced in Argentina, Australia and
Thailand between 2003 and 2009.
Overall, there was an increase in the number of cars manufactured in Argentina and
Thailand; meanwhile,/,while a constant decline was seen in Australia's car
production. It is also clear that Thailand consistently had by far the highest figures
throughout the period, even though a considerable decline was seen in the latter half
of the period.
The number of automobiles manufactured in Thailand started at 735,852 units, after
which it saw a dramatic rise to 1,162,356 in 2006. A similar change was seen in the
figure for Argentina, which increased from 235,088 to 352,759 in the first 3 years.
By contrast, 452,136 cars were made in Australia in 2003, with a subsequent
significant decline to 431,268 units in 2006.
From 2006 to 2009, the number of cars produced in Argentina continued to increase,
reaching 466,085 units. Conversely, the figures for Thailand and Australia dropped
to 999,963 and 245,624 units.

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 4. MORE THAN FOUR FIGURES
Sample 5: The chart below shows the percentage of female members of parliament
in 5 European countries from 2000 to 2012.

The line graph (chart) illustrates (compares) the percentage of females elected in
parliament in 5 European countries between 2000 and 2012.
(The line graph illustrates how five European countries chose their members for
parliament between 2000 and 2012).
Overall, there was an increase in the proportion of female members in parliament in
all 5 countries examined, with the most dramatic rise being seen in the figures for the
UK. Despite that, the UK consistently had the lowest figures over the period.
The percentage of positions in parliament held by women in Germany was about
34%, after which it saw a gradual rise to 36% in 2012. Similar changes, but to great
extents were seen in the figures for Italy and the UK, which grew from 26% to
almost 40% and from 40% to around 27% respectively.
25% of members in France's parliament were women, with a subsequent jump to
reach a peak of 37% by 2004 and a final increase from 30% in 2008 to 32% in 2012.
Meanwhile, the figure for Belgium increased from 17% in 2000 to 28% in 2004 and
levelled off towards the end of the period.

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 5. FUTURE
1. Important language
- To be likely to/expected/anticipated/predicted/forecasted/projected to
- a prediction/anticipation/projection of a rise/decline to
The proportion of US citizens living in cities/urban areas started at 70% in 1970,
after which it experienced a steady rise to about 88% in 2010, before being expected
to reach 90% in 2030.
70% of the people living in the US chose to reside in urban areas on 1970, with a
steady growth to about 88% in 2010, and a prediction of a slow growth to 90% at the
end of the period.
The proportion of the US population residing/inhabiting/dwelling in cities increased
steadily from 70% in 1970 to about 88% in 2010, followed by a projection of a slow
rise to 90% in 2030.
Sample 6: The table below shows information and predictions regarding the change
in the percentage of the population aged 65 and above in three countries.

The table illustrates the proportion of people aged 65 and over in Canada, Germany
and the UK in 1988, 2000 and an estimation of 2030.
Overall, there is a rise in the percentage of elderly people in all three countries over
the period examined, with the UK witnessing almost no change in the first 12 years.
In addition, Germany consistently have the largest proportion of the elderly;
meanwhile, the figures for the UK are the lowest in all three years.
elderly people ~ the elderly ~ senior citizens

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In 1988, the percentage of senior citizens in Germany started at 20.35%, after which
it saw a rise to 25,53%. The figure for Canada saw a similar change, growing from
16.45% to 20.65% in the first 12 years. Meanwhile, the proportion of elderly people
in the UK remained relatively unchanged during this period, at shy of/just
under/downward of 15%.
By 2030, the population of people aged 65 and plus in Germany is expected to
increase at the same rate, reaching 30.65%. The figures for Canada and the UK will
increase by just over 4% to end at 26.35% and 20.45% respectively.
6. TOTAL CHANGE
Sample 7: The graph below shows different sources of air pollutants in the UK from
1990 to 2005.

