Passage 2

Information is power. It is predictable, therefore, that does, behave with impunity. It is argued, however, that
those in authority will seek to manipulate others it is not an absolute right - the International Covenant
through the control of data. However, all information in on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) for instance,
a democratic society should be freely available unless specifies certain permissible constraints. One of these is
there are specific, well-formulated reasons for the right of thestate to withhold information "for the
withholding it in the interest of security. protection of national security or of public order or of
The Freedom Of Information (FOI) functions at a public health and morals". This is irascibly vague and
number of different levels- in itself, for the fulfillment of provides many loopholes for governments to use this
all other rights and as an underpinning of democracy. wording as abasis for restricting information that is
inconsistent with their ambitions.
Information held by public bodies is not only for the The publics right to know is an intrinsic part of
benefit of officials,politicians or other designated people informed public debate, which has
associated with the organisation, but also for the public
as a whole. Unless there are good reasons for dependent on the freedom to receivetraditionally
and impart
been
withholding such information, all interested parties information without government interference. However,
should be able to access it. More importantly, freedom it may also be argued that this
does
of information is a key component of transparent and receive any type of information fromnot mean a right to
the government:
accountable government. It plays a key role in enabling It is of paramount importance
that any restrictions on
citizens to see what is going on within government and information or expression regarding
exposing corruption and mismanagement. must designate in law only the security matters
Transparent and open government is also essential if categories of infornmation specific and narro
voters are to be able to assess the performance of
elected a legitimate absolutely necessary to protect
national security
Along these lines, in a seminalconcern.
officials and if individuals are to exercise their
democratic rights effectively, for example, through
timely protests against new policies or by using their Supreme Court held that, The judgement in 1982, the
vote against candidates who have indulged in concept of an open
Government is the direct emanation
undemocratic activity. know, which seems to be from the right to
Freedom of expression and access to speech and implicit in the right of free
fundamental right and must be held asinformation is a expression...disclosure of
a cornerstone of
democracy. In its absence, government can and
regard to the
functioning of governmentinformation
rule and secrecy must be the
often an exception,
strictest requirement of justified wherethe
Questions public interest soonlydemands".
(a) On the basis of your reading of
the above passage, make notes on it
abbreviations wherever necessary. Supply an appropriatetitle to it. using headings and
(b) Writea summary of the above
passage in up to 50 words. sub-headings. Use recognisable

Se 110 2025 46
Angvers

(a) Title Freedom of Information (FOI) Abbreviations Words

Notes exposing
expsg
1. Information
Crptn corruption
1.1 pwr
1.2 access : officials, politicians, public msmng mismanagement
infmd informed
1.3 should be freely avlbl
dbt debate
2. Importance
2.1 fulfillrights fndmntl fundamental
2.2 supports dmcrcy abslt absolute
3. Functions NS National Security
3.1 transparent and accessible govt SC Supreme Court
3.2 citizens aware of the workings of govt
3.3 expsg crptn and msmng (b) Summary
4. Freedom of Expression and Freedomn of Information Freedom Of Information (FOI) is essentially important
4.1 infmd dbt for the fulillment of public rights and as a support for
4.2 fndmntl but not abslt democracy. Infornation is power and thus, its access
4.3 in public interest must not be limited to officials or politicians; rather, it
4.4 withhold if NS affected should include the public too. Its function is to assure a
4.5 SCjudgement supports transparent and accountable government, inform the
public about the workings within the government and
Key toAbbreviations expose corruption and mismanagement.
Abbreviations Words Freedom of expression and access to information are
pwr power imperative for an informed public debate. They are
avlbl available fundamental but not absolute rights, with restrictions for
dmcrcy democracy information of national security or with potential to
govt government
incite violence, as supported by a Supreme Court
judgement.
 Passage 12
Many kinds of depression are
the result of
Depression is a common problem of modern times. solution to this
Both the rich and poor suffer from it. According to the non-acceptance of reality. The real
World Health Organisation,by the year 2020, problem is the acceptance of reality. While
depression will become the second leading cause of non-acceptance creates the problem, acceptance of
disease in the world. Many solutions have been reality will solve it.
prescribed for the problem of depression but most have Our world is one of freedom, competition, challenge
proved to be ineffective as a complete cure. They may and clash of interests. This nature of human life is
offer temporary relief but fail to resolve the problem bound to create problems. No one is exempt from this
permanently.
process. This being so, to de-stress, learn the art of stress
Meditation is often advised to treat this problem of management rather than trying to eliminate the stress.
depression. But meditation focuses on the heart and A person may become sad upon facing a loss in business
modern science has established that the heart is merely an or feeling discriminated against at work. He may give in
organ that pumps blood, whereas many kinds of to anxiety and frustration if he suffers a loss in an
depression stem from the mind, It is the mind that election, his love marriage turns into a problem or if he
controls the heart and not vice-versa. In many cases, is offended by criticism.
depression is non-physical and the heart is physical. How In all such cases, a person becomes negative because of
can a physical organ resolve a non-physical problem? being unaware of the real cause. He attributes the cause
We also often hear about physical techniques to counter to another person and holds this person
depression. But the reach of physical techniques is his difficulties. He fails to realise that responsible tor
confined to the body and does not extend to the mind. all these are due to
the law of nature.
Questions
(a) On the basis of your reading of the above passage, make
notes on it using
abbreviations wherever necessary. Supply an appropriate title to it. headings and sub-headings. Use recognisable
(b) Write a summary of the above passage in up to
50words.
Piss3ge 12
(a)Title Depression: Accept It, Tackle It 2.2.1 soln - learn stress mgmt
Notes 3. Causes of Stress / Depression
1. Depression 3.1 atrbt to another person cause of prblm
1.1 common prblm of moderntimes 3.2 fail torealise law of nature
1.2 acc to WHO, will soon beconme second leading Key to Abbreviations
disease Words
Abbreviations
1.3 prescribed soln
1. prblm problem
1.3.1 offer temporary relief 2. acc according
1.4 no permanent cure
3. WHO World Health Organisation
2. Kinds of Depression and its Cure 4. soln solution
2.1 non-acceptance of reality 5. mgmt management
2.1.1 soln -acceptance of reality 6. atrbt attribute
2.2 clash of interests
Summary in the world. Prescribed solutions offer temporary relief
According to the World Health Organisation, depression but offer no permanent solution. The cause is
non-acceptance of reality or clash of interests. Solutions
is expected to become the second leading cause of disease areacceptance of reality and learning to manage stress.