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DREAM WORLD SCHOOL, BALLARI, KARNATAKA

‘The School that Learns’

STANDARD: X 2025 – 2026

MATHEMATICS – THE BASICS
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Ch. 1. Real Numbers

Subconcepts: 1.5 The Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic
1.6 Some Applications of The Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic
1.6.1 Finding HCF and LCM of Positive Integers
1.6.2 Proving Irrationality of Numbers

10.1.1 The set of natural numbers is N = {1, 2, 3, 4,……}.

10.1.2 The set of whole numbers is W = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, …}.
10.1.3 The set of integers is Z = {………, –3, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ………}.
10.1.4 The set of rational numbers is Q = {x/x = p/q; p and q are integers and q ≠ 0}.
10.1.5 The numbers which can be written in the form of p/q where p, q are integers and q is
not equal to zero are called rational numbers.
10.1.6 The numbers which cannot be written in the form of p/q where q is not equal to zero
and p, q are integers are called irrational numbers.
10.1.7 Irrational numbers are non-terminating and non-repeating decimal numbers.
e.g., √ , √ , √ , √ , √ , √ etc.
10.1.8 The number is an irrational number. Its approximate value is 22/7 or 3.14.
10.1.9 The collection of rational numbers (Q) and irrational numbers (Ir or Ql) is called the
set of real numbers. So every real number is either rational or irrational.
10.1.10 Real numbers are denoted by the letter R.
10.1.11 A number that has only two distinct factors is called a prime number.
10.1.12 A number that has more than two distinct factors is called a composite number.
10.1.13 1 is neither a prime number nor a composite number.
10.1.14 The only even prime number is 2.
10.1.15 Two numbers ‘a’ and ‘b’ are said to be co-prime if the only common divisor of
a and b is 1.
10.1.16 If a number divides a given number exactly, it is called a factor of the given number.
10.1.17 1 is a factor of every number. Every number is a factor of itself.
10.1.18 The numbers ending in 0 (ones’ place is 0) are divisible by both 2 and 5, hence 10.
10.1.19 The full form of HCF is highest common factor.
10.1.20 The full form of LCM is lowest common multiple.
10.1.21 The product of two numbers ‘a’ and ‘b’ is the product of their LCM and HCF.
LCM × HCF = a × b
10.1.22 HCF of two numbers is a factor of LCM of the two numbers.

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Ch. 2. Polynomials
Subconcepts:
2.2 Recapitulation
2.3 Graphs of Polynomials
2.4 Geometrical Meaning of the Zeros of a Polynomial
2.5 Relationship between the Zeros and Coefficients of a Polynomial
2.5.1 Relationship between the Zeros and Coefficients of a Quadratic
Polynomial
10.2.1 The literals of an algebraic expression are known as variables.
10.2.2 A polynomial is an algebraic expression whose exponents of variables are non-
negative integers (whole numbers).
10.2.3 The exponent of the highest degree term in a polynomial is known as its degree.
10.2.4 Every polynomial is an algebraic expression. But its converse need not be true.
10.2.5 If p(x) is a polynomial in x, the highest power of x is called the degree of the
polynomial p(x).
10.2.6 A polynomial of degree 0 is called a constant polynomial.
10.2.7 A polynomial of degree 1 is called a linear polynomial.
10.2.8 A polynomial of degree 2 is called a quadratic polynomial.
10.2.9 A polynomial of degree 3 is called a cubic polynomial.
10.2.10 A polynomial of degree 4 is called a bi-quadratic or quartic polynomial.
10.2.11 The number ‘0’ is a zero polynomial and a constant polynomial as well.
10.2.12 The degree of a zero polynomial (0) is not defined.
10.2.13 A real number k is said to be zero of a polynomial p(x), if p(k) = 0.
10.2.14 A polynomial of degree n can have atmost n real zeros.
10.2.15 The general or standard form of a linear polynomial is ax + b where a ≠ 0, a and b
are real numbers and x is a variable.
10.2.16 (a + b)2 = a2 + b2 + 2ab.
= (a – b)2 + 4ab.
10.2.17 (a – b)2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab.
= (a + b)2 – 4ab.
10.2.18 a2 + b2 = (a + b)2 – 2ab = (a – b)2 + 2ab.
10.2.19 a2 – b2 = (a + b)(a – b).
10.2.20 (x + a)(x + b) = x2 + x(a + b) + ab.
10.2.21 (a + b)2 + (a – b)2 = 2(a2 + b2).
10.2.22 (a + b)2 – (a – b)2 = 4ab.
10.2.23 x2 + = (x + )2 – 2.
2
10.2.24 + = ( – )2 + 2.

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Ch. 3. A Pair of Linear Equations in Two Variables
Subconcepts:
3.2 Simultaneous Linear Equations in Two Variables
3.3 Graphical Representation of Linear Equations
3.4 Graphical method of Solving Simultaneous Linear Equations
3.5 Algebraic Methods of Solving Simultaneous Linear Equations in
Two Variables
3.6 Conditions for Solvability (or Consistency)
3.7 Applications to Word Problems
10.3.1 If a and b are two real numbers such that x ≠ 0 and x is a variable, then the equation
of the form ax = b or ax + b = 0 is called a linear equation in one variable.
10.3.2 The equation of the form ax + by + c = 0 or, ax + by = c, where a, b and c are real
numbers such that a2 + b2 ≠ 0, and x, y are variables is the general form of a linear
equation in two variables.
10.3.3 Any pair of values which satisfy the equation ax + by + c = 0 is called its solution.
10.3.4 The two sides of an equation are LHS and RHS.
10.3.5 The graph of a linear equation is a straight line.
10.3.6 At least two points determine a straight line.
10.3.7 The graph of a linear equation in one variable is a straight line parallel to x – axis or y
– axis.
10.3.8 A real number that satisfies an equation is called its root or solution.
10.3.9 The solution of a linear equation in two variables has a pair of values as (x, y).
10.3.10 The two lines given in a plane are either intersecting or coincident or parallel.

Ch. 4. Quadratic Equations

Subconcepts:
4.2 Quadratic Equation
4.3 Formulation of Quadratic Equations
4.4 Solution of a Quadratic Equation by Factorization Method
4.6 Solution of a Quadratic Equation by using the Quadratic Formula
(Sreedharacharya’s Rule)
4.7 Nature of Roots
4.8 Solutions of Problems Involving Quadratic Equations – Applications
10.4.1 A polynomial is an algebraic expression whose powers of the variable are non-
negative integers.
10.4.2 The highest power of the variables of a polynomial is called the degree of the
polynomial.
10.4.3 A second degree polynomial of the type ax2 + bx + c, a ≠ 0 and a, b and c are real
numbers, is called a quadratic polynomial.
10.4.4 The statement of equality is called an equation. It has two parts. They are LHS and
RHS.
10.4.5 An equation contains an equality sign.
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10.4.6 A second degree polynomial equated to zero is called a quadratic equation.
10.4.7 An equation of the form p (x) = 0, where p (x) is a quadratic polynomial is called a
quadratic equation.
10.4.8 An equation of the type ax2 + bx + c = 0 is called a quadratic equation in the variable
x. a, b, c are real numbers, a ≠ 0.
10.4.9 ax2 + bx + c = 0 (a ≠ 0) is the standard form of a quadratic equation.
10.4.10 Any given equation must be simplified first to decide whether it is a quadratic
equation or not.
10.4.11 A quadratic polynomial has atmost two zeroes.
10.4.12 Pythagoras Theorem: In a right triangle, the square on the hypotenuse is equal to
sum of the squares of the other two sides.
10.4.13 x and x + 1 are two consecutive integers.
10.4.14 A quadratic polynomial is divided into 2 linear factors by splitting its middle term.
10.4.15 A linear factor is a linear polynomial.
10.4.16 Speed = distance ÷ time.
10.4.17 (a ± b)2 = a2 + b2 ±2ab
10.4.18 (a ± b)3 = a3 ± b3 ± 3a2b + 3ab2.
10.4.19 (x +a)(x +b) = x2 + (a + b)x + ab
Ch. 5. Arithmetic Progressions
Subconcepts:
5.2 Sequences
5.3 Arithmetic Progressions,
5.4 General term of an AP (nth term of an AP),
5.5 Selection of terms in an AP
5.6 Sum of First n terms of an AP.
10.5.1 A sequence is an arrangement of numbers in a definite order according to some rule.
10.5.2 Each number of a sequence is called a term.
10.5.3 The general form of an even number is 2m, where m is a whole number.
10.5.4 The general form of an odd number is 2m + 1, where m is a whole number.
10.5.5 Simple Interest = PRT/100.
10.5.6 The average of two numbers a and b is (a + b)/2.
Ch. 6. Coordinate Geometry
Subconcepts:
6.2 Recapitulation
6.3 Distance between Two Points (Distance Formula)
6.4 Section Formula
6.5 Some Applications of Section Formula
10.6.1 Rene Descartes, the great French mathematician of seventeenth
century developed initially the study of coordinate geometry.
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10.6.2 The other names for coordinate system are Cartesian system, x, y-axes system.
10.6.3 The horizontal line in a coordinate plane is called x-axis.
10.6.4 The vertical line in a coordinate plane is called y-axis.
10.6.5 To describe the position of a point in a plane, two reference lines known as x-axis and
y-axis are required. This study is known as ‘Co-ordinate Geometry’.
10.6.6 A plane is divided into four parts by two intersecting lines namely x-axis and
y-axis.
10.6.7 Actually the x-axis is a real number line named as X|X.
10.6.8 Actually the y-axis is a real number line named as YY|.
10.6.9 The point of intersection of x-axis and y-axis is called origin, denoted by O.
10.6.10 Coordinates of the origin are O (0, 0).
10.6.11 There are four quadrants in the coordinate plane. They are XOY plane, XOY plane,
X|OY plane, X|OY| plane and XOY| plane.
10.6.12 The distance of a point from x-axis is called x-coordinate.
10.6.13 The distance of a point from y-axis is called y-coordinate.
10.6.14 x-coordinate is called abscissa and y-coordinate is called ordinate.
10.6.15 The ordered pair (x, y) is different from the ordered pair (y, x) where x ≠ y.
10.6.16 A point which lies on x-axis is of the form (x, 0).
10.6.17 A point which lies on the y-axis is of the form (0, y).
10.6.18 Centre of a circle is the mid-point of its diameter.
10.6.19 In an equilateral triangle all sides are equal.
10.6.20 In an isosceles triangle, two sides are equal.
10.6.21 In an isosceles right triangle, 2 × (equal side)2 = hypotenuse2.
10.6.22 Pythagoras theorem: In a right triangle the square of the hypotenuse is equal to sum
of the squares of the other two sides.
10.6.23 Converse of Pythagoras theorem: In a triangle, if square on one side is equal to sum
of the squares of other two sides, then the angle opposite to first side is right angle.
10.6.24 In a square diagonal is √ times to its side.
10.6.25 In a parallelogram opposite sides are equal, diagonals are unequal and diagonals
bisect with each other.
10.6.26 In a rectangle opposite sides are equal, diagonals are also equal and diagonals bisect
with each other.
10.6.27 In a rhombus all sides are equal and diagonals are unequal, but bisect with each other
at right angles.
10.6.28 In a square all sides are equal and diagonals are also equal, and they bisect with each
other at right angles.

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Ch. 7. Triangles
Subconcepts:
7.1 Concept of Similarity
7.2 Similar Polygons
7.3 Similar Triangles and their Properties
7.3 Some basic results on Proportionality
7.5 Criteria for Similarity of Triangles
7.6 More on Characteristic Properties
10.7.1 The figure formed by the three line segments by joining three non-collinear points in
pairs is called a triangle. The symbol ‘Δ’ is used to denote triangle.
10.7.2 A simple closed plane figure formed by line segments is called a polygon.
10.7.3 A polygon having three sides is called a triangle or a trigon.
10.7.4 A triangle has three sides, three angles and three vertices.
10.7.5 In a regular polygon all sides are equal and all angles are equal.
10.7.6 The sum of all interior angles of a polygon having n sides is (n – 2)1800.
10.7.7 The three sides and three angles of a triangle are called its six elements or parts.
10.7.8 A triangle divides the plane into three parts – its interior, its exterior and the triangle
itself.
10.7.9 Sum of all angles of a triangle is 1800 or 2 right angles.
10.7.10 The shape of the triangle cannot be altered without changing the lengths of its sides.
Hence, it attains great rigidity and stability. For this reason, the triangle shape is used
in almost all constructions, especially in bridges and towers.
10.7.11 Triangle is the basic shape of polygons.
10.7.12 Similar figures means they have the same shape but need not have the same size.
10.7.13 Shape is attained by the measures of angles of the plane figure. Whereas size is
attained by lengths of the sides of the plane figure.
10.7.14 The plane figures that are congruent are also similar but the converse need not be
true.
10.7.15 Two figures are said to be congruent if they have the same shape and the same size.
10.7.16 In a triangle, an exterior angle equals the sum of the two interior opposite angles.
10.7.17 A triangle having no two sides equal is called a scalene triangle.
10.7.18 A triangle having two sides equal is called an isosceles triangle.
10.7.19 A triangle having all sides equal is called an equilateral triangle.
10.7.20 A triangle, all of whose angles are acute, is called an acute angled triangle or simply
an acute triangle.
10.7.21 A triangle, one of whose angles is a right angle, is called a right angled triangle or
simply a right triangle.

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10.7.22 A triangle, one of whose angles is obtuse, is called an obtuse angled triangle or simply
an obtuse triangle.
10.7.23 No triangle has two right angles or two obtuse angles. Every triangle has at least two
acute angles.
10.7.24 In an isosceles triangle, angles opposite to equal sides are equal.
10.7.25 In a right-isosceles triangle, the measures of angles are 450, 450 and 900.
10.7.26 In a triangle if two-angles are equal then their opposite sides are equal.
10.7.27 The measures of vertically opposite angles are always equal.
10.7.28 Two angles whose sum is 900 are called complementary angles. Also, each angle is
called the complement of the other.
10.7.29 Two angles whose sum is 1800 are called supplementary angles. Also, each angle is
called the supplement of the other.
10.7.30 The line that divides an angle into two equal parts is called an angle bisector.
10.7.31 The line that divides a given line segment into two equal parts is called a bisector.
10.7.32 If a bisector of a line segment makes angle of 900 with the line segment then the
bisector is called a perpendicular bisector.
10.7.33 If a transversal intersects two parallel lines, then each pair of
(i) corresponding angles are equal.
(ii) alternate interior angles are equal.
(iii) interior angles on the same side of the transversal are supplementary.
10.7.34 If a transversal intersects two lines such that, either
(i) any one pair of corresponding angles are equal, or
(ii) any one pair of alternate interior angles are equal, or
(iii) any one pair of interior angles on the same side of the transversal are
supplementary then the lines are parallel.
10.7.35 Lines which are parallel to a given line are parallel to each other.