The chart illustrates how much toxic gasses were emitted into the atmosphere from
three different sources in the UK from 1990 to 2005.
Overall, there was a decline in the total amount of air pollution in the UK over the
15-year period, which was the result of decreases in the amounts of emissions from
industrial and domestic activities. In addition, the amount of air pollutants released
from transport vehicles saw an increase, surpassing the industry sector to become the
most serious polluter from 2002 onwards.
Just under 8 million tons of air pollutants were discharged from all three sectors, with
a gradual decline to 5 million tons at the end of the period. Similarly, the figure for
the industry sector decreased steadily from 6 million tons to exactly 2 million tons in
2005.
The amount of toxic fumes released from the transport sector started at 1 million
tones, after which it experienced mild fluctuations at this level, before increasing
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from about 1.2 million tons in 1999 to shy of 3 million tons in 2005. Opposite
changes, but a lesser extent, can be seen in the figures for household activities, which
contributed 1 million tons of air pollutants in the first 10 years, followed by a
progressive drop to almost 0 in 2005.

B. WITHOUT TIME
1. Vocab
- Constitutes
The majority of tourists to Australia constituted 37% from Asia and 35% from
Europe.
The initial expenditure, which constituted 280 USD, climbed rapidly and reached the
peak during 2014.
- Accounts for
In June 2016. the number of Asian student’s enrollment in this university accounted
for 45 which is estimated to be almost double in the next year.
The number of infected people, which accounts for nine, is markedly lower than the
number of infected patients in the last month, which accounted for forty.
- Contribute
Asia and Europe contributed 37% and 35% of the overall tourist numbers in
Australia.
The iPhone 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 approximately 60% of Apple's revenue over the last four
quarters=The iPhone 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒃𝒖𝒕𝒆𝒅 approximately 60% of Apple's revenue over the
last four quarters.
- Make up
Visitors from Asia and Europe made up 37% and 35% of the total tourist influx to
Australia.
The company's Services segment 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 about 18% of the total income in
2019=The company's Services segment 𝒎𝒂𝒅𝒆 𝒖𝒑 about 18% of the total income in
2019.
In the first decade, the population remained steady, which made up 2.8 million
approximately, but it doubled in the next 30 years.

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 - Comprise
Asia and Europe comprised the largest proportions of visitors to Australia, totaling
37% and 35%, respectively.
Asia and Europe comprised the largest proportions of visitors to Australia,
comprising 37% and 35% respectively, which was approximately double the
percentage of tourists from the United States
Agriculture, which ℎ𝑎𝑑 less than a quarter of Turkey's economy in 2000, fell to 14%
in 2016=Agriculture, which 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒓𝒊𝒔𝒆𝒅 less than a quarter of Turkey's economy in
2000, fell to 14% in 2016.
- take up
The major share of visitors to Australia was taken up by Asia and Europe, with 37%
and 35%, respectively, a figure approximately twice that taken up by tourists from
the United States.
- represent
The figures for Asia and Europe represent the highest percentages of visitors to
Australia at 37% and 35%, respectively.
Asia and Europe took up a significant share of the visitors to Australia, representing
37% and 35%, respectively.

2. Important structures
1. ..., and the figures for... and ... were/are lower, at... and... respectively
The oil consumption in Japan was about 70 million tons, and the figures for the UAE
and Canada were lower, at 20 million and 35 million respectively.
2...., followed by...
The oil consumption in Japan was highest, at 70 million tons, followed by Canada
(35 million) and the UAE (20 million).
3. While ..., ...
Kuwait had the highest use of water, at 63%, whereas its use for agriculture was only
less than a third of this (19%).
4. Data..., compared to .../as apposed to/in comparison to...
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About 70 million tons of oil was consumed in Japan, compared to about 20 million
in the UAE and 35 million in Canada.
5. ...(far) exceeds that of ... and..., with respective figures being..., and
The oil consumption in Japan far exceeded that of the UAE and Canada, with
respective figures being 70 million, 20 million and 35 million tons.
6. ...was..., which was % higher than that of...
The oil consumption in Japan (about 70 million tons) was far higher than that of the
UAE and Canada, which was 20 million and 35 million respectively.

