ASSIGNMENT NO.

3
MUSCULAR SYSTEM

At the end of the course the students must be able to:

1. Describe the different functions of the muscular system.

2. Describe the three types of muscle tissues and their important features.
3. Enumerate the different bases of nomenclature of the muscle and give examples of each.
4. Identify the muscles forming the following groups. State what are common to them.

AXIAL MUSCLES

a. muscles of head and neck

- muscles of facial expression
- muscles of mastication
- muscles of tongue
- muscles of pharynx
- extraocular eye muscles
- extrinsic and intrinsic laryngeal muscles
b. intrinsic muscles of vertebral column
c. muscles of thoracic and abdomino-pelvic wall
d. muscles of the perineum

APPENDICULAR MUSCLES

a. muscles of upper extremities

b. muscles of lower extremities

5. Give the common nerve supply and actions of the different muscle groups.

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 ASSIGNMENT NO. 3
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
LABORATORY PROCEDURE

Anatomical models showing the representative muscles for the different groups are to be
borrowed from the technician.
1. Head and neck
- whole model
- sagittal section with lateral and medial surfaces
- extraocular muscles
- laryngeal muscles
2. Extraocular muscles
3. Larynx showing laryngeal muscles
4. Thoracic and abdominal wall showing intrinsic thoracic muscles belonging to upper extremities
and the intrinsic ones related to respiration. This also shows the anterior lateral abdominal
muscles.
5. Torso models showing the back muscles, the superficial belonging to upper extremities and the
deeper intrinsic back muscles or postvertebral muscles.
6. Whole anatomical models of the body
- showing posterior abdominal muscles
- lower extremities

1. Models for upper extremities

2. Models for the lower extremities

Because of the limited number of certain anatomical models e.g. extraocular and laryngeal muscles
each student group must take turns in studying these visual aids. At the end of the laboratory
period, each group must have studied all these representative anatomical models.

In the head model, identify the following muscles of facial expressions: orbicu- laris oculi,
orbicularis oris, frontalis, procerus, nasalis, zygomaticus major, depressor anguli oris,
risorius, buccinator. What are the bases of nomenclature? What are the actions of each?

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 BASES OF NOMENCLATURE ACTIONS

Orbicularis oculi __________________ _________________

Orbicularis oris __________________ _________________

Frontalis __________________ _________________

Procerus __________________ _________________

Nasalis __________________ _________________

Zygomaticus major __________________ _________________

Depressor anguli oris __________________ _________________

Buccinator __________________ _________________

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 Label the muscles of facial expression.

Examine now the muscles of mastication. Identify the masseter and temporalis muscles. Can you
see the pterygoid muscles superficially? ____________

Where do you find them? ________________.

What muscles elevates the mandible?

(1.)________________ (2.)________________ (3.)________________

What is the main protractor? __________________.

Clench your teeth. What muscles can you feel contracting?

(1.)___________________ (2.)__________________.

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Get one model showing extraocular muscles. Identify the recti, oblique muscles together with
levator palpebral superioris. How are these muscles named? What are their actions?

BASES OF NOMENCLATURE ACTIONS

Superior rectus _____________________ ________________

Inferior rectus _____________________ ________________

Lateral rectus _____________________ ________________

Medial rectus _____________________ ________________

Superior oblique _____________________ ________________

Levator palpebral ___________________ ________________

superioris

Label 4 extraocular muscles below.

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 In the medial surface of the sagittal section of
head, identify one important muscle of the
tongue, genioglossus. Action?

__________________________________

Label this muscle on the left side.

Hold now a model of the larynx with the extrinsic and intrinsic laryngeal muscles.

Identify important muscles; sternohyoid, sternothyroid, thyrohyoid, cricothyroid,

posterior cricoarytenoid.

Which are extrinsic? (1.)_____________ (2.)________________ (3.)_______________

Which are intrinsic? (1.)______________(2.)________________

What are the actions of these intrinsic muscles? (1.)____________(2.)_______________

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 With the model of the neck in front of you,
Label 1 intrinsic and 1 extrinsic identify a prominent lateral neck muscle,
laryngeal muscle in the model below. sternocleidomastoid. What is the basis
of nomenclature? __________________.
Label this muscle below.