Ch. 8. Circles
Subconcepts:
8.1 Secant and Tangent
8.2 Some Properties of Tangent to a Circle
8.3 Tangent from a Point on a Circle
10.9.1 A circle is a collection of all points in a plane which are at a constant distance (radius)
from a fixed point (centre).
10.9.2 A circle has infinitely many radii.
10.9.3 Circles with the same centre and different radii are called concentric circles.
10.9.4 If two lines intersect at 900, then each of them is called perpendicular to the other.

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10.9.5 A chord is a line segment joining two points on a circle.
10.9.6 Diameter is the longest chord passing through centre of a circle.
10.9.7 A secant is a line which intersects a circle at two distinct points.
10.9.8 The lines which never intersect are called parallel lines.
10.9.9 The angle between two parallel lines is 0 degree.
10.9.10 In an isosceles triangle, two sides are equal. Angles opposite to equal sides of the
triangle are also equal.
10.9.11 The sum of all 3 sides of a triangle is called its perimeter.
10.9.12 The point of concurrence of 3 angle bisectors of a triangle is called its incentre,
denoted by I. I is equidistant from all the 3 sides of the triangle.
10.9.13 In a parallelogram opposite sides are parallel and equal.
10.9.14 A rhombus is an equilateral parallelogram.
10.9.15 A rectangle is an equiangular parallelogram.
10.9.16 A square is an equilateral and equiangular parallelogram.
10.9.17 In a square and rhombus diagonals bisect at right angles.
10.9.18 In similar triangles corresponding angles are equal and corresponding sides are in
proportion.
10.9.19 The similarity of two triangles can be checked by AAA or SAS or SSS similarity criteria
of triangles.
10.9.20 If two parallel lines are intersected by a transversal, then the alternate interior angles
are equal, alternate exterior angles are equal, corresponding angles are equal, co-
interior (consecutive/ allied) angles are supplementary.
10.9.21 Equal chords are equidistant from the centre.
10.9.22 Equal chords subtend equal angles at the centre.
10.9.23 Angles in the same segment of a circle are equal
10.9.24 Angle in a semicircle is 900.
10.9.25 A cyclic quadrilateral is a quadrilateral whose four vertices lie on the same circle.
10.9.26 In a cyclic quadrilateral opposite angles are supplementary.
10.9.27 In a cyclic quadrilateral exterior angle is equal to its interior opposite angle.

Ch. 9. Trigonometric Ratios

Subconcepts:
9.2 Angle 9.3 Trigonometric Ratios
9.4 Relations between Trigonometric Ratios
9.5 Trigonometric Ratios of Some Specific Angles
10.9.1 The word ‘trigonometry’ is derived from the Greek words, ‘tri’ meaning
three; ‘gon’ meaning ‘sides’ and ‘metron’ meaning ‘measure’.
10.9.2 Trigonometry is the study of relationships between sides and angles of a triangle.

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10.9.3 Hipparchus (190 – 120 BC) of Nicaea (which is now in Turkey) is known as the Father
of Trigonometry. He was a Greek astronomer, geographer and mathematician of
Hellenistic period.
10.9.4 In an isosceles triangle, angles opposite to equal sides are equal.
10.9.5 The triangle in which one angle measures 900 is called a right triangle.
10.9.6 In a right triangle, the side opposite to a right angle is called hypotenuse.
10.9.7 Hypotenuse is the longest side in a right triangle.
10.9.8 In a right-isosceles triangle, the measures of angles are 450, 450 and 900.
10.9.9 In a triangle if two-angles are equal then their opposite sides are equal.
10.9.10 Sum of any two sides of a triangle is greater than its third side.
Difference of any two sides of a triangle is less than its third side.
The above two properties are called triangle inequality properties.
10.9.11 There are six ways to compare the sides of a triangle in terms of ratios.
10.9.12 The altitude of an equilateral triangle is √ /2 times to its side.
10.9.13 The diagonal of a square is √ times to its side.
10.9.14 Pythagoras theorem: In a right triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is equal to sum
of the squares of the other two sides.
(H2 = S12 + S22)
10.9.15 Ratio means comparing two quantities by division.
Ch. 10. Trigonometric Identities
Subconcepts:
10.2 Trigonometric Identities
10.3 Values of Trigonometric Ratios in Terms of the Value of One of Them
10.10.1 Trigonometric ratios of an acute angle in a right triangle express the relationship
between the angle and the length of its sides.
10.10.2 The values of the trigonometric ratios of an angle do not vary with the lengths of the
sides of the triangle, if the angle remains the same.
10.10.3 Hypotenuse is the longest side of a right triangle.
10.10.4 Pythagorean triplets for a right-angled triangle are
(3, 4, 5), (5, 12, 13), (7, 24, 25), (8, 15, 17), (10, 24, 26),
(16, 63, 65), (24, 144, 145) etc.
10.10.5 For any natural number ‘n’ greater than 1, (2n, n2 – 1, n2 + 1) is a Pythagorean
triplet.
10.10.6 In a right triangle, the two angles other than the right angle are complementary.
10.10.7 Sometimes, the Greek letter (theta) is also used to denote an angle.
10.10.8 In an isosceles right triangle hypotenuse is √ times to its side.

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10.10.9 The six trigonometric ratios are sine A (sin A), cosine A (cos A), tangent A (tan A),
cosecant A (cosec A/ csc A), secant A (sec A) and cotangent A (cot A) where ‘A’ is an
acute angle of a (right) triangle.
10.10.10 The reciprocal of sin A is cosec A. 10.10.13 The reciprocal of cosec A is sin A.
10.10.11 The reciprocal of cos A is sec A. 10.10.14 The reciprocal of sec A is cos A.
10.10.12 The reciprocal of tan A is cot A. 10.10.15 The reciprocal of cot A is tan A.
10.10.16 sin A × cosec A = cos A × sec A = tan A × cot A = 1.

10.10.17 sin A = ; cos A = ; tan A = ; tan A =

10.10.18 cosec A = ; sec A = ; cot A = ; cot A =

10.10.19 In a right triangle ABC, right-angled at B,

sin A = = , cosec A = = A

cos A = = , sec A = =

tan A = = , cot A = = B C

10.10.20 Table for values of trigonometric ratios of 0˚, 30˚, 45˚, 60˚, 90˚:

0˚ 30˚ 45˚ 60˚ 90˚

sin A 0 ⁄ ⁄√ √ ⁄ 1
cos A 1 √ ⁄ ⁄√ ⁄ 0
tan A 0 ⁄√ 1 √ Not defined
cosec A Not defined √ ⁄√ 1
sec A 1 ⁄√ √ Not defined
cot A Not defined √ 1 ⁄√ 0

10.10.21 As A increases from 0˚ to 90˚, the values of sin A increases from 0 to 1 and the values
of cos A decreases from 1 to 0.
10.10.22 The value of sin A or cos A never exceeds 1, whereas the value of sec A or cosec A is
always greater than or equal to 1.
10.10.23 An equation is called an identity when it is true for all real values of the variables
(unknowns) involved.

Ch. 11. Heights and Distances

(Some Applications of Trigonometry)

Subconcept: 11.2 Angles of Elevation and Depression

10.11.1 In a right triangle ABC, right-angled at B,

10.11.2 sin A = , cos A =

tan A = .

10.11.3 cosec A = ; sec A = ; cot A = ; tan A = = .

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10.11.4 Two angles whose sum is 90˚ are called complementary angles.
10.11.5 Table for values of trigonometric ratios:

0˚ 30˚ 45˚ 60˚ 90˚

sin A √
0 1
√
cos A √
1 0
√
tan A
0 1 √ Not defined
√

Ch. 12. Areas Related to Circles

Subconcepts:
12.2 Review of Perimeter and Area of a Circle
12.3 Sector of a Circle and Its Area
12.4 Segment of a Circle and Its Area
12.5 Areas of Combinations of Plane Figures
10.12.1 Area of a circle = r2; Circumference of a circle = 2 r.
10.12.2 A circle is a plane figure formed by a set of points which are equidistant from a fixed point
(centre).
10.12.3 Area of a plane figure is the region bounded by it.
10.12.4 Perimeter is the length all around a plane figure.
10.12.5 A chord is a line segment that joins any two points of a circle.
10.12.6 A diameter is the longest chord passing through the centre of a circle.
10.12.7 Circumference of a circle bears a constant ratio with its diameter. This constant ratio is
denoted by the Greek letter π.
10.12.8 is the ratio of circumference of a circle to its diameter.
10.12.9 = circumference of a circle/its diameter.
10.12.10 The Indian mathematicians involved in calculating the value of pi are Aryabhatta and
Srinivas Ramanujan.
10.12.11 The approximate value of square root 3 is 1.732
10.12.12 Cycle wheels, wheel barrow, dartboard, round cake, papad, drain cover, various designs,
bangles, brooches circular paths, washers, flower beds, etc. are some examples of objects
that are in circular shape.
10.12.13 A part of a circle is called an arc.
10.12.14 Area of a triangle is ½ × base × height.
10.12.15 Area of an equilateral triangle of side a units is √ /4 a2.
10.12.16 Area of a square is side × side.
10.12.17 Area of a rectangle is length × breadth.
10.12.18 Annulus is the region between two concentric circles of different radii.

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10.12.19 Area of a ring or annulus = (R2 – r2) = (R + r)(R – r).
10.12.20 Area of a ring = area of outer circle – area of inner circle = (R2 – r2).
10.12.21 Area of a semicircle = ½ r2.
10.12.22 Circumference of a semicircle (closed figure) = 2r + r = (36/7) r.
10.12.23 Area of a triangle = ½ × base × height.
√
10.12.24 Area of an equilateral triangle = .
√
10.12.25 The altitude of an equilateral triangle = .

10.12.26 Area of a rectangle = length × breadth.

10.12.27 Area of a parallelogram = base × height.
10.12.28 Area of a square = side × side.
10.12.29 Area of a rhombus = ½ × diagonal 1 ×diagonal 2 = ½ d1d2.
10.12.30 Area of a trapezium = ½ × (sum of parallel sides) × distance between them.
= ½ × (a + b) × h.
10.12.31 Area of a quadrilateral = ½ × sum of altitudes drawn to a diagonal × the
diagonal
10.12.32 In a square, diagonal is √ times to its side.
10.12.33 A sector is the region bounded by two radii and the corresponding arc of a circle.
10.12.34 A segment is the region bounded by a chord and its corresponding arc of a circle.
10.12.35 Angle described by an hour hand of clock in 12 hours is 3600.
10.12.36 Angle described by a minute hand in 60 minutes is 3600.
10.12.37 Distance moved by a wheel in 1 revolution is circumference of the wheel.
10.12.38 Distance covered by a wheel in ‘n’ revolutions is n × circumference.
10.12.39 The relation between area and its perimeter is A = P. r/2
10.12.40 If the angle of a sector is less than 1800, it is called a minor sector.
10.12.41 If the angle of a sector is more than 1800, it is called a major sector.
10.12.42 If the length of an arc of a circle is less than the semicircle, it is called a minor segment.
10.12.43 If the length of an arc of a circle is more than the semicircle, it is called a major segment.
Ch. 13. Surface areas and Volumes
Subconcepts:
13.2 Some Useful Formulae
13.4 Surface Areas and Volumes of Combinations of Solids
10.13.1 A cuboid is a solid bounded by six rectangular plane regions. Each plane region is called a
face.
10.13.2 Any two adjacent faces of a cuboid meet in a line segment, which is called an edge of the
cuboid.

X Mathematics – The Basics 2025–2026

 13
10.13.3 For any two edges that meet at an end-point, there is a third edge, which also meets
them at that end-point. This point of intersection of three edges of a cuboid is called a
vertex of the cuboid.
10.13.4 A cuboid whose length, breadth and height are all equal is called a cube.
10.13.5 A solid generated by the revolution of a rectangle about one of its sides is called a right
circular cylinder.
10.13.6 The line segment joining the centres of two circular bases is called the axis of the cylinder.
10.13.7 A solid bounded by two coaxial cylinders of the same height and different radii is called a
hollow cylinder.
10.13.8 A right circular cone is a solid generated by revolving a line segment which passes
through a fixed point and which makes a constant angle with a fixed line. The fixed point
is called the vertex of the cone. The fixed line is called the axis of the cone.
10.13.9 A right circular cone has a plane end, which is in circular shape. This is called the base of
the cone or circular end of a cone.
10.13.10 The length of the line segment joining the vertex to the centre of the base is called the
vertical height (perpendicular height) of the cone.
10.13.11 The length of the line segment joining the vertex to any point on the circular edge of the
base is called the slant height of the cone.
10.13.12 For a right circular cone the base must be a circle and the line joining the vertex to the
centre of the base must be at right angle to the base.
10.13.13 The set of all points in space which are equidistant from a fixed point is called a sphere.
The fixed point is called the centre of the sphere and the fixed distance is called its radius.
10.13.14 A plane through the centre of a sphere divides the sphere into two equal parts, each of
which is called a hemisphere.
10.13.15 The difference of two solid concentric spheres is called a spherical shell.
10.13.16 A spherical shell has a finite thickness, which is the difference of the radii of the two solid
spheres which determine it.
10.13.17 Slant height of a cone, l = √
10.13.18 Diagonal of a cuboid = √
10.13.19 Diagonal of a cube = √ l.
10.13.20 milli = 1/1000; centi = 1/100; deci = 1/10; deca 10; hector = 100; kilo = 1000.
10.13.21 1 m = 100 cm; 1 m2 = 1 m × 1 m = 100 cm × 100 cm = 10000 cm2.
10.13.22 1 cm3 = 1 ml = 1000 mm3; 1l = 1000 ml = 1000 cm3.
10.13.23 1 hectare = 10000 sq. m.
10.13.24 Area of a circle = r2; Circumference of a circle = 2 r.
10.13.25 is the ratio of circumference of a circle to its diameter. = 22/7 = 3.14 (approx.)
10.13.26 List of formulae for solids:

X Mathematics – The Basics 2025–2026

 14
Solid LSA (CSA) TSA Volume
Cuboid 2h (l + b) = ph 2(lb + bh + lh) lbh
Cube 4l2 6l2 l3
Cylinder 2 rh 2 r(r + h) r2h
Hollow Cylinder 2 h(R +r) 2 (R + r)(R + h – r) h(R2 – r2)
Cone rl r (l + r) (1/3) r2h
Sphere 4 r2 4 r2 (4/3) r3
Hollow Sphere 4 r2 4 r2 (4/3) (R3 – r3)
Hemisphere 2 r2 3 r2 (2/3) r3
Hollow Hemisphere 2 (R2 + r2) (3R2 + r2) (2/3) (R3 – r3)

10.13.27 Area of a ring or of each base surface area of a pipe= (R2 – r2).
10.13.28 Volume of a hollow cylinder or pipe = outer volume – inner volume = h(R2 – r2).
10.13.29 Curved surface area of a pipe = external surface area + internal surface area = 2 Rh +
2 rh = 2 h(R +r)
10.13.30 Total surface area of a pipe = 2 Rh + 2 rh +2 (R2 – r2) = 2 (R +r)(h + R – r).
10.13.31 Volume of water released by a pipe/canal =
rate of flow × area of cross section × time.
10.13.32 Here, distance travelled by water is taken as length and canal is a cuboid or pipe
is a cylinder.
10.13.33 Surface area of a combination of solids is the sum of the exposed area of each solid.
10.13.34 To find cost of painting/polishing/covering an object, we just find its exposed area and
then multiply the area by unit cost.
10.13.35 To find mass of a substance contained in a solid, we first calculate the volume and then
multiply it by density. Mass = volume × density
10.13.36 If a vessel is full of water and an object is immersed in it, then the volume of water left in
the container = volume of vessel – volume of immersed object.
10.13.37 If a vessel is not completely full of water, and an object is immersed in it, then the volume
of immersed object = apparent increase in volume of water.
10.13.38 In case of a pipe, the cross-section is usually a circle.
10.13.39 Volume of water standing in a field = area of field × height of standing water.
Ch. 14. Statistics
Subconcepts:
14.2 Mean of Grouped Data
14.2.1 Direct Method 14.2.2 Short-Cut Method 14.2.3 Step-Deviation Method
14.2.4 Arithmetic Mean of a Continuous Frequency Distribution
14.3 Median

X Mathematics – The Basics 2025–2026

 15
14.4 Merits and Demerits of Median
14.5 Mode
14.6 Merits, Demerits and Uses of Mode
10.14.1 The difference between the highest and the lowest values in observations in a numerical
data is called range.
10.14.2 Range = highest observation – lowest observation.
10.14.3 Class size is the difference between the values of two upper limits or two lower limits of
consecutive classes.
10.14.4 In the classes least number is called the lower class limit and the greatest number is
called the upper class limit.
10.14.5 Tally marks are usually marked in a bunch of fives.
10.14.6 The number of times a particular observation occurs in a data is called frequency of the
observation.
10.14.7 In a grouped data classes may be in continuous or non-continuous form.

