SPECIFICATIONS, LOADS,
AND METHODS OF DESIGN
CHAPTER 2
PHILOSOPHIES OF
DESIGN
NSCP 2015
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ASD
Allowable Strength Design
Formerly referred to as allowable stress design
The oldest approach to structural design
Foundation of AISC Specifications since the
original provisions of 1923
Allowable Stress Design was based on the
assumption that under actual load, stresses in all
members and elements would remain elastic
Allowable Strength Design is based on the
concept that the required strength of a
component is not to exceed a certain permitted
or allowable strength under normal in-service
conditions.
Incorporates a factor of safety, Ω, and uses the
nominal strength of the element under
consideration
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ASD
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LRFD
Load and Resistance Factor
Design
Explicitly incorporates the effects of random
variability of both strength and load
Based on the concept that the required
strength of a component under LRFD load
combinations is not to exceed the design
strength.
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IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS
Required strength (Rr) - refers to the forces, stresses and deformations acting on the
structural component, determined by either structural analysis, for the LRFD or ASD load
combinations, as appropriate, or as specified by the Specification or Standard.
ASD: Ra
LRFD: Ru
Nominal Strength (Rn) - the calculated theoretical strength, with no safety factors (Ω) or
resistance factors (φ).
Available strength (Rc) – the design strength or allowable strength, as appropriate.
𝑹𝒏
ASD: Allowable strength,
𝜴
LRFD: Design strength,φ𝑹𝒏
Safety factor, Ω, a number greater than 1, used in the ASD method.
Resistance factor, φ, a number usually less than 1, used in the LRFD method
1.5
= 𝛺
𝜑
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TWO MAJOR DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ASD AND LRFD
• The method used for calculating the design loads
• The use of safety factors (Ω in ASD) or resistance factors (φ in LRFD)
Load combinations: Chapter 2, p. 2 -11, NSCP 2015 – LRFD (Section
203.3), ASD (Section 203.4)
Both LRFD and ASD method are based on limit states design
principles, which provide the boundaries of structural usefulness.
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LIMIT STATE
Limit state - a condition at which a structure or a part of a structure ceases to perform its
intended function.
Two categories of limit state:
1. Strength Limit State – refers to limiting condition affecting the safety of the structure, in which the
ultimate load – carrying capacity is reached.
a. Yielding
b. Buckling
c. Rupture
d. others
2. Serviceability Limit State – a limiting condition affecting the ability of a structure to preserve its
appearance, maintainability, durability, or the comfort of its occupants or function of machinery,
under normal usage.
a. Deflections d. Wind – induced motion
b. Drift e. Thermal Expansion & contraction
c. Vibration f. Connection slip
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LOAD COMBINATIONS
LRFD ASD
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THANK YOU
N e x t l e s s o n : A n a l y s i s o f Te n s i o n M e m b e r s
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