(Socialization and Interaction) “Society” is a group in a territory that shares a “distinct identity from other groups” The “self”

is a composite of social- and self-identity . Our understanding of ourselves is

constructed in dialog and tension with the characteristics ascribed to us by others. Over the course of socialization, we receive and incorporate these identities - Social interaction is the next major concept in line,
it is where identity meets social structure, interaction is the substantive heart of sociology. Basic Concept, Social Interaction - Social setting {a given time and place, structured by organizations, status, and social
position. Your identity {self-identity <> social-identity} = Other identities {self-identity <> social-identity}. Social position, roles shape social-identity (heavy expectations, and for how organizations act towards
people). The view of social life is heavily dramaturgical, you have a role and try to impress other to show you are fit for it. Roles – Expected behaviors of people in social positions, comes from social expectation
that is dependent on status and social position, it is also structure by organizations. Status is usually commensurable while social position isn’t as easily. Roles can change radically based on social settings Ex:.
lawyers giving advice, closeted homosexuality, professors in bars. Motivation, from an interactionist perspective, there’s not really a distinction between “faking it really well” and actually being a competent
occupant of the role. Roles are the building blocks of complex societies, society to hold together, people need to try and be “convincing”. There’s not really a space absent of roles, social interactions can be
“disrupted” surprisingly easily, but the fabric of interaction as a whole gets knitted back together very quickly. Goffman: you’re always worried about being “found out” and don’t want to feel ashamed. Almost all
routine social interaction that goes on is “normal”, over the course of these normal interactions, people take on and shift identities in sometimes-profound ways. Ex:. Medical exams, students w/ professors, actors
and performers (Extreme). Normal Interactions, nonverbal cues – Facial Expressions, gestures, eye contact (civil inattention, recognize presence without intrusion), focused and unfocused interaction, and
personal space (0 -> 1.5’ “Intimate distance ” -> 4’ “personal space”-> 12’ “social distance” -> “public distance”) Normal interactions, social structure – “front stage” (area of impression and performance,back is
where you would let everything out), dependent on timing (phones, gps, etc..), audience segregation (people occupy roles (possibly incompatible), they want to separate different people to different settings). “total
Intitutions”, institutions that are means to force people to have a single “master” role. Eruptions of interaction, normal broken down but recovered quickly (Ex:. mistaken waving or identity, expectation and
behavior, and recovering by laughter and apology; or breaching and recovered by anger or reframing). Interactional Vandalism – People intentionally try to make other people uncomfortable (Ex:. Panhandling
(beg), harassment, interrogation, and recovered by ending interaction, submit to the demand, invoking organizational routines). Unequal interactions, social setting of interaction is rarely equal, stratified by status
and social position (Ex:. Medical interaction with no role, asking someone out, work meeting for a possible promotion). Pictures of the unequal social interactions by the way of gender, High/Low-Power poses.
Unequal social interactions by way of race, “passing inspection as a non threat, Elijah Anderson highest standards to pass inspection safety; where people act as other are a threat feed back to the dynamic of
social and self-interactions). Digital Interactions, people interact more often online, some that they never even meet offline. In 2005, 5% of US adults used social media; today, it’s 83%, 93% for young people.
People can manage back and front stage better and with multiple identities, but also allow easily breakdowns of audience segregation. Facebook “core values” – Social (Make the world more open and
connected, “real value of the world in everything they do”. Internet makes communication more easy, but makes interactions superficial and atomized, rarely allowing the full range of ongoing interaction.
Facebook was used for political management in 2016, can potentially be subjected to increased regulation, threading the opportunities of money and market share.

(Organizations) Agrgregates - a simple collection of people who happen o be together in a particular place but do not significantly interact or identify with one another (share a setting for interaction). Groups - a
collection of people who regularly interact with one another on the basis of shared expectations concerning behavior and who share a sense of common identity (people you regularly interact). Types of groups,
Primary - intense, emotional, and usually have face- to-face interaction and a strong sense of commitment (examples: family, church, rigorous sports team), Secondary - much less intense versions of primary
groups (examples: distant relatives, abstract humanistic belief, “Red Sox nation”). In-group (“Us”) vs. Out-group (“them”), distinction to produce a sense of belonging to a group. Group size, the bigger a group, the
more stable it becomes, but less intense individual relationship within it. Groups exert enormous pressure to conform (shame and embarrassment). Experiments, Asch Experiment – social pressure experiment
(30% of people would respond the obviously wrong answer, because of fake results of majority), Milgram Experiment -Measure the willingness of study participants to obey an authority figure who instructed them
to perform acts