10.14.8 Arithmetic mean = .

10.14.9 Class mark = .

10.14.10 Presentation of data in classes along with the frequency of each class is called frequency
distribution of the observations or frequency table.
10.14.11 If x1,x2 x3,----------------- are n values of the variable x then the arithmetic mean of the
values is = .
10.14.12 Median of a distribution is the value of the variable which divides it into two equal parts.
th
10.14.13 If the number of observations in the given data is odd then median is the value of
observation.
10.14.14 If n is even, then median is the AM of the value of ( ⁄ )th and ( ⁄ + 1)th observation.
10.14.15 Mode of a distribution is that value of the variable around which the values of the
variable are clustered densely.
10.14.16 Mode is also defined as the value of the variable for which the frequency is maximum.
10.14.17 In a cumulative frequency polygon, the cumulative frequencies are plotted against the
upper and lower limits of the class intervals.
10.14.18 The measures of central tendency are mean, median and mode.
10.14.19 If a variate x takes values x1,x2 x3,-----------------, with corresponding frequencies f1 ,f 2,f
3,f4 ___________fn respectively , then arithmetic mean of those values is given by
∑
= ∑
.

Ch. 15. Probability

Subconcepts:
15.2 Theoretical Approach to Probability
15.3 Theoretical Probability of an Event
15.4 Geometric Probability

X Mathematics – The Basics 2025–2026

 16
10.15.1 Chances and probability are related to real life.
10.15.2 Chances of a certain thing happening or not happening are not equal.
10.15.3 There are certain experiments whose outcomes have an equal chance of occurring.
10.15.4 Probability: it is a measure of uncertainty of an event
10.15.5 A random experiment is one whose outcome cannot be predicted exactly in advance.
10.15.6 Outcomes of an experiment are equally likely if each has the same chance of occurring.
10.15.7 One or more outcomes of an experiment make an event.
10.15.8 Experiment: An operation which can produce some well-defined results. Tossing a coin,
rolling a die, drawing a card from a well shuffled pack of cards are some examples.
10.15.9 Trial: A trial is an action which results in on e or several outcomes. (Performing an
experiment is called trial of experiment.)
10.15.10 Outcome: Each result of an experiment is called an outcome.
10.15.11 When a coin is tossed, outcomes are head or tail.
10.15.12 When a die is rolled, outcomes are 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6.
10.15.13 Event: An event for an experiment is the collection some outcomes of the experiment.
10.15.14 Elementary event: Each outcome of an experiment is called an elementary event.
10.15.15 Each elementary event has only one outcome.
10.15.16 Sample space: The collection of all possible outcomes of an experiment is called its sample
space.
10.15.17 There are three approaches to probability theory:
Experimental or Empirical Approach
Classical (Theoretical) Approach
Axiomatic Approach.
10.15.18 Sum of probabilities of all the elementary events of an experiment is always 1.
10.15.19 The probability of an event that cannot happen is 0. Such an event is called impossible
event.
10.15.20 The probability of an event that is certain to happen is 1. Such an event is called sure
event or certain event.
10.15.21 P( ̅ ) indicates the probability of not happening of E.
10.15.22 P(E) + P( ̅ ) = 1.
10.15.23 Probability of each event lies from 0 to 1.
10.15.24 Probability of an impossible event is always 0.
10.15.25 Probability of a sure or certain event is 1.

X Mathematics – The Basics 2025–2026

Question Bank
-: Science :-
Physics

2025 - 2026
 1

DREAM WORLD SCHOOL, BELLARY, KARNATAKA

‘The School that Learns’

Standard: X QUESTION BANK FOR PRACTICE Science: Physics

_______________________________________________________________________________________

Chapter No. : 9
Reflection and Refraction of Light
9.1 Reflection of Light
1. What is light?
2. What is the nature of light?
3. Name two natural sources of light?
4. Name some artificial sources of light?
5. Define a ray of light?
6. What is a beam of light?
7. What is an object?
8. What do you mean by image?
9. Name five phenomena which suggest that light travels in straight line?
10. Define the following terms in connected with reflection of light: Incident ray, reflected ray,
normal, angle of incidence and angle of reflection.
11. What is reflection?
12. State the laws of reflection of light.
13. What type of image you will observe in plane mirror?
14. What is lateral inversion of an image? What is the cause of lateral inversion?
15. Are the laws of reflection applicable to plane surfaces also valid for curved surfaces?
16. Describe reflection of light with an example?
17. Does the reflection from an irregular surface, obey the law of reflection?
18. What impact does a larger aperture have on an image?
19. Give relation between the distance of image from the mirror and that of the object in front of
it?
20. Draw a labeled diagram showing how a plane mirror forms an image of point source of light in
front of it?
21. What types of mirror are used in scooter and car?

9.2 Spherical Mirrors

22. Name any two type of mirror?
23. What is a spherical mirror? What are the two different types of spherical mirrors?
24. Define the following terms in connection with spherical mirrors: (i) Pole, (ii) Centre of
curvature, (iii) radius of curvature, (iv) Principal axis, (v) Linear aperture, (vi) Angular aperture,
(vii) Principal focus, (viii) Focal length, (ix) Focal length.
 2

25. What do you meant by real image?

26. What do you mean by spherical mirror?
27. What type of mirror has:
(i) Positive focal length?
(ii) Negative focal length?
28. State the new Cartesian sign convention followed for reflection of light by spherical mirrors.
29. According to the New Cartesian sign convection mirror, what sign has been given to the focal
length of
(i) a concave mirror?
(ii) A convex mirror?
30. State the mirror formula. Is the same formula applicable to both concave and convex mirrors?
31. As one turns the plane mirror by an angle θ, what is the change in the angular position of the
image?
32. How many images can be seen when two plane mirrors are placed in parallel to each other?
33. What is the magnification of a plane mirror?
34. Define magnification for a spherical mirror. Write the expression for magnification for (i)
concave mirror (ii) convex mirror. Express m in terms of u, v and f.
35. The image formed by a concave mirror is observed to be virtual, erect and larger than the
object. Where should be the position of an object?
(a) Between the principal focus and the centre of curvature
(b) At the centre of curvature
(c) Beyond the centre of curvature
(d) Between the pole of the mirror and its principal focus
36. Deduce a relation between the focal length (f) and radius curvature (R) for a concave mirror.
37. What is difference between a real image and a virtual image? Give one example of each type
of the image?
38. Where an object should be placed in front of a convex mirror so as to obtain its magnified
erect image?
39. If an object is place at a focus of a convex Mirror, where is the image formed?
40. Write any two differences between plain mirror and spherical mirror.
41. Write any two differences between concave and convex mirror.
42. Explain why concave mirror will form real image.
43. Explain why convex mirror will form virtual image.
44. Clearly stating the convection of sign, Prove the relation (1/v) + (1/u) = (1/f) for a concave
mirror.
45. What sign ( +ve or –ve ) has been given to the following on the basis of Cartesian sign
convection?
(i) Height of a real image.
(ii) Heigh of a virtual image.
46. Give the importance consequences of the new Cartesian sign convention followed for reflection
of light by spherical mirrors.
47. Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of a real magnified image by convex mirror?
48. Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of a real magnified image by concave mirror?
49. State the rules used for drawing images formed by spherical mirrors.
 3

50. By drawing ray diagrams, explain the formation of image when an object is placed on the
principal axis of a concave mirror at the following positions:
(i) At infinity
(ii) Beyond the centre of curvature.
(iii) At the principal focus.
(iv) At the centre of curvature
(v) Between the pole and the focus.
Also discuss the nature of image in each case.
51. A 1 cm high is place at distance of 2f from a convex lens. What is the high of image form?
52. A person wants to see the full length image of a tall building in a small mirror. Which type of
mirror should he use?
53. An object 5 cm high is placed 15 cm in front of a plane mirror. What are the nature, size and
position of the image formed?
54. Magnification of a plane mirror is m = +1. What does m =1 and positive sign signify?
55. Write any two uses of plane mirror, concave mirror, and convex mirror.
56. An object 3 cm high is placed at a distance of 15 cm form a concave mirror, its image is
formed at 10 cm front of the mirror. Calculate the focal length of the mirror.
57. Write the sing convection used in optics.
58. Explain the uses of concave and convex mirrors.
59. An object of height 0.1 m is placed 0.2 m in front of a concave mirror of a radius of curvature
0.25 m. Find the position, height and nature of the image. [ Ans.: v = -1/3 m, h = 1/6 m] |

60. A concave spherical mirror is so placed that a candle flame is on its principal axis at a distance
of 0.5 m from the mirror. A sharp inverted image three times larger than the flame of the
candle is obtained on the screen. Find the focal length of the mirror. [Ans.: f = - 0.375 m]

61. The focal length of a concave mirror is 0.3 m. Find the two positions of an object for which the
image formed by the mirror is 3 times the size of the object. [Ans.: u = -0.2 m, u = -0.4 m] 1 2

62. Find the position and nature of the image of an object of height 3 cm when placed 0.6 m from
a mirror of focal length 0.15 m (a) when the mirror is concave (b) when the mirror is convex.
[Ans : (a) v =- 0.2 m, m= -1/3, h| = 1 cm (b) v = 0.12 m, m = 0.2, h| = 0.6 cm]

63. An object of size 5 cm is placed at a distance of 25 cm from the pole of a concave mirror of
radius of curvature 30 m. Calculate the distance and size of the image so formed. What will be
the nature of the image? [Ans.: h = -7.5 cm, v = -37.5 cm] |

64. A lit candle is placed 20 cm in front of a concave mirror of focal length 10 cm. Find the
nature and position of the image formed. [Ans.: v = 20 cm]

65. An object is placed at a distance of 4 cm from a concave mirror of focal length 1 cm. Find
the position and nature of the image. [Ans.: v = 6 cm]

66. An object is placed at a distance of 10 cm from a convex mirror of focal length 20 cm. Find the
position and nature of the image. [Ans.: v = 6.67]

67. A concave mirror produced a real image of height 2 cm of an object, of height 0.5 cm placed
10 cm away from the mirror. Find the position of the image and focal length of the mirror.
[Ans.: v = 40 cm, f= -8 cm]

68. An object is placed at a distance of 3f/2 from a concave mirror of focal length f. Find the
position of the image in terms f. What is the magnification and nature of the image formed?
[Ans.: = 3f, twice.]
 4

69. A small lit candle of 2.5 cm in size is placed 27 cm in front of a concave mirror of radius of
curvature 36 cm. At what distance from the mirror should a screen be placed in order to
receive a sharp image? Describe the nature and size of the image. [Ans.: v =- 54 cm, m = -2]

70. Find the focal length of a convex mirror whose radius of curvature is 32 cm. [Ans.: 18 cm]

71. Magnification produced by a concave mirror of a body 4.0 cm size is 0.16. What is the size of
the image? [Ans.: 0.6 cm]

72. A convex mirror used for an automobile has a focal length of 3.0 m. If a vehicle behind it is at
a distance of 5.0 m, find the location of the image? [0.64 cm]

9.3 Refraction of Light

73. What do you mean by incident ray?

74. What do you mean by refracted ray?
75. What do you mean angle of incident?
76. What do you mean angle of refraction?
77. What do you mean angle of emergent?
78. What do you mean optical denser medium?
79. What do you mean optical rarer medium?
80. Give example for transparent material?
81. What is meant by refractive index of air?
82. What is meant by refractive index of material?
83. What do you mean by lens?
84. Were the optical centers located in lens?
85. What do you mean by principal axis?
86. What is focal length?
87. Name two factors that will influence the lateral displacement in a glass slab.
88. What type of lens has:
(iii) Positive focal length?
(iv) Negative focal length?
89. According to the New Cartesian sign convection of lenses, what sign has been given to the
focal length of
(iii) a concave lens?
(iv) A convex lens?
90. What happened when ray of light travel from denser medium to rarer medium?
91. What happened when ray of light travel from rarer medium to denser medium?
92. What happened when the lateral displacement between the incident and the emergent ray
increases?
93. What happened when sun light passed thought a prism explains?
94. What do you mean by spectrum?
95. Explain law of refraction?
96. Why light bends when passed from one medium to other medium?
 5

97. What happened when light strikes objected explain?

98. How the bending of a refracted ray is related to the refractive index of the medium give an
example?
99. How the bending of a refracted ray is related to the optical density of the medium?
100. Out of seven colours in a spectrum which colour has the maximum and minimum angle of
deviation?
101. Why is a spectrum of colours not obtained when light passes through a rectangular glass
slab?
102. Describe between convex lens and concave lens?
103. What will you notice?
If (i) a diverging beam approaches a convex lens?
(ii) converging beam approaches a concave lens?
104. Explain the parameter of lens?
105. Express the refractive index ‘n’ of a medium in terms of
i. The velocity of light in two different media.
ii. The angle of incidence and the angle of refraction.
106. When ray of light passed through convex lens why the piece of paper will burn?
107. Describe between convergent ray and divergent ray?
108. Write any two conditions to draw ray diagram to study image formation by lenses?
109. What name is given to the expression : (1/v) - (1/u) = (1/f) ?
110. Write the lens formula. Give the meaning of each symbol which occurs in it.
111. Clearly stating the convection of sign, Prove the relation (1/v) + (1/u) = (1/f) for a concave
mirror.
112. What sign ( +ve or –ve ) has been given to the following on the basis of Cartesian sign
convection?
(i) Height of a real image.
(ii) Height of a virtual image
113. Draw path of a ray of light traveling from air to glass slab and back into air?
114. Draw a sketch of light beam passing thought a glass slab and show the incident ray and
emergent ray are parallel to each other?
115. By drawing ray diagrams show that for all the positions of real object, the image in concave
lens?
116. A laser bean consists of light of only single colour. Will a laser beam incident in a glass
prism produce a spectrum?
117. Light enter from air to water having refractive index 1.33 what is the speed of light in the
water?
118. If the speed of light inside a diamond were 0.48 times of that in air, what will be refractive
index?
119. Mention any two common uses of lenses in everyday life?
120. An object kept at a distance of 25 cm produces a virtual image of 7 cm in front of the lens. Is
the lens is the converging or diverging?
 6