3. Other structures (comparing + adding info)

1. Developing countries are more reliant on alternative energy production than
developed countries (around 69% and 20% respectively)
2. Solar power accounts for far less of the total energy production than gas or coal
does, and the figures are 2%, 20% and 60% respectively.
3. The Middle East produces twice as much oil as Europe throughout the period, with
respective figures being…
4. The oil production in the Middle East was double that of Europe throughout the
period.
5. Western countries consume three times as much oil as the Middle East almost over
the period.
6. Russia consumes slightly more oil than Germany.
7. The production of oil in the Middle East and Europe is equal/the same/similar

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Sample 8: The pie charts show the main reasons for migration to and from the UK
in 2007

The charts illustrate why people migrated to and from the UK in 2007.
Overall, the percentage of people moving in or out of the UK to undertake/assume
(dam nhiem) a permanent job was highest in both charts. In addition, the figure for
those who came to the UK to pursue a formal education was also significant, but this
is the least stated factor among emigrants.
The proportion of people who went to the UK to assume (undertake) a permanent
position in companies based in this country is similar to that of those who left the
country for the same reason, with respective figures being 30% and 29%. Similarities
can also be seen in the percentage of people whose reason for migration is to
accompany their relatives, which is 15% for immigration and 13% for emigration.
Regarding categories with pronounced differences, while 26% of the immigrants said
that they entered the UK for academic pursuits, this is only the case for a mere 4%
of emigrants. Meanwhile, 22% of the people who moved out of the UK said that they
did so in order to find work, compared to only 12 % of immigrants. Finally, the
percentage of people who gave other reasons or no reason for immigration was 32%,
which was almost double that of their emigrant counterparts.

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Sample 9: The table illustrates the proportion of monthly household income five
European countries spend on food and drink, housing, clothing and entertainment.

The chart compares five countries in Europe in terms of the percentage of people's
monthly income allocation for food and beverages, accommodation, clothing and
recreation.
Overall, people in all five nations allocate the largest portion of their income for food
and drinks and housing. It is also clear that clothing is the smallest spending area in
all of the countries examined, except for Turkey.
The percentage of money used for food and drink in Turkey is highest, accounting
for 36% of residents' income, and the figures for Spain and the UK are lower, at 31%
and 27% respectively. In addition, people in Germany and France allocated around
25% of their monthly earnings for this spending area. By contrast, 37% of people's
income is expended on accommodation in the UK, compared to 33% in Germany
and 31% in France. Meanwhile, the figures for Turkey and Spain are about 20%.
Clothing accounts for 15% of how much people earn monthly in Germany, doubling
that of France and Spain. Meanwhile, the spending on clothing in the UK and Turkey
is similar, with respective figures being 11% and 12%. Finally, 19% of German
households' income goes into entertainment, in comparison with 15% in Spain and
13% in France. The expenditure on recreational activities in the UK and Turkey is
almost the same, at around 10%.

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 C. MIXED CHARTS
Sample 10: The line graph shows visits to and from the UK from 1979 to 1999,
and the bar graph shows the most popular countries visited by UK residents in
1999.