.
Another superficial muscle of the neck, which is more seen posteriorly is a diamond-shaped
trapezius. What is its action? ___________________.
Bases of nomenclature? ____________________.

Turn now the model of the body at the back.

Identify the superficial muscles here – trapezius and latissimus dorsi.

Examine this time the muscles attached to medial border of scapula – levator scapulae
rhomboideus minor and major.

Identify also posterior scapular muscles, suspraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor and teres major.
What are their bases of nomenclature?

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 BASES OF NOMENCLATURE

Trapezius _________________________

Latissimus dorsi _________________________

Levator scapula __________________________

Rhomboideus minor and major __________________________

Supraspinatus & Infraspinatus __________________________

Teres major and minor __________________________

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 1. Label the superficial muscles of the back.

2. Use the model for the anterior thoracic and antero-lateral abdominal wall.

Identify the following extrinsic and intrinsic In the antero-lateral abdominal wall,
thoracic muscles. Give their bases of nomenclature. Identify the following muscles. What
are the bases of nomenclature?

pectoralis major ___________________ external oblique ____________________

pectoralis minor ___________________ internal oblique _____________________
serratus anterior ___________________ tranversus
abdominis _____________________
external intercostal ___________________ internalrectus abdominis_____________________
intercostal ___________________

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Antero lateral thoracic and abdominal wall

(anterior surface)

(posterior surface)

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In the posterior abdominal wall, identify the following and how they are named.

Diaphragm _______________________ Quadratus lumborum _______________________

Psoas major _______________________ Iliacus _______________________

Label the above muscles in the

picture on the left side.

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II. Having finished the representative axial muscles with some appendicular muscles, we
concentrate now on those belonging to the latter. We start with upper extremities.
Identify representative muscles of each region:
A. shoulder – deltoid
B. anterior arm – biceps brachii, brachialis
C. anterior forearm – pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis and ulnaris , palmaris longus
D. posterolateral forearm
- brachioradialis
- extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis
- extensor digitorum communis
- extensor indicis
- extensor digitiminimi
- extensor carpi ulnaris

How are most of these muscles named?

________________________________

For the lower extremities, identify the muscles belonging to anterior thigh
quadriceps femoris and sartorius. How are they named?
(1.) _________________ (2.) ________________.

What are the component muscles of the quadriceps femoris?

NAMES BASES OF NOMENCLATURE

_______________________ _______________________
_______________________ _______________________
_______________________ _______________________
_______________________ _______________________

Common action of these muscles? _________________

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Label the quadriceps femoris parts:

We are now in the anterior leg region. Identify the following muscles and give their bases of
nomenclature?

Tibialis anterior __________________________

Extensor hallucis longus __________________________
Extensor digitorum longus __________________________

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Common action of the anterior leg muscles?
____________________________________________

Study then the buttocks – the gluteal muscles. Identify gluteus maximus, and medius.
Bases of nomenclature? _______________________.
Identify the smaller, deeper muscles in the gluteal region – pyriformis, superior and inferior
gemelli, obturator internus, quadratus femoris.

How are they named?

Pyriformis _________________________
Sup. & inf. gemellus _________________________
Obturator internus _________________________
Quadratus femoris _________________________

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The major parts of the posterior thigh muscles are called hamstring muscles.
Common action of these muscles? _________________________________

Label these muscles above.

What are the muscles composing the hamstring group? (1.) _________________

(2.)___________________(3.)____________________(4.)____________________.

Inferior to the posterior thigh muscles are the posterior leg muscle.
Identify the superficial posterior leg muscle (CALF muscles). Give also their actions.
(1.)___________________(2.)___________________(3.)___________________.

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The deep posterior leg muscles are not only plantar flex but mainly flex the toes.

These are (1.)_________________(2.)__________________(3.)_________________.

Identify the 3 muscles in the superficial layer of the sole

(1.)_________________(2.)_____________________(3.)_____________________.

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Label these muscles in the model below.

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