121. A very small electric lamp is placed at the focus of a convex lens the refracted beam will be?
122. If the image from by the convex lenses is of the same size as that of the object, what is the
position of image with respect to the lenses?
123. If an object is placed at the focus of a convex lens, where is the image formed?
124. In refraction of light, is the bending due to a variation in the speed of light or the variation in
the speed is due to the bending?
125. The refractive index of a sapphire and a ruby are 1.77 and 1.71 respectively. Which one will
allow the light to travel faster? Give reason.
126. What is the speed of light in glass of refractive index 1.5? The speed of light in a vacuum is
3 x 108 m s-1. [Ans.: 2 x 108 m s-1]

127. The refractive index of dense flint glass is 1.65 and for alcohol it is 1.36, with respect to air.
What is the refractive index of dense flint glass with respect to alcohol? [Ans.: 1.21]

128. The refractive index of water is 4/3 and of glass is 3/2, with respect to air. What is the
refractive index of the glass with respect to water? [Ans.:

9/8]

126. A ray of light incidence normally on a pond, reaches the bottom in 2 x 10-7 s. What is the
depth of the pond? Given: n = 4/3 and c = 3 x 106 m/s. [Ans.: 45 m]

127. Calculate the RI of the diamond with reference to glass. Given RI of glass =1.51 and RI of
diamond = 2.47. [Ans.: 1.64

128. A concave lens has a focal length of 15 cm. At what distance should the object from the lens
be placed so that it forms an image at 10 cm from the lens? Also, find the magnification of the
lens. [Ans.: 0.33]

129. A convex lens has a focal length of 25 cm. Calculate the distance of the object from the lens
if the image is to be formed on the side of the lens at a distance of 75 cm from the lens.
What would the nature of the image be? [Ans.: -37.5 cm]

130. An object of size 3 cm is placed at a distance of 15 cm from a convex lens of focal length 10
cm. Calculate the distance and size of the image so formed. What will the nature of the image
be? [Ans.: -6 cm]

131. A 5 cm tall object is placed perpendicular to the principal axis of a convex lens of focal length
20 cm. The distance of the object from the lens is 30 cm. Find the nature, position,
magnification and size of the image.
132. A 2.0 cm tall object is placed perpendicular to the principal axis of a convex lens of focal
length 10 cm. The distance of the object from the lens is 15 cm. Find the nature, Position,
magnification and size of the image.
133. An object 60 cm from a lens gives a virtual image at a distance of 20 cm in front of the
lens. What is the focal length of the lens? Is the lens converging or diverging? [Ans.: + 11.25 cm]

134. An illuminated object and a screen are placed 90 cm apart from each other. What is the focal
length and nature of the lens required to produce a clear image on the screen, twice the size
of the object? [Ans.: 20 cm]
 7

135. Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of a three time magnification (i) real image (ii)
virtual image of an object kept in front of a converging lens. Mark the position of object,
F, 2F, O and position of image clearly in the diagram.
136. A convex lens forms a real and inverted image of a needle at a distance of 50 cm from the
lens. Where is the needle placed in front of the convex lens so that this image is of the same
size as the object? Also, find the power of the lens. [Ans.: u= -50 cm, P = 4D.]

137. A thin lens has a focal length of -50 cm. What is the power of the lens and its nature?
[Ans.: P = -2 D.]

138. Two thin lenses of power + 3.5 D and -2.5 D are placed in contact. Find the power and focal
length of the lens in combination. [Ans.: P = 1.0 D., f = 1.0 m]

139. (a) Two lenses have power of (i) +2D (ii) -4D. What is the nature and focal length of each
lens?
(b) An object is kept at a distance of 100 cm from each of the above lenses. Calculate the
(i) image distance and (ii) magnification in each of the two cases.
[Ans.: (a) i. convex, f=50 cm, ii. Concave lens, f= -25 cm, (b) i. v= 100 cm, m = -1, ii. v=-20 cm, m =0.2.]

140. Two thin lenses are in contact and the focal length of the combination is 80 cm. If the focal
length of one lens is 20 cm, then what will the power of the other lens be? [Ans.: -3.75 D.]

141. If a lens has been blackened in stripes, what will the difference in the nature of the image be?
142. A ray of light incidence on a convex mirror and retrace its path after reflection. Name the
point from where the ray appears to come from?
143. Does dispersion happen in a hollow prism?
144. If white light parallel to the principal axis is being received by a convex lens, how many sharp
image positions are identified? Give reasons.
145. An object of size 5 cm is kept at a distance of 25 cm from the optical centre of a converging
lens of focal length 10 cm. Calculate the distance of the image from the lens and size of the
image.
146. A combination of a convex and concave lens which are in contact with each other, receive and
release parallel beams of light. What can be their focal lengths? Give reasons.

******
 8

DREAM WORLD SCHOOL, BELLARY, KARNATAKA

‘The School that Learns’

Standard: X QUESTION BANK FOR PRACTICE Science: Physics

_______________________________________________________________________________________

Chapter No. : 10
The Human Eye and the Colourful World
10.1 The Human Eye

1. Name two types of lens.

2. What kind of lens present in human eye?
3. Name that part of the eye which is equivalent to the photographic film in a camera.
4. What is the range of vision of a human eye?
5. Define the following terms and give their values for a normal eye:
a. Range of normal vision.
b. The least distance of distinct vision.
c. The furthers point of the eye.
d. Power of accommodation.
6. What is human eye?
7. What is retina?
8. What is iris?
9. What do mean by living lens explain?
10. With help of a diagram to show different part of the human eye?
11. Why do we have two eyes for vision and not just one?
12. In eye transplantation does the cornea or retina get replaced?
13. Describe the main parts of the human eye. Explain its focusing action.
14. Draw a labeled diagram of the human eye. Mark clearly the cornea, iris, pupil, ciliary muscles,
eye-lens, retina, optic nerve and blind spot.
15. Draw a labeled diagram to show different parts of the human eye?
16. Why is it important to take care of our eyes? Mention any two activities that may causes
damage to our eye?
17. What are the uses of magnifying lens?
18. If your eye-glasses have a focal length of 60 cm, where is your nearest point of vision?
 9

10.2 Defects of Vision and their Correction

19. What are the two common defects of eyes?

20. Name one of the common defects of vision and type of the lens used to remove it.
21. What kind of problem develops when the lens becomes thick? Which type of lens required to
correct this defect?
22. What kind of problem develops when the lens becomes flat?
23. What and how does a concave lens work for a short-sighted eye?
24. Why do some people use bi –focal lenses?
25. What is Hypermetropic or long-sightedness? What is its cause? How can it be corrected?
Explain by a ray diagram.
26. What is presbyopia? How does it differ from hypermetropia?
27. What is astigmatism? How is it caused? How is it corrected?
28. Draw diagram to show defective eye and its correction.
29. Which eye defect can be rectifying by using convex lens?
30. What is the use of the convex lens for a Hypermetropic eye? How is it achieved?
31. A student finds the writing on the blackboard blurred and unclear when sitting on the last
desk in the classroom. He however, sees it clearly when sitting on the front desk at an
approximate distance of 2 m from the blackboard.
32. Draw ray diagrams to illustrate the formation of the image of the blackboard writing by his
eye- lens when he is seated at the (i) last desk (ii) front desk.
Name the kind of lens that will help him to see clearly even when he is seated at the last
desk. Draw a ray diagram to illustrate how this lens helps him to see clearly.
33. A person is able to see objects clearly only when these are lying at distances between 50 cm
and 300 cm from his eye.
(a) What kind of defects of vision he is suffering from?
(b) What kind of lenses will be required to increase his range of vision from 25 cm to infinity?
Explain briefly.
34. A doctor has prescribed a corrective lens of power +1.5 D. Find the focal length of the lens. Is
the prescribed
lens diverging or converging? [Ans.: + 66.67 cm]

35. Explain myopia with a help of suitable diagrams. How can this defect in vision be corrected? A
boy uses spectacles of focal length - 50 cm. Name the defect in vision he is suffering from.
Compute the power of the lens. [Ans.: -2 D]

36. The farthest point a myopic person can see is 150 cm in front of the eye. Calculate the focal
length and the power of the lens required to enable him to see distant objects clearly.
[Ans.: - 0.67 D]

37. A person can see clearly up to 3 metres only. Prescribe a lens for him so that he can see
clearly up to 12 metres. [Ans.: - 4 m]
 10

38. A person wears glasses of power -2.5 D. Is the person far-sighted or near-sighted? What is the
farthest point of a vision of person without glasses? [Ans.: - 40 cm]

39. The near point of a vision of person is at 40 cm from his eye. Find the power of lens he should
use while reading at 25 cm. [Ans.: + 1.5 D]

40. A person with defective vision can see an object clearly when it is not beyond 100 cm from the
eye. What is the focal length of the lens to correct the eye for infinity? [Ans.: - 100 cm]

41. A person needs a lens of power -5.5 dioptre for correcting his distinct vision. For correcting his
vision he needs a lens of power + 1.5 dioptre. What is the focal length of the lens required for
correcting (i) distant vision, and (ii) near vision? [Ans.: (i) -18.73 cm, (ii) +14.2 cm]

42. The farther point of vision of a myopic person is 80 cm in front of the eye. What is the nature
and power of the lens required to correct the problem? [Ans.: - 1.25 D]

43. Make a diagram to show how Hypermetropia is corrected. The near point of a Hypermetropic
eye is 1 m. What is the power of the lens required to correct this defect? Assume that the
nearest point of vision the normal eye is 25 cm. [Ans.: +3 D]

10.3 Refraction of Light Through a Prism

44. What is a prism? What do you mean by refracting faces, refracting edge, base of prism and
principal section of a prizm?
45. What is refraction?
46. What is angle of incident?
47. What is angle of emergent?
48. What is angle deviation?
49. Write the relation between angle of incident, angle of emergent, angle of refraction and angle
of divergent.

10.4 Dispersion of White Light by a Glass Prism

50. What is spectrum?

51. What is visible spectrum?
52. What do you mean by VIBGYOR?
53. Why does white light disperse when it passes through a glass prism?
54. Explain the phenomena of dispersion of light from prism.
55. What do you observe when the screen is placed
a. between two inverted prisms, and
b. after the second inverted prism?
56. Draw a diagram to show dispersion of light?
57. A prism causes dispersion of white light while a rectangular glass does not. Why?
 11

11.5 Atmospheric Refraction

58. What is atmosphere refraction?

59. Name the phenomenon which causes the twinkling of stars.
60. Name any two effects produced by the atmospheric refraction.
61. Why do stars twinkle on a clear night?
62. What causes atmospheric refraction?
63. Why are traffic danger signals red in colour?
64. How does the sky appear from the surface of the moon?
65. How do you account for the red colour of the sun during sunrise and sunset?
66. In region A, warmer air lies above the colder air whereas in region B, colder air lies above the
hotter air:
(a) Which region can produce mirage?
(b) Which region can produce looming?

10.6 Scattering of Light

67. What is coherent scattering?

68. What is incoherent scattering?
69. What do you mean by (a) monochromatic light and (b) polychromatic light?
70. What are collides? Give some important properties of colloidal solutions.
71. Give the formula which relates the intensity of scattered light and wavelength of incident light.
72. What is the Tyndal effect? What is the cause? Name two phenomena observed in daily life
which are based on Tyndal effect.
73. Why does sunset and sunrise appear red? Explain.
74. Why does sky appear blue? Explain.
75. Why does ocean appear blue? Explain.
76. How rainbow formed?
77. How does the colour of the scattered light depend on the size of the colloidal particles?
78. Briefly explain the formation of a rainbow in the sky.
79. A star twinkles but not a planet. Why?
80. The sun is visible to us about two minutes before the actual sunrise and about two minutes
after the actual sunset. Give reasons.
81. State one application of Raman effect and explain the phenomenon.

******
 12

DREAM WORLD SCHOOL, BELLARY, KARNATAKA

‘The School that Learns’
Standard X QUESTION BANK FOR PRACTICE Science: Physics

_________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER - 11 ELECTRICITY
11.1 Electric Current and Circuit

1. Define electric charge?

2. Define electric current?
3. Define ampere?
4. What is the direction of electric current?
5. Which direction electron flow in electric circuits?
6. What is the S.I unit of electric current?
7. How is static electricity different from current electricity?
8. Distinguish between conductor and insulators. Give some of their examples.
9. What constitutes an electric current?
10. Which is bigger- a coulomb of charge or a charge on an electron?
11. Is electric current a scalar quantity or a vector quantity? Give reason.
12. When does the current flow in an electric circuit?
13. How can the current be kept continuous in a conductor?
14. Explain the flow of electric charges from one plate to the other plate of electrodes?
15. What do you mean by electric current?
16. What do you mean by closed circuit?
17. How is the direction of current determined?
18. List the appliances around you that depend on electricity for their operation. List the appliances that do
not use electric energy?
19. What are the uses of electric current?
20. Calculate the number of electrons constituting one coulomb of charge. (Ans.:6.25 x 10 ) 18

-7
21. A polythene piece rubbed with wool is found to have a negative charge of 3.2 x 10 c.
Estimate the number of electrons transferred. Is there transfer mass from wool to polythene?
(Ans.: 2 x 1012)

22. A current of 0.5 A is drawn by a filament of an electric bulb for 10 minutes. Find the amount of electric
charge that flows through the circuit. (Ans.: 300 c)

23. An electric bulb draws a current of 0.2 A, when the voltage is 220 volts. Calculate the amount of electric
charge flowing it in one hour. (Ans.: 720 c)

24. Show that one ampere is equivalent to a flow of 6.25 x 10 18 elementary charges. (Ans.: 6.25 x 1018)

25. 1020 electrons, each having a charge of 1.6 x 10-19 c, pass from a point A towards another point B in 0.15
s. What is the current in ampere? What is its direction? (Ans.: I = 106 A)

26. Estimate the average drift speed of conduction electrons in a copper wire of a crass-sectional area 1.0 x
10-7 m2, carrying a current of 1.5 A. Assume that each copper atom contributes roughly one conduction
electron. The number of copper atoms per cubic metre is 8.5 x 1028.
(Ans.: v = 1.1 x 10-3 m/s)

27. Calculate the charge passing through a lamp in 2 minutes if the current is 300 10-3 amperes.
(Ans.: 36 c)
 13

28. A conductor carries a current of 0.4 A. Find the amount of charge that will pass through the cross-section
of a conductor in 1.5 minutes. How many electrons will flow in this time interval, give charge on an
electron = 1.6 x 10-19 c. 20
(Ans.: 36 c, 2.25 x 10 electrons)

29. The atoms of copper contain electrons and the atoms of rubber also contain electrons. Then why does
copper conduct electricity but rubber does not conduct electricity?
30. An electrons bulb draws a current of 0.25 A for 20 minutes. Calculate the amount of electric charge that
flows through the circuit. (Ans.: Q = 300 C)

31. If 20 C of charge passes a point in a circuit in 1 s, what current is flowing? (Ans.: 20 A)

32. A radio set draws a current of 0.36 A for 15 minutes. Calculate the amount of electric charge that flows
through the circuit. (Ans.: 324 C)

33. Calculate the amount of charge that would flow in 1 hour though the element of an electric bulb
drawing a current of 0.2 A. (Ans.: 720 C)

34. One billion (109) electrons pass from a points P towards another point Q in 10-3s. What is the current in
ampere? What is its direction? -7
(Ans.: 1.6 x 10 A, Q to P)

11.2 Electric Potential and Potential Difference

35. What is electrostatics?

36. What is an electric charge?
37. Name the two types of electric charge.
38. What is an elementary charge?
39. Name the elementary particles in an atom.
40. Give the S.I. unit of charge.
41. What are insulators or dielectrics?
42. What is electrification?
43. Name the different methods of charging a body.
44. What is charging by conduction?
45. What is charging by induction?
46. State coulomb’s inverse square law in electrostatic.
47. Define electric field.
48. When is an electric field said to be uniform?
49. When is an electric field said to be non uniform?
50. Define electric potential at a point in an electric field?
51. What is the SI unit electric potential?
52. Is electric potential a scalar or a vector?
53. What is the electric state of a body at positive potential?
54. Define potential difference between two points in an electric field.
55. How does the charge of a proton compare with that of electron?
56. Why is charge of proton taken as positive?
57. Will a charged body attracts light uncharged bodies?
58. What do you understand by the statement that charge is conserved?
59. What do you understand by the statement charge is quantised?
60. Will the charge of a body at rest be different from that when the same body is set into motion?
61. What is meant by a potential difference of 1 volt?
62. Would electron move from higher potential to lower potentials or vice-versa?
63. How much work is done in moving a charge of 2 coulomb from a point at 118 volt to a point at 138 volt?
(Ans.: W = 40 joule)
 14

64. How much energy is given to each coulomb of charge passing through a 6 V battery? (Ans.: w = 6 J)

65. How much work is done when one coulomb charge moves against a potential difference of 1 volt?
(Ans.: 1 J)

66. How much work is done in moving a charge of 2 C across two points having a potential difference 12 V?
(Ans.: 24 J)

67. The p.d. across a lamp is 12 V. How many joule of electrical energy are changed into heat and light when:
(a) a charge of 1 C passes through it? (Ans.:12 J)

(b) a charge of 5 C passes through it? ( Ans.: 60J)

(c) In a current of 2 A flows through it for 10 s? (Ans.:240 J)

68. In 10 s, a charge of 25 C leaves a battery, and 200 J of energy are delivered to an outside circuit as a
result.
(a) What is the p.d. across the battery? (Ans.: 8 V)

(b) What current flows from the battery? (Ans.: 2.5 A)

69. Three 2 V cells are connected in series and used as a battery in a circuit.
(a)What is the p.d. at the terminals of the battery? (Ans.: 6 V)

(b)How many joules of electrical energy does 1 C gain on passing through?

(i) One cell (ii) all the three cells? (Ans.: (i) 2 J, (ii) 6 J)

70. A flash of lightning carries 10 C of charge which flows for 0.01 s. What is the current? If the voltage is 10
MV, what is the energy? 7
(Ans.: 1000 A, 10 x 10 J)

71. An electric heater is connected to the 230 V mains supply. A current of 8 A flows through the heater.
(a) How much charge flows around the circuit each second? (Ans.:8 C)

(b) How much energy is transferred to the heater each second? (Ans.:1840 J)

72. A current of 4 A flows through a 12 V car headlight bulb for 10 minute. How much energy is transferred
during this time? (Ans.: 28800 J)

11.3 Circuit diagram

73. Define electric circuit.

74. Define open circuit.
75. Define close circuit.
76. Write the circuit symbol of a resistance.
77. Give conventional symbols used for the various electrical components in the circuit diagram.
78. Draw a circuit diagram to show how 3 bulbs can be lit from a battery so that 2 bulbs are controlled by the
same switch while the third bulb has its own switch.
79. Draw a schematic circuit diagram consisting a battery, a plug key, an ammeter and a bulb all connected in
series with a voltmeter connected in parallel with the bulb.
80. Name an instrument that measures electric current in a circuit. (b) What do the following symbols mean
in circuit diagrams?

11.4 Ohm’s law

81. State Ohm’s law.
82. State the law which relates the current in a conductor to the potential differences across its ends.
 15

83. Name the unit in which electric resistance is measured.

84. Define unit Ohm.
85. Define resistant.
86. Name the physical quantity whose unit is ohm.
87. Write the symbol of resistance.
88. What is conductance?
89. What is the SI unit of conductance?
90. What are ohmic devices? Give example.
91. What are non-ohmic devices? Give two examples.
92. Mention the type of charge carrier which is responsible for conduction in metallic conductors.
93. What is conductivity?
94. Give the SI unit of resistivity.
95. How does the resistance of conductor vary with temperature?
96. Distinguish between resistances and resistivity.
97. Distinguish between conductor, insulator and resistor.
98. Keeping the potential difference constant, the resistance of a circuit is doubled. By how much does the
current change?
99. State Ohm’s law. Explain and draw the circuit diagram to show how you will verify it in the
laboratory.
100. Write the formula which states the relation between potential difference, current and
resistance.
101. What is the resistance of an air gap?
102. What is the resistance of a closed plug-key?
103. How does voltmeter connects in the circuit to measure voltage.
104. In varying temperature condition, Why Ohm’s law does not hold good?
105. How does a rheostat vary the resistance in a circuit?
106. Give two reasons why nichrome alloy is used for making the heating elements of electric
appliances.
107. What is the potential difference between the end of a conductor of 16 ohm resistance,
when a current of 1.5 A flows through it?
108. The resistance of an electric lamp filament is 230 ohms. The lamp is switched on when
the line voltage is 115 volts. What is the current in the lamp circuit?
109. An electric circuit consisting of a 0.5 m long nichrome wire XY, an ammeter, a voltmeter, four
cells of 1.5 V each and a plug key was set up.
(i) Draw a diagram of this electric circuit to study the relation between the potential difference
maintained between the points ‘X’ and ‘Y’ and the electric current flowing through XY.
(ii) The following graph was plotted between V and I values:
 16

What would be the values of V/I ratios when the potential difference is 0.8V, 1.2V and 1.6V
respectively? What conclusion do you draw from given information?

110. Two wires A and B of same length made of the same material have their V-I graph, as shown.
Which of them is thicker?

111. What is resistance? In the given graph, which wire has more resistance, A or B?

112. Potential difference between two points of a wire carrying 2 ampere current is 0.1 volt.
Calculate the resistance between these points. (Ans.: 0.05 Ω)

113. A simple electric circuit has a 24 V battery and a resistor of 60 Ω. What will be the current in
the circuit? The resistance of the connecting wires is negligible. (I = 0.4 A)

114. An electric iron draws a current of 3.4 A from the 220 V supply line. What current will this
electric iron draw when connected to 110 V supply line? (I = 1.7 A)

115. An electric room heater draws a current of 2.4 A from the 120 V supply line. What current will
this room heater draw when connected to 240 V supply line? (Ans.: 4.8 A)

116. A current of 200 m A flows through a 4 kΩ resistor. What is the p.d. across the resistor?
(Ans.: 800 V)

117. A p.d. of 10 V is needed to make a current of 0.02 A flow through a wire. What p.d. is needed
to make a current of 250 m A flow through the same wire? (Ans.: 125 V)

118. Four cells of 2 V each are connected in series with a 5 Ω resistor. If 2 cells are connected
wrongly (polarities changes) what will be the change in current in 5 Ω resistor?
119. Calculate the energy transferred by a 5 A current flowing through a resistor of 2 ohm for 30
minutes. (Ans.: 90000 J)
 17

11.5 Factors on which the resistances of a conductor depends

120. Define resistivity.

121. On what factors do the resistance of a conductor depends?
122. Give the SI unit of resistivity.
123. Describe an activity with necessary electric circuit draw to study the factors on which the
resistance of a conductor wire depends.
124. What are the factors on which the resistance of a conductor depends? Give the corresponding
relation.
125. Distinguish between the terms, electrical resistance and resistivity of a conductor.
126. How can we classify solids on the basis of their resistivity values?
127. Which metal has lowest resistivity?
128. Why do we use copper or aluminium wires as connecting wire?
129. Is the resistivity of an alloy lower or higher than that of the constituent metals?
130. A copper wire of resistivity p is stretched to reduce its diameter to half of its previous value.
What will be its new resistivity?
131. Which metal is used almost exclusively for filaments of electric bulbs?
132. A copper wire of length 2 m and area of cross-section 1.7 x 10-6 m2 has a resistance of 2 x 10-2
ohm. Calculate the resistivity of copper. (Ans.: ρ = 1.7 x 10-8 Ω m)
-8
133. A copper wire has a diameter of 0.5 mm and resistivity of 1.6 x 10 Ω m.
(a)What will be the length of this wire to make its resistance 10 Ω? (Ans.: l = 122.7 m)

(b)How much does the resistance change if the diameter is doubled? (Ans.: ¼)

134. A 6 Ω resistance wire is doubled up by folding. Calculate the new resistance of the wire.
(Ans.: 1.5 Ω)

135. A wire is 1.0 nm long, 0.2 mm in diameter and has a resistance of 10 Ω. Calculate the
resistivity of its material? (Ans.: 31.4 x 10-8 Ω m)

136. Calculate the area of cross-section of a wire if its length is 1.0 m, its resistance is 23 Ω and the
resistivity of the material of the wire is 1.84 x 10-6 Ωm. (Ans.: 8.0 x 10-8 m2)

137. A wire of length L, area A is made into a wire of double its length by
(i) attaching a similar wire (ii) melting the existing wire?
If the original resistivity is ρ, what will be the new resistivity and resistance?
138. What is the diameter of a wire of length 50 cm having a resistance of 7 Ω if its specific
resistance is 0.44 μ Ω m? (Ans.: d = 0.2 x 10-3 m)

139. If a copper wire is stretched to make it 0.1 ℅ longer, what is the percentage change in its
resistance? (Ans.: 0.2 %)

140. A metal cube of edge 2 cm is drawn in to a uniform wire of length 2 m. Then the wire is cut
into 3 pieces of equal length and the pieces are joined in parallel. What is the effective
resistance of the combination? ρ = 0.5 μ Ω m. (Ans.: Rp = 0.028 Ω)

141. A wire has a resistance of 16 Ω. It is melted and drawn into a wire of half its length. Calculate
the resistance of the new wire. What is the percentage change in the resistance? (Ans.: R = 4 Ω, 75 %)
2
142. What length of a copper wire of cross-sectional area 0.01 mm would be required to obtain a
resistance of 1 k Ω? Resistivity of a copper = 1.7 x 10-8 Ω m. (Ans.: 588.2 m)
 18

11.6 Resistances of a system of resistors

143. Give the law of combination of resistances in series.

144. Give the law of combination of resistances in parallel.
145. Define equivalent resistance.
146. What is the need of using combination of resistances in electrical circuits?
147. Whit the help of a circuit of a circuit diagram, deduce the equivalent resistance of two
resistances in series.
148. Explain with diagram what is meant by the series combination of resistance.
149. If five resistances, of each of value 0.3 ohm, are connected in series, what will be the
resultant resistance?
150. If four resistances, each of value 1 ohm, are connected in series, what will be the resultant
resistance? (Ans.: 4 Ω)

151. A resistance of 6 Ω is connected in series with another resistance of 4 Ω. A potential difference

of 20 volts is applied across the combination. Calculate the current through the circuit and
potential difference across the 6 Ω resistance. (Ans.: 12 volt)

152. Five dry cells of 1.5 volt each have internal resistance of 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5 and 12 ohms. When
connected in series, what current will these five cells furnish through 10 ohm resistance?
(Ans.: 0.11 A)
153. Two resistors and their series combination are shown graphically.

(i) Identify the resistors from the given I- V graph.

(ii) Which one represents the series combination of the two? Give reason for your
answer.
(iii) Which resistor has more value than the other?
154. Draw a neat labelled circuit diagram of 3 resistors, when it is connected in parallel.
155. Whit the help of a circuit diagram, deduce the equivalent resistance of two resistances in
parallel.
156. Which type of combination should be used for (i) increasing and (ii) decreasing the resistance –
series or parallel?
157. In the adjoining figure, A, B and C are three ammeters. The ammeter B reads 0.5 A. (All the
ammeters have negligible resistance)
 19

Calculate
(i) The reading of the ammeters A and C.
(ii) Potential difference measured by the voltmeter across 6 Ω.
(iii) The total resistance of the circuit.