The line graph illustrates the number of the UK residents going abroad from the UK
and overseas residents visiting the UK between 1979 and 1999. The bar chart gives
information about how many UK residents travelled to five of the most popular
countries in 1999.
Overall, there was an increase in the number of visits to and from the UK and there
were more visits abroad by the UK residents than to the UK by overseas students
over the given period. In addition, the most popular country to visit by UK residents
was France in 1999.
The number of UK residents visiting overseas began to just under 15 million, after
which it rose significantly to reach over 50 million in 1999. Similar changes, but to
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a lesser extent, can be seen in the figure for overseas residents visiting the UK, which
had climbed steadily from 10 million in 1979 to just under 30 million by the final
year.
In 1999, France was visited by over 10 million UK residents, followed by Spain at
approximately 9 million. The figures for the USA and Greece were lower, at about 4
million and 3 million visitors respectively. The least popular country visited was
Turkey, which had only about 2 million UK residents going there.
D. MAPS
1. Vocab
To be added: was constructed/built/erected
To be removed: demolished/was knocked down (to make way for…)
To be changed into sth: was converted into/was turned into/was transformed into/
replaced by
Stayed the same: remained/no changes were made to
Rebuilt: to be moved to/to be reconstructed on to the ...of/ (old) redeveloped as a
(new-bigger/more modern)/to be modernized
Land: bare land /vacant land /open space
Roads, railway: extended/widened/reopened/joined/branch off-deviate
Trees/forests: cut down/chopped down/cleared to make way for/planted/...was built
at the expense of the green area.
Amenities (swimming pool/shopping malls: established/developed)

2. Important structures
The most important of which
And
While
The...also saw a number of changes, with A being turned into B, and C being
converted into D
..., which was accompanied by..

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...was constructed...., replacing...
There used to be a..., but it was then redeveloped into...(removed to make way for)...
The diagrams => the pictures/maps
show => illustrate/describe
How the town of Harborne changes from 1936 to 2007.
The changes that took place between 1936 and 2007 in a town called Harborne.
Overall, the town underwent a number of dramatic changes, the most important of
which are/is the development of.../expansion of.../ disappearance of../rearrangement
of/
The expansion of a housing area catering for the increase in the population of the
town.
The construction of 2 sports fields catering for recreational needs.
The addition of 2 classroom areas catering for the increase in student numbers.
The expansion of the hospital catering for the increase in healthcare needs.

Sample 11: The maps below show how the town of Harborne changes from 1936 to
2007.

The maps describe the changes that took place (the past) between 1936 and 2007 in
a town called Harborne.

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Overall, the town /undergoes/underwent/has undergone a number of dramatic
changes, the most important of which are the development of a large residential area
and more shops
In the north-west, most of the trees were cut down, and in the south-west, the
bicycle track was converted into a roadway. In the center of the city, the post office,
bank and library remained, while in the northern section, the candy store and
butchers shop were converted into a supermarket. A shopping center was constructed
in the center of the downtown, replacing most of the open space there. There used
to be a flower shop in the southern part, but it was then redeveloped into a travel
agent.
In the north-east of the downtown area, the river was turned into a lake, which was
accompanied by a large residential area being built on its shore. Meanwhile, the
south-east of the town also witnessed significant changes, with the government
offices being transformed into a museum and the farmland becoming a golf course.
Sample 12: The maps below show the changes that have taken place in an area from
1995 to the present.

The two maps illustrate changes that have taken place (past-present)/ is likely to/is
expected to (present and future) in an area from 1995 to the present.
The diagrams show how a seaside town has changed since 1995.
Overall, the town has undergone a number of dramatic changes, the most
important of which are the expansion of housing areas, the disappearance of the
green area and the development of amenities catering for recreational needs.

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The north-west of the town saw a number of changes, with the expansion of the
accommodation/housing area, and the replacement of the sports center by a
restaurant complex (and the sports center being replaced by a restaurant complex).
The hotel in the middle of the map was upgraded into a two-storey building, while
the public park was replaced by holiday homes and a car park. A tennis court and a
golf course were built, replacing the farmland in the north-eastern part of the area.
There used to be a fish market in the south-east of the town, but it has been
redeveloped into an apartment complex, which was accompanied by the demolition
of the pier there morning fish boats used to dock. To the east of (ngoai khuon vien)/
In the east of (Ngoai khuon vien) the new apartment area, the coffee shop was
moved eastwards, and a small road running parallel with the main road was
constructed to allow access to this shop. Finally, the southern beach is open for
tourists and locals alike to relax, with the availability of yachts.