158. Calculate resistance in the following combination of resistances. (Ans.: 10 Ω, 1.66 Ω )

159. Four resistances each equal to 2 Ω are connected in the form of a square ABCD. Calculate the
effective resistance between (i) any 2 diagonally opposite corners.
(ii) any two adjacent corners. (Ans.:(i) R = 2 Ω, (ii) R = 1.5 Ω)
p p

160. An electric current of 5 A divided into three parallel branches in which the length of the wires
are in the ratio 2:3:4 and the diameters 3:4:5. Find the current in each branch if the wires are
of the same material. (Ans.: I = 5A, I = 1.658 A, I = 1.943 A)
1 2 3

161. Two metallic wires A and B are connected in parallel. Wire A has length l and radius r, wire B
has a length 2l and radius 2r. Compute the ration of the total resistance of parallel combination
and the resistance of wire A. (Ans. : 1:3)

162. How can three resistors 2 Ω, 3 Ω and 6 Ω be connected to give a total resistance of
(a) 4 Ω, (b) 1 Ω?
163. What is (a) the highest, (b) the lowest total resistance that can be secured by combination of
four coil of resistance 4 Ω, 8 Ω, 12 Ω, 24 Ω? (Ans.: R = 48 Ω, 1/R = 2 Ω)

164. An electric lamp of 100 Ω, a toaster of resistance 50 Ω and a water filter of resistance 500 Ω
are connected in parallel to a 220 V source. What is the resistance of an electric iron connected
to the same source that takes as much current as all three appliances, and what is the current
through it? (Ans.: R 31.25 Ω, I = 7.04 A)
p=

165. How can you make 3 Ω by using 2 Ω resistors available with you?
166. Calculate resistance in the following combination of resistances. (Ans.: 113.69 Ω)

167. Calculate the equivalent resistance when two resistances of 3 Ω and 6 Ω are connected in
parallel. (Ans.: 2 Ω)
 20

168. In the circuit given below, Find (i) total resistance (ii) current shown by ammeter. (Ans.: 2.5 Ω, I = 1.6 A)

169. Six equal resistances of 1 Ω are connected to form a hexagon ABCDEFA. Calculate the
resistance offered by combination if the current enters at A and leaves at D.
(Ans.: 1.5 Ω)

170. Two resistances when connected in parallel give resultant value of 2 Ω. When connected in
series the value becomes 9 Ω. Calculate the value of each resistance. (Ans.: 6 Ω, 3 Ω)

171. A combination of three resistors is in series. Four such combinations are connected in parallel.
If the individual resistance is 2 Ω each, find the total resistance of the entire combination.
(Ans.: 1.5 Ω)

172. An electric lamp, whose resistance is 20 Ω, and a conductor of 4 Ω resistance are connected to
a 6 V battery as shown in figure. Calculate (a) a total resistance of the circuit, (b) the current
through the circuit, and (c) the potential difference across the electric lamp and conductor.
(Ans.: R=24 Ω, I=.25 A, V1=5 V, V2=1V)
173. Suppose a 6 volt battery is connected across a lamp whose resistance is 20 ohm through a
variable resistor, as shown in the figure. If the current in the circuit is 0.25 A, calculate the
value of the resistance from the resistor which must be used. (Ans.: 4 Ω)
 21

174. In the circuit diagram shown in figure, calculate (i) the current through the arms AB, AC, and
CDE and (ii) the potential difference across AB, CD and DE.
(Ans.: ICE=0.15 A, IAC=0.15 A, IAB=.125 A, VAB=1.5 V, VCD= 0.9 V, VDE = 0.6 V)

175. Why is the loss of energy in a circuit due to the use of an ideal ammeter and a ideal voltmeter,
zero?
176. A piece of wire of resistance R is cut into five equal parts. These parts are then
connected in parallel. If the equivalent resistance of this combination is R 1, then the ratio
R/ R1 is - (Ans.: 25 Ω)

(a) 1/ 25 (b) 1/5 (C) 5 (d) 25

177. In the circuit diagram given in the figure, suppose the resistor R1, R2 and R3 have the value 5 Ω,
10 Ω, 30 Ω respectively, which have been connected to a battery of 12 volt. Calculate (a) the
current through each resistor, (b) the total current in the circuit and (c) the total circuit
resistance. (Ans.: I=4 A, R=3 Ω)

178. Two resistances are connected in series with a cell of emf 2 V and negligible internal resistance.
An ammeter of negligible resistance included in the circuit reads 1/5 A. When the resistances
are in parallel, the reading is 5/6 A. Calculate the resistances. (Ans.: R1 = 4Ω, R2 = 6Ω)

179. Two students perform the experiments on series and parallel combinations of two given
resistance R1 and R2 and plot the V-I graphs shown in fig. Which of the graphs is (are) correctly
labelled in terms of the words ‘series’ and ‘parallel’? Justify your answer.
 22

180. If a 24 V battery is connected to the arrangement of resistances given below, calculate:

(i) the total effective resistance of the circuit and
(ii) the total current flowing in the circuit.

11.7 Heating effects of electric current

181. Name any four different effects of electric current.

182. State Joule’s law of heating.
183. Write the formula for the heat produced when a current I is passed through a resistance R for
time t.
184. State three factors on which the heat produced by an electric current depends.
185. Name two devices by which the heat produced by an electric current depends.
186. Name the commercial unit of energy.
187. What is the SI unit of energy?
188. What is heating effect of current? What is its cause?
189. Derive an expression for the heat produced in a resistor R when a voltage drop across it is V.
190. Why does the cord of an electric heater not glow while the heating element does?
191. Which effect of current is utilized in an electric bulb?
192. Which effect of current is utilized in the working of an electric fuse?
193. Explain why, the current that makes the heat element very hot, only slightly warms the
connecting wires leading to the heater.
194. Give two applications of the heat produced by an electric current depends.
195. A resistor of 25 Ohm is connected to a 12 V battery. Calculate the heat energy in joules
generated per minute.
196. A resistance of 40 Ω and one of 60 Ω are arranged in series across 220 volt supply. Find the
heat in joule produced by this combination of resistances in half a minute. (Ans.: 14520 J)

197. 100 J of heat are produced each second in a 4 Ω resistance. Find the potential difference across
the resistor. (Ans.: 20 V)

198. An electric iron of resistance 20 Ω takes a current of 5 A. Calculate the heat developed in 30 s.
(Ans. : 15,000 J)

199. Two resistance wires of the material and of equal lengths and equal diameters are connected
(i) in series, and (ii) in parallel, in two different circuits one by one, and the same current is
 23

passed through both the combinations. The ratio of heat produced in series and parallel
combination would be
(a) 1 : 2 (b) 2 : 1 (c) 1 : 4 (d) 4 : 1 (Ans.: 4 : 1)

200. An electric fan runs from the 230 V mains. The current flowing through it is 0.4 A. At what
rate is electrical energy transferred by the fan? (Ans.: 92 J/s)

201. A potential difference of 250 volt is applied across a resistance of 500 Ω in an electric iron.
Calculate (i) current, and (ii) heat energy produced in joules in 10 seconds. (Ans. (i) 0.5 A , (ii) 1250 J)

202. Calculate the heat produced when 96,000 coulomb of charge is transferred in 1 hour through
a potential difference of 50 volt. (Ans.: 4788.9 kJ)

203. A heating coil has a resistance of 200 Ω. At what rate will heat be produced in it when a
current of 2.5 A flows through it? . (Ans.: 1250 J/s)

204. An electric heater of resistance 8 Ω takes a current of 15 A from the mains supply line.
Calculate the rate at which heat is developed in the heater. (Ans.:1800 J)

205. A resistance of 25 Ω is connected to a 12 V battery. Calculate the heat energy in joule

generated per minute. (Ans.: 345.6 J)

11.8 Electric power

206. Define the term electric energy. Write an expression for the electric energy consumed in an
electric circuit.
207. Define the term electric power.
208. Write the formula for electric power.
209. Name the SI unit of electric power.
210. Name the larger unit of electric power. How is it related to watt?
211. Define watt-hour. How many joules are equal to 1 watt-hour?
212. Name the commercial unit of energy.
213. What is meaning of the symbol kWh? Which quantity does it represent?
214. Define kilowatt-hour. How many joules are equal to 1 kilowatt-hour?
215. What is meant by power rating of an appliance? A bulb is rated as 60 W, 220 V,. What does it
indicate?
216. The electric power consumed by a device may be calculated by using either of the two
expression P = I 2 R or P = V2/R. The first expression indicates that is directly proportional to R
whereas the second expression indicates inverse proportionality. How can the seemingly
different dependence of P on R in these expressions be explained?
217. A household uses the following electric application :
(i) Refrigerator of rating 400 W for ten hours each day.
(ii) Two electric fans of rating 80 W each for ten hours each day.
(iii) Six electric tubes of rating 18 W each for 6 hours each day.
Calculate the electricity bill of the household for the month of June if the cost per unit of
electric energy is Rs. 3.00. (Ans.: Rs. 562.32)

218. If P = V2/R holds good, does power of bulb depend on V. Why?

219. An electrical bulb is connected to a 220 V power supply line. If the bulb draws a current of 0.5
A, calculate the power of the bulb. (Ans.: 110 W)

220. What will be the current drawn by an electric bulb of 40 W when it is connected to a source of
220 V? (Ans.: I = 0.18 A)

221. An electric bulb is rated 220 V and 100 W. When it is operated on 110 V, the power consumed
will be: (Ans.: 25 W)

222. A refrigerator having a power rating of 350 W operates for 10 hours a day. Calculate the cost
 24

of electrical energy to operate it for a month of 30 days. The rate of electrical energy is Rs.3.40
per kWh. (Ans.: Rs.357)

223. A bulb is rated at 200 V-100 W. What is its resistance? Five such bulbs burn for 4 hours. What
is the electrical energy consumed? Calculate the cost if the rate is Rs.4.60 per unit.
(Ans.: 2.2 ohm, Rs.1716)

224. Which one has a higher electrical resistance: a 100 watt bulb or a 60 watt bulb? (Ans.:60 Watt bulb)

225. An electric bulb is rated at 220 V, 100 W. What is its resistance? (Ans.:484 Ω)

226. An electric lamp is labelled 12 V, 36 W. This indicates that it should be used with a 12 V supply.
What other information does the label provide? (Ans.:36 J/s)

227. How much energy is consumed when a current of 5 ampere flows through the filament of a
heater having resistance of 100 ohm for two hours? Express it in joule. (Ans.:18.0 x 106)

228. An electric kettle rated at 220 V, 2.2 kW, works for 3 hours. Find the energy consumed and the
current drawn. (Ans.:6.6 kWh; 10 A)

229. In a house two 60 W electric bulbs are lit for 4 hours, and three 100W bulbs for 5 hours
everyday. Calculate the electric energy consumed in 30 days. (Ans.:59.4 kWh)

230. A bulb is rated as 250 V; 0.4 A. Find its: (i) power, and (ii) resistance. (Ans.: (i) 100W (ii) 625 Ω)

231. For a heater rated at 4 kW and 220 V. calculate :

(i) the current , (Ans.:18.18 A)

(ii) the resistance of the heater, (Ans.: 12.1 Ω)

(iii) the energy consumed in 2 hours, (Ans.: 8 kWh)

(iv) the cost if 1 kWh is priced at Rs. 4.60. (Ans.: Rs.36.80)

232. An electric motor takes 5 amperes current from a 220 volt supply line. Calculate the power of
the motor and electrical energy consumed by it in 2 hours. (Ans.:1.1 kW;2.2 kW)

233. Which uses more energy: a 250 W TV set in 1 hour or a 1200 W toaster in 10 minutes?
(Ans.: TV set uses 0.25 kWh energy whereas toaster uses 0.20 kWh energy. so, TV uses more energy.)

234. What is the maximum power in kilowatts of the appliance that can be connected safely to a 13
A; 230 V mains socket? (Ans.: 2.99 kW)

235. 100 joule of heat is produced per second in a 4 Ω resistor. What is the potential difference
across the resistor? (Ans.: 20 V)

236. An electric lamp is marked 100 W, 220 V. It is used for 4 hours daily. Calculate (i) its resistance
while glowing. (ii) energy consumed in kWh per day.

237. A bulb is rated at 5 volts, 100 mA. Calculate its (i) power and (ii) resistance. (Ans.: 0.5 W, 50 Ω)

238. A torch bulb is rated 3 V and 600 mA. Calculate its resistance if it is lit for 4 hour. (Ans.: 5 Ω)

239. When a current of 4.0 A passes through a certain resistor for 10 minutes, 2.88 x 104 J of heat
is produced. Calculate (i) the power of resistance; (ii) the voltage across the resistor.
(Ans.: 48 W, 12 V)

240. A circuit having twenty similar bulbs connected in series is applied to a potential V.
(i) If 5 (randomly) get fused and the rest are connected in series to the same supply, will the
power consumed increases or decreases. Why?

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 25

DREAM WORLD SCHOOL, BELLARY, KARNATAKA

‘The School that Learns’
Standard X QUESTION BANK FOR PRACTICE Science: Physics
___________________________________________________________________________
CHAPTER - 12
MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT

12.1 Magnetic field and field lines

1. Define the terms magnet and magnetism.
2. What are natural magnets?
3. What is the origin of the word magnetism?
4. What is the meaning of the word lodestone?
5. What are magnetic poles? How are they designated?
6. State the law of magnetic poles.
7. Give two basic properties of magnets.
8. What are artificial magnets? What are their common shapes?
9. Mention some important uses of magnets in everyday life.
10. What is a compass needle?
11. Define the term magnetic field.
12. Mention the two methods for mapping the magnetic field of a bar magnet.
13. What is magnetic line of force? Give their importance properties.
14. Can two magnetic lines of force intersect? Justify your answer.
15. Describe an activity for tracing the field lines a bar magnet by using a compass needle.
16. Why does a compass needle get deflected when brought near a bar magnet?
17. Draw the magnetic field lines around a bar magnet.
18. Explain why a freely suspended magnet always points in the north-south direction.
19. If a magnetic needle is placed at the North Pole in horizontal plane, what direction will it indicate?
Why?
20. Draw the magnetic field lines representing uniform magnetic field.
21. Why can’t two magnetic field lines ever intersect?

12.2 Magnetic field due to a current-Carrying conductor

22. Name and state the two rules for finding the direction of magnetic field produced by electric
current through a straight conductor,
23. State the form of lines of forces around a straight current carrying conductor.
24. What conclusion do you get from the observation that a current-carrying wire deflects a magnetic
needle placed near it?
25. Describe an activity to plot the magnetic field of a long straight current carrying conductor.
26. Describe how you will locate a current carrying wire concealed in a well.
27. Draw a sketch to show the magnetic line of forces due to a current carrying straight conductor.
 26

28. Name the rule for finding the direction of magnetic field produced by a straight current-carrying
conductor.
29. Name and state the two rules for finding the direction of magnetic field produced by electric
current through a straight conductor.
30. On what factor does the magnetic field produced by straight current carrying conductor depend?
31. A current through a horizontal power line flows from east to west direction. What is the direction
of magnetic field at a point directly below it and at a point directly above it?
32. A straight conductor is held perpendicular to the plane of paper and it carries a current (a) up
wards, (b) Done wards. Draw the magnetic lines of force.
33. A straight wire carrying electric current is moving out of plane of paper and is perpendicular to it.
What is the direction and type of induced magnetic field?
34. How can it be shown that magnetic field exist around a wire carrying current?
35. Give the factors that affect strength of magnetic field at a point due to a straight conductor
carrying current.
36. A wire hidden in a wall carries current. How will you find whether it is placed vertically or
horizontally?
37. A student performs an experiment to study the magnetic effect of current around
current carrying straight conductor. He reports that
(i) The direction of deflection of the north pole of a compass needle kept at a given
point near the conductor remains unaffected even when the terminals of the battery
sending current in the wire are inter changed.
(ii) for a given battery, the degree of deflection of a N-pole decreases when the
compass is kept at a point farther away from the conductor. Which of the above
observations of the student is incorrect and why?
38. How does the strength of the magnetic field at the centre of a coil of wire depend on.
(i) The radius of the coil,
(ii) The numbers of turns of wire in the coil, and
(iii) The strength of current flowing in the coil?
39. Draw and discuss the pattern of the magnetic lines of forces of a current carrying circular loop.
40. Is a circular coil carrying current similar to a magnet?
41. What is a solenoid?
42. Compare the magnetic behaviour of the straight solenoid with that of a bar magnet. On what
factors do the strength of the magnetic field produced by a current carrying solenoid depends?
Explain
43. What type of core should be put inside a current-carrying solenoid to make an electromagnet?
44. Why is soft iron core and not steel core used in electromagnets?
45. State and explain Maxwell’s right-hand grip rule.
46. What is solenoid? Draw a sketch to show the magnetic lines of forces produced by a current
carrying solenoid?
47. Draw the pattern of magnetic field lines of a current carrying solenoid. What does the pattern of
field lines inside the solenoid indicate? Write one application of magnetic field of current carrying
solenoid.
48. How can a solenoid are used to magnetize a steel bar.
 27

49. A power wire (or conductor) carries an electric current of 100 amperes. What will be the magnetic
field, due to this current, at a point 1 meter below the wire? (Given: μ = 4π x 10-7 Tm/A)
50. The radius of a circular wire (or circular loop) is 0.5 m and the current is 10 A. What is the
magnitude of magnetic field at the centre of the circular wire? (Given: μ = 4π x 10-7 Tm/A)

12.3 Force on current- Carrying conductor in a magnetic field

51. When is the force exerted on a current-carrying conductor (i) maximum and
(ii) minimum.
52. Name the some devices which use current-carrying conductor and magnetic fields.
53. What is the magnitude of force on a charge q moving with a velocity v in a perpendicular magnetic
field B?
54. What is the force acting on a charge moving along the direction of the magnetic field?
55. The current carrying straight conductor is placed in east-west direction. What will be the direction
of the force experienced by this conductor due to earth’s magnetic field? How will this force get
affect on?
56. Describe an activity to demonstrate force on a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field. With
neat labelled diagram.
57. Stat Fleming’s left hand rule?
58. If the current in a flow vertically downward direction and a magnetic field is applied from west to
east, what is the direction of force on the wire?
59. Why does a current-carrying conductor experience a force in a magnetic field?
60. A current-carrying straight conductor is placed in the east-west direction. What
will be the direction of the force experienced by this conductor due to earth’s
magnetic field? How will this force get affected on? (a) reversing the direction of flow
of current (b) doubling the magnitude of current.
61. An electron enters a magnetic field at right angles to it as shown in fig. The direction of the force
acting on the electron will be:
(a) to the right (b) to the left (c) out of the page (d) into the page

62. Why does a current carrying conductor kept in a magnetic field experience
force?
63. On what factors does the direction of this force depend? Name and state the rule used for
determination of direction of this force.
64. A particle carrying a charge of 1.6 x 10-19 coulomb is moving with a speed of 3.5 x 107 m/s in a
magnetic field of 4 tesla. Calculate the force experienced by this moving charge particle.
 28

12.4 Domestic electric circuits

93. Name same methods to save electricity.

94. What do you mean by AEH Point?
95. What is electric meter?
96. Name the physical quantity whose unit is ohm.
97. What name is given to the device which automatically cuts off the electricity supply during short
circuiting in household?
98. Explain the importance of using in a household electric circuit. Fuse and earthing wire.
99. What is the main purpose of earthing an electric appliance?
100. Write the properties and uses of the electric circuit?
101. What will do if you see a person coming in contact with a live wire?
102. What is the usual capacity of an electric fuse used in the lighting circuit and in the power circuit
of small house?
103. Draw a labelled diagram to show the domestic electric wiring from a pole to a room.
Give the wiring for a bulb and a three-pin socket only.
104. Explain what is short-circuiting and overloading in an electric supply?
105. What is the function of an earth wire? Why is it necessary to earth the metallic appliances?
106. Can a 5 A fuse be used in wire carrying 15 A current? Why?
107. Where do we connect a fuse: with live wire or with neutral wire?
108. Why is the earth pin thicker and longer than the live and the neutral pins?
109. Circuit has a fuse of 5A. What is the maximum number of 100W, 220V bulbs that can be safely
used in the circuit?

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Chemistry and Biology
 DREAM WORLDSCHOOL, BALLARI, KARNATAKA
„The School that Learns‟

Standard: X Science

Concept: CONTROL AND COORDINATION

Worksheet

6.1 Animals – Nervous system

1. What name is given to the microscopic gap between two adjacent neurons?
2. What is a synaptic cleft?
3. What are reflection actions?
4. Where the receptors are usually located? Name some.
5. Differentiate between sensory, motor, and relay neurons.
6. What is synapse?
7. What is neuromuscular junction?
8. Which system facilitates communication between central nervous system and other parts of the
body?
9. Give the outline of different parts of brain.
10. What is meninges? Name them.
11. What is the function of cerebrospinal fluid?
12. Name the two divisions of autonomic nervous system in man. How do they bring about the effect?
13. How are involuntary actions and reflex actions different from each other?
14. How is brain and spinal cord protected in our body?
15. How to muscle cells change the shape?
16. Give the difference between axon and dendrite.
17. When we are accidentally pricked by a thorn, why is it that we withdraw our hand earlier than we
actually feel the pain?
18. On touching a hot plate, you suddenly withdraw your hand. Which category of neurons became
active first and which one next?
19. If we step on something sharp accidently we move our foot away at once .what is this type of
response known as?
20. A part of the hind brain makes possible activities like walking, skating, riding a bicycle and picking
up a pencil.name this part of the hind brain.
21. Taking the example of heart beat, justify the antagonistic action of the sympathetic and the
parasympathetic nerves.
22. Name the part of neuron
a. Where information is acquired.
b. Through which information travels as an electrical impulse.
23. How does nerve impulse transmit across the synapse?
24. Name the structural and functional unit of nervous system.
25. What are the scientific names for the following receptors in humans?
a. Receptors of smell
b. Receptors of taste
26. Define nerve impulse. Which structure in a neuron helps to conduct a nerve impulse:
a. Towards the cell body.
b. Away from the cell body.
27. Nervous and hormonal system together performs the function of control and coordination in human
beings. Justify the statement.
 28. If you happen to touch a hot object, what would be your response? How will it happen? Show it
with the help of a diagram.
29. Draw a neat labelled diagram of brain.
30. How do we detect the smell of an agarbatti?
31. Which part of the brain controls involuntary actions such as blood pressure, salivation and
vomiting?
6.2 Coordination in Plants
32. What are phytohormones?
33. Define tropic movements.
34. Define nastic movements.
35. Name the hormone:
a. Which helps in division of cells in plants
b. Which helps in wilting of leaves
c. Rapid development of fruits
36. Give one example of plant part.
a. Positively hydrotropic as well as positively geotropic?
b. Positively phototropic but negatively geotropic?
37. Name the plant hormone:
a. This inhibits growth and causes wilting of leaves.
b. This promotes cell division.
38. Define chemotropism.
39. What is phototropism?
40. What is geotropism?
41. What is hydrotropism?
42. Differentiate between tropic and nastic movements.
43. How does Auxin help in bending of the shoot towards the sunlight?
44. A potted plant is made to lie horizontally on the ground. Which part of the plant will show-
a. Positive geotropism
b. Negative geotropism
45. Why is abscisic acid known as stress hormone in plants?
46. Give the functions of different types of phytohormones.
47. How does the plant shoot bends, when the plant is placed in a room having only one open window?
48. Why do leaves drop off seasonally?
49. Write a term for the chemical substance which brings about control and coordination in plants?
50. What is the apical dominance?
51. Why do leaves of “touch me not” plant droops when we touch it?
52. Why do stem and root show unilateral growth towards light and gravity of earth respectively?
53. Describe how auxins are related with the bending of shoots towards the source of light.
54. Do the plants have nervous plants like animals? If not, how control and coordination takes place in
plants?
55. How is movement of leaves of sensitive plant different from movement of shoot towards light?
6.3 Hormones in Animals
56. Name the hormone:
a. Which induces milk secretion in female
b. Increase sugar level in blood
57. Which type of glands in human body secretes hormones? State any one location for them.
58. The neck of a person appears to be swollen.
a. Name the disease this person suffering from.
b. Name the mineral whose deficiency in the diet causes this disease.
59. Pituitary gland is often called the „Master Gland‟. Why?
60. Give a reason to explain why
a. Adrenaline helps in dealing emergency situations?
b. Secretions of growth hormone should be specific in the human body?
61. Give reason why endocrine glands release their secretions into the blood?
62. A particular hormone requires Iodine for its synthesis .Name the endocrine gland which secretes
this hormone and state its location in the human body.
63. Name the organ associated with the nervous system which is also part of endocrine system and
secretes hormone.
64. Why hormones are called informational molecules?
65. Why do people in the mountainous regions get goiter?
66. Which hormone is responsible for the development of moustache and beard in men?
67. Justify that the pancreas and gonads perform dual function.
68. Why are some patients of diabetes treated by giving injections of insulin?
69. How can thyroid activity be determined in man?
70. Nervous and hormonal systems together perform the function of control and coordination in human
beings. Justify the statement.
71. Which hormone is released into blood when its sugar level rises? Name the organ which produces
the hormone and its effect on blood sugar level. Also name one digestive enzyme that this organ
secretes and the function of this enzyme
72. Can „adrenals‟ be called the stress managing glands of the body? Justify your answer.
73. How does chemical coordination take place in animals?
74. Why do you get a „hollow‟ feeling in your stomach when you are alarmed or scared?
75. How does pancreas control glucose level of blood?
 DREAM WORLDSCHOOL, BALLARI, KARNATAKA
„The School that Learns‟

Standard: X Science

Concept: Life Processes

Worksheet
5.1 What are Life Processes?
1. What are life processes?
2. What is the criteria to say that an object is living?
3. What are vital life processes occurring in the plants and animals?
4. What is movement? What are the two types of movements?
5. Define – nutrition, respiration, transportation and excretion.
6. Explain visible and invisible movements?
7. How do you say an organism is alive?
8. With an activity explain that organisms are living.

5.2 Nutrition
9. What is nutrition?
10. What is Heterotrophic and Autotrophic mode of nutrition?
11. What is photosynthesis?
12. What is saprophytic mode of nutrition?
13. What is parasitic mode of nutrition?
14. What is holozoic mode of nutrition?
15. What are the differences between Autotrophic nutrition and Heterotrophic nutrition?
16. Differentiate parasitic from saprophytic mode of nutrition.
Plants
17. Name the pigment present in plants, which can absorb solar energy.
18. Which part of visible spectrum is absorbed by chlorophyll pigments?
19. Where do plants get each of the raw materials required for photosynthesis?
20. Chloroplast is called energy convertors. Explain.
21. Autotrophs synthesis food for the living world. Justify this statement in one sentence only
interconnecting autotrophs and heterotrophs.
22. A certain tissue in a green plant somehow gets blocked and the leaves wilted. What was the tissue
that got blocked?
23. “If there were no algae there would be no fish in the sea”. Comment.
24. Structure of leaf is complementary to its functions. Explain.
25. How does each of the following factors affect the productivity in the process of photosynthesis?
1. Temperature. 2. Water. 3. Carbon dioxide.
26. Explain why the rate of photosynthesis in plants is low both at low and high temperatures?
27. Why does leaf appear green?
28. What is the role of light in photosynthesis?
29. What is the source of oxygen in photosynthesis?
30. Why is the rate of photosynthesis more during a bright sunny day as compared to a cloudy day?
31. If all the green plants are removed from the earth life cannot be sustained. Comment.
Animals
32. Give the role of hydrochloric acid in the process of digestion.
33. Food moves down the gut by peristalsis. Which region of brain controls peristalsis?
34. Name the cartilaginous flap which closes the glottis to check the entry of food into it during
swallowing.
35. Which of the organs perform the following functions in humans?
a. Absorption of food.
b. Absorption of water
36. Tooth enamel is one of the hardest substances in our body. How does it undergo damage due to
eating chocolates and sweets?
37. Write one feature which is common to each of the following pairs of the term/organs.
i) Glycogen and starch ii) Chlorophyll and hemoglobin
iii) Gills and lungs iv) Arteries and veins.
38. The two openings of the pharynx, one leading to trachea and the other leading to oesophagus, lie
very close to each other. Yet food we swallow normally does not enter into our trachea. Why?
39. Explain the process of digestion of food in human beings.
40. How would it affect the digestion of proteins and carbohydrates if the duodenum of man if there is
a blockade in the pancreatic duct?
41. Write the functions of the following in the digestive process:
a. Bile b. Intestinal lipase c. Pancreatic amylase
42. How is the small intestine designed to absorb digested food?
43. What is the function of digestive enzymes?
44. Liver is not involved in digestion but still is a part of digestive system. Give reason.
45. Draw a diagram of human alimentary canal showing duodenum, small intestine, liver and
pancreas.
46. Bile juice does not contain any digestive enzymes, yet it is essential for digestion, why so? Explain.
47. Why is the inner wall of alimentary canal not digested although the digestive enzymes can digest
all the materials that make cells?
48. Small intestine in the site for complete digestion of carbohydrates, proteins and fats. Write down
the changes happen to the food in the small intestine before its absorption.
49. Hydrochloric acid creates an acidic medium which facilitate the action of protein digesting enzyme
in the stomach. Name the enzyme and give any three other functions served by the acid.
50. Name the vestigial part of human alimentary canal.
51. How would non-secretion of hydrochloric acid in our stomach affect food digestion?
52. Write about the major glands associated with the alimentary canal of man and mention their
functions.
53. How does the butter in your food get digested and absorbed in the body and explain.
54. Why is digestion essential for living beings?

5.3 Respiration

55. What is respiration?

56. What is aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
57. What is cellular respiration?
 58. Which part of respiratory system is considered unit of respiration?
59. What are the different ways in which glucose is oxidized to provide energy in various organisms?
60. What advantage over an aquatic organism does a terrestrial organism have with regard to
obtaining oxygen for respiration?
61. How is oxygen and carbon dioxide transported in human beings?
62. How are the lungs designed in human beings to maximize the area for exchange of gases?
63. After a vigorous exercise, you may experience cramps in your leg muscles. Why does this happen?
64. What will happen if carbon monoxide combines with hemoglobin?
65. Name the respiratory organs of (i) fish (ii) mosquito (iii) earthworm.
66. What will be the outcome if a farmer floods his field every day?
67. How does respiration in plants differ from that in animals?
68. Which equipment is used to facilitate breathing during serious breathing problems?
69. Why is the rate if breathing much faster in aquatic organisms than those of terrestrial organisms?
70. Name the areas in a woody stem through which respiratory exchange of gases take place.
71. Why does not the lung collapse even after forceful expiration?
72. Why is the process of diffusion insufficient to meet the oxygen requirement of human beings?
73. Why do the walls of the trachea not collapse when there is less air in it?
74. Give reason for – The lung alveoli are covered with blood capillaries.
75. Where does aerobic break down of pyruvate take place in a living cell? What are the end
products?
76. Why is anaerobic respiration produce less energy compared to aerobic respiration?
77. Name the respiratory pigment of blood in mammals.
78. How does oxygen reach the cells in insects?
79. Respiration is a vital process for all organisms. Explain.
80. What will happen if a diaphragm of a person gets ruptured in an accident?