E. PROCESS
1. Important structures:
1. Before V-ing/ SV, SV
2. After…, SV
3…., which is followed by + N
4. Once SV, SV (Mot khi cai gi do da bi lam sao, ca gi do se tiep tuc)
5. …, after which + SV
6. …, and then + SV
7. …, at which point…
8. advanced: in order to/so that/ to ensure that
2. Fillers:
1. At the beginning of the process, SV, after which…
2. Next; Then; Subsequently
Body 1: The press continues with…
Finally/At the final stage of the process…

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Sample 13: The diagram shows how fruit is canned.

Intro:
The diagram shows how fruit is canned.
 The picture (diagram) describes (shows) the process of + V-ing ~ …how to
+V/ How +SV
Overview:
Overall, the process comprises a number of steps, beginning with…and ending
with…
 Overall, the process comprises a number of steps, beginning with the hand
picking and ending with the final products being transported to supermarkets
or customers.
Body 1: handpicking -> coring/slicing
At the beginning of the process, fruits are picked by hand, after which they are
transported by trucks to a factory where they are washed. Subsequently, the fruits are
checked to ensure that they are qualified for production. After the fruits are stored in
low temperatures, they are weighed carefully and divided into different groups
according to their quality. Once they have been categorized, the fruits are peeled,
cored and sliced into smaller chunks.
The process continues with the chopped fruited being packed/put into tin cans. The
cans are then sealed tight with a lid before being cooked and sterilize under high heat
in order to eliminate unwanted bacteria so that the food inside can be kept edible for
a longer period. A label is then attached to each can, which is followed by the cans

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being put in storage. Finally, the finished products are shipped to retailers and
wholesalers for sale.

Sample 14: The diagram gives information about the process of making carbonated
drinks.

The picture shows how carbonated beverages are produced.

Overall, the process comprises a number of stages, starting with cleaning raw water,
through different mixing stages, and ending with the finished products being
distributed to supermarkets.
At the beginning of the process, raw water stored in large warehouses is pumped
through a pipe into a room to be filtered, after which water softener and some
chemicals are added in order to purify the water. Subsequently, it is pumped into a
large chamber to be heated by means of electric heaters. Once the water vaporizes,
the steam has to go through a long pipe in order for it to condense before entering a
large tank where an influx of carbon dioxide constantly flows into the tan under high
pressure form another pipe to make carbonated water.
The process continues with the carbonated water being directed to a mixing tank, at
which point syrup and substances creating colors and flavors and added according to
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the desired types of drinks. After this mixture is filtered to ensure that it is safe for
consumption, it is pumped into plastic bottles or aluminum cans. Finally, those
bottles and cans are then packaged in large cardboard boxes, which are then shipped
to supermarkets by trucks.
F. NATURAL PROCESS
1. Important structures
1. Before V-ing/ SV, SV
2. After…, SV
3…., which is followed by + N
4. Once SV, SV (Mot khi cai gi do da bi lam sao, ca gi do se tiep tuc)
5. …, after which + SV
6. …, and then + SV
7. …, at which point…
8. advanced: in order to/so that/ to ensure that

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Sample 15: The diagram shows the life cycle of a frog

The diagram shows the reproduction process of frogs.

Overall, there are various stages in the life of a common frog, from mature frogs
mating to produce frog spawn, to the growth of the immature form, known as
tadpoles, to mature frogs developing some time late.
At the beginning of the process, the mating of two adult frogs takes place on the bank
of a river or a pond, after which frogspawn or eggs are laid in the water by the female.
This is followed by the frogspawn developing into tiny tadpoles, at which point they
gradually develop their limbs, and organs and change their body shape while living
in the water.
The process continues with the tadpoles growing into young frogs, which still display
the tail section. However, the tail is shorter than that of a tadpole. These young frogs
continue to inhabit in the water before they develop into mature ones and are able to
live outside the water. It is important to note that they lose their tails at this stage.
Finally, the cycle begins again when two fully-grown frogs, which are capable of
reproducing, mate.

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