5.4 Transportation

Plants
81. What are the components of the transport system in highly organized plants?
82. Why is it necessary to separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in mammals and birds?
83. Explain the process of ascent of sap, translocation, systemic circulation and pulmonary circulation
84. “Transpiration is a necessary evil”. Comment
85. Give the role of xylem in translocation.
86. Due to availability of less water, how does the plant cope up with lack of water in desert
conditions?
87. What substance/substances are transported in plants by
i) Xylem vessels and tracheids?
ii) Sieve tubes (of phloem)?
88. Name the two parts of the plant through which gaseous waste products are released into the air?
89. Plants absorb water from the soil. How does this water reach the tree tops? Explain in detail.
90. What is root pressure?
Animals
91. What are the components of the transport system in human beings?
92. Give the functions of components of transport system.
93. Which of the four chambers of the human heart has the thickest muscular walls?
94. Veins and arteries carry blood. Which of these carry blood?
a. Away from the heart?
b. Back to the heart?
95. What do you mean by double circulation of blood?
96. Which fluid in the human body wets the internal organs?
97. Where does the blood absorb oxygen in the human body?
98. Normally a vein opens into a large vein or into the heart but does not end in capillaries. Which one
or more veins in humans is/are exceptions to this rule?
99. Why blood is called liquid connective tissue?
100. Why is it necessary to separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in living organisms?
101. Why CO2 is mostly transported in the dissolved form in our blood than O2?
102. In which direction does lymph flow?
103. What is the composition of lymph?
104. Draw a diagram to show the internal structure of human heart. Label 6 parts in all including at
least three valves.
5.4 Excretion
105. What is excretion?
106. Name the structural unit of excretory system in human being.
107. Give the steps involved in the process of excretion.
108. Compare the functioning of alveoli in the lungs and nephrons in the kidneys with respect to their
structure and functioning.
109. Explain the process of excretion in human beings.
110. Describe the structure of nephron.
111. How amount of urine produced is regulated?
112. How do unicellular organisms remove their waste materials?
113. Why are glomeruli considered as dialysis bags?
114. Draw a diagram of the human urinary system and label in it.
a. Kidney b. Ureter c. Urinary Bladder d. Urethra
115. Name the organ system which is responsible for excretion and osmoregulation?
116. Differentiate between afferent and efferent arterioles?
 DREAM WORLDSCHOOL, BALLARI, KARNATAKA
„The School that Learns‟
Standard: X Science
Concept: How do Organisms Reproduce?
Worksheet
7.1 Do organisms create exact copies of themselves?
1. What is reproduction?
2. What is function of DNA in reproduction?
3. What is the effect of DNA copying which is not perfectly accurate on the reproduction?
4. Why is DNA copying an essential part of the process of reproduction?
5. Why is simply copying DNA in a dividing cell not enough to maintain continuity of life?
6. Do organisms create exact copies of themselves?
7. What is variation?
8. What is the significance of reproduction?
7.2 Modes of Reproduction used by single organisms
9. What is asexual reproduction?
10. What are regeneration, budding, fragmentation, fission, spore formation and vegetative
reproduction?
11. Name two animals that show asexual reproduction.
12. Name two plants that show asexual reproduction.
13. Name the type of fission carried out by amoeba.
14. Give two examples of organisms which can generate from small part of their body.
15. Give one example of an organism which reproduces asexual by budding.
16. Name two body parts which human beings can regenerate.
17. What is vegetative propagation?
18. Which parts of the plant can grow by vegetative propagation?
19. Which technique would you see for propagation of improved varieties of mango and rose?
20. Which vegetative part is used as a method of propagation of Bryophyllum?
21. Name the artificial methods of vegetative propagation.
22. Name the plant where vegetative reproduction occurs through roots.
23. Why regeneration is considered method of reproduction?
24. How does Hydra reproduce? Name another organism that reproduces buy the similar method.
25. Why is vegetative propagation practised for growing some types of plants?
26. Give the difference between:
a. Binary fission and Multiple fission
b. Fragmentation and Regeneration
c. Budding and Vegetative propagation
27. Some crop plants can be grown from a seed as well as vegetative from stem cutting. List any four
advantages of vegetative propagation in such cases.
28. Represent diagrammatically, the process of budding in Yeast and regeneration in Planaria.
29. Show by a series of labeled sketches, the manner in which reproduction occurs in Amoeba, Hydra,
and Spirogyra.
7.3 Sexual Reproduction
Plants
30. Mention the reproductive parts of a flower.
31. What is the function of accessory sex organs?
32. What are unisexual flowers?
33. What are bisexual flowers?
34. What is pollination?
 35. Name the types of pollinations.
36. Name the agencies through which cross pollination take place.
37. Name the part from which the male gametes reach the ovule in the flower.
38. What is embryo sac?
39. What is double fertilisation in the angiospermic flowering plant?
40. What is triple fusion in the angiospermic flowering plant?
41. Explain the process of fertilisation in plants.
42. What is the function of pollen grains in flowers?
43. Give the terms for the pollination by winds and bats.
44. Name those parts of a flower which serve the same function as the following do in the animals:
d. Testis b. Ovary c. Eggs d. Sperms
45. What is the end product of double fertilisation?
46. What happens to the ovule after fertilisation?
47. Draw a neat labelled diagram illustrating fertilisation in a flowering plant.
Animals
48. Name the male and female gametes in the animals.
49. Name the part of the male reproductive system which carries both sperm and urine.
50. Name the outer most covering of testis.
51. Where are sperms formed?
52. Where fertilisation does takes place in human female?
53. What is the site of implantation and development of young one in man?
54. What is gestation period?
55. Write names of one male and one female sex hormone.
56. What are the different methods of contraception used by human beings?
57. Write the full form of IUCD.
58. Name any two sexually transmitted diseases.
59. Write the expanded form of AIDS.
60. Write the full expansion of HIV.
61. Name any two sexually transmitted diseases.
62. Name two chemical methods used by human female to prevent pregnancy.
63. Name one sexually transmitted disease caused by virus.
64. Why do multicellular organisms need to use more complex ways of reproduction?
65. Why has sexual mode of reproduction evolved?
66. What is the basic requirement for sexual reproduction?
67. What are the changes seen in boys and girls at the time of puberty?
68. Why testis in man is extra-abdominal in position?
69. What happens if the ovum is not fertilized?
70. Explain the process of fertilisation in human beings.
71. Describe in detail the surgical methods of contraception.
72. List two functions performed by ovaries in human female.
73. How do the contraceptive pills prevent conception?
74. How does reproduction help in providing stability to populations of species?
75. How does the amount of DNA remain constant though each new generation is a combination of
DNA copies of two individuals?
76. List two functions performed by Testis in human male.
77. Draw a neat labelled diagram of the human male and female reproductive system.
 DREAM WORLDSCHOOL, BALLARI, KARNATAKA
„The School that Learns‟

Standard: X Science

Concept: Heredity

Worksheet

8.1 Accumulation of Variations during Reproduction

1. What is variation?
2. What forms the basis for evolutionary processes?
3. Name two human traits which show variation.
4. What are the causes of variations in clones?
5. Why do all the variations in a species not have equal chances of survival?
6. How does the creation of variations in a species promote survival?
7. How one adopts changes to perform different functions? Give one example
8. If a trait A exist in 10% of a population of an asexually reproducing species and a trait B exists in
60% of the same population, which trait is likely to have arisen earlier?
9. Only variation that confer and advantage to an individual organism will survive in a population. Do
you agree with this statement? Why or why no
10. Which are the two processes, sexual reproduction or asexual reproduction brings about marked
variations in the offspring? Why?
8.2 Heredity
11. Define heredity.
12. Define inheritance.
13. What is „genetics‟?
14. What will be the percentage of „ab‟ gametes produced by „AaBb‟ parent?
15. What is an offspring?
16. Why males are called heterogametic?
17. What is the percentage possibility a couple of having daughters?
18. What are cross breed plants known as?
19. What does letter F represent in heredity?
20. Give the common name of the plant on which Mendel performed its experiments.
21. What for did Mendel use the term factors and what are these factors called now?
22. What are genes? Where are the genes located?
23. Define F1 and F2 generations.
24. Explain the mechanism of sex determination in human beings.
25. Pure-bred pea plant A are crossed with pure-bred pea plant B. It is found that the plants which look
like A do not appear in F1 generation but re-emerge in F2 generation. Which of the two plants are:
(i) Tall and (ii) Dwarf? Give reason for your answer.
26. Define the term „heredity‟. In which types of organism is heredity supposed to be better define in
sexually reproducing or asexually reproducing king? Why?
27. How do Mendel‟s experiments show that traits may be dominated or recessive?
28. A study found that children with light coloured eye are likely to have parents with lightcoloured
eyes. On this basis, can we say anything about whether the light eye colour trait is dominant or
recessive? Why or why not?
29. A man with blood group A marries a woman with group O and their daughter has blood group O. Is
this information enough to tell you which of the traits-blood group A or blood group O is dominant?
30. “Genes and chromosomes have similar behavior.” Justify.
31. A man having blood group A marries a woman having blood group O and they have a child. What
will be the blood group of the child?
32. What happened when Mendel crossed two traits of a character in a pea plants?
33. Why are asexually reproducing organisms capable of showing hereditary features?
34. If the sperm bearing Y-chromosome fertilizes the egg, the child born will not be entirely like his
father. Why is it so?
35. A normal pea plant bearing coloured flowers suddenly start producing white flowers. What could be
the possible cause?
36. Mention any two recessive traits of garden pea.
37. Mendel crossed a pure white recessive pea plant with a dominant pure red flowered plant. What will
be the first generation of hybrids?
38. When Mendel crossed a Tall plant with a dwarf plant, no medium height plants were obtained in F1
generation. Why?
39. The gene type of green stemmed tomato plants is denoted as GG and that of purple stemmed
tomato plants as GG when these two are crossed.
a. What colour of stem would you expect in F1 progeny?
b. Give the percentage of purple stemmed plants if F1 are self-pollinated.
c. In what ratio would you find the gene types CG and Gg in the F2 progeny?
40. In which type of gametes are X and Y chromosomes present?
41. How will you substantiate the statement that heredity and its concepts were known to the ancient
civilisations.
42. How many autosomes are present in a human sperm?
43. How do Mendel‟s experiments show that traits may be dominant or recessive?
44. How is se x determined in human beings?
45. On the basis of the possibilities of combination of the sex chromosomes, what percentage
probability does a couple have of having a son or a daughter? Show the same by making a cross.
46. What is meant by expression TT and Tt in Mendelian terms?
 DREAM WORLDSCHOOL, BALLARI, KARNATAKA
„The School that Learns‟

Standard: X Science

Concept: Our Environment

Worksheet

13.1 What happens when we add our waste to the environment?

1. What is environment?
2. What are the two main components of our environment?
3. Why some substances are degraded and others not?
4. If all the wastes we generate are bio-degradable what impact may this have on the environment?
5. Which of the following materials are non-biodegradable? Aluminium wire, tea leaves, synthetic
fibres, wool
6. Give any two ways in which non-biodegradable substances would affect the environment.
7. Name two waste materials, which can be recycled?
8. Explain why, the practice of serving tea in Kulhads (disposable cups made of clay) on trains has
been discontinued?
9. Use of paper is more environment friendly than the use of polythene for packaging. Justify.
13.2 Ecosystem―what are its components?
10. What is ecosystem?
11. What are the two main types of ecosystem?
12. What are the components of ecosystem?
13. Which types of organisms are included in the biotic components?
14. What are the factors included in abiotic components?
15. What is food chain?
16. What is food web?
17. What is an ecological pyramid?
18. What are the different types of ecological pyramids?
19. What limits the number of tropic levels in a food chain?
20. What will happen if decomposers are not there in the environment?
21. What will happen if all the carnivores are removed from the earth?
22. What will happen to grasslands if all the grazers are removed from there?
23. The number of malarial patients in a village increase tremendously, when a large number of frogs
were exported from the village. What could be the cause for it? Explain with the help of food
chain?
24. “The position of man is at the apex of most food chains‟. Justify your answer.
25. Which food chains are advantageous in terms of energy?
26. Construct a food chain composing the following Snake, Hawk, Rats, and Plants.
27. Why food chains consist of three or four steps only?
28. Which of the following will have the maximum concentration of harmful chemicals in its body?
Peacock, Frog, Grass, Snake, Grasshopper
29. What is 10% law?
30. Why energy of herbivores never come back to the autotrophs?
31. What are decomposers and what is the importance of them in the ecosystem?
32. Give the correct sequence of various trophic levels in a food chain.
Producers, Primary Consumer, Secondary Consumers, and Tertiary Consumers
 33. What is biological magnification and give its causes?
34. Are plants actually producers of energy?
35. During heavy rains in a village, the rain water carried excessive nitrogen compounds to a pond.
How will it affect the growth of fish in the pond in the long run?
36. In comparing the two ecosystems A & B it is observed that A has only first and second order
consumers while B has third, fourth and fifth order consumers. Which of the two could be more
stable?
37. What name has been given to those organisms which breakdown the complex organic compounds
present in dead animals and plants?
38. Which of the following constitutes a food chain?
a) Grass, wheat and mango b) Grass, goat and human
c) Goat, cow and elephant d) Grass, fish and goat
39. Which of the following belong to the same tropic level? Tree, Frog, Snake, Grass, Lizard
40. How does stud y of food chain in an area or habitat help us?
41. What percentage of energy, available at the producer level is transferred at successive tropic levels
in a food chain?
42. A non-biodegradable toxic chemical has entered into a food chain. Which type of food habit will
you suggest to a man? Vegetarian or Non-vegetarian.
43. Explain why there is a greater chance of accumulation of harmful chemicals in the body of human
being.
44. The use of pesticide DDT is discouraged since this chemical is found in human body. How does this
chemical enter our body?
45. What will happen if we kill all the organisms in one tropic level?
46. Consider the following food chains:
1. Plants Mice Snake Hawks
2. Plants Mice Hawks
If energy available at the producer level in both the food chains is 100 J in which case will hawks
get more energy as food and by how much? Justify your answer.
47. How much energy will be available to hawks in the food chain comprising- hawk, snake, paddy and
mice, if 10,000 J of energy is available to paddy from the sun?
48. Calculate the amount of energy available to lion in the following food chain if plants have 20000 J of
energy available from the sun. Plant, Deer and Lion.
49. In the food chain Grass Deer Lion, operating in a forest, what will happen,
1) If all the lions are removed?
2) If the entire deer are removed?
3) If all the grass is removed?
50. All the flesh of a carnivore is from grass. Justify the statement.
51. Vegetarian food habit can sustains a larger number of people. Justify the statement in terms of food
chain.
13.3 How do our activities affect the environment?
52. Name the process that is a direct outcome of excessive burning of fossil fuels?
53. Write the harmful effect of ozone depletion.
54. What are the various methods of waste disposal practiced in your school? Describe any 2 methods
briefly.
55. Explain the following terms
1) Acid Rain
2) Ozone depletion
3) Greenhouse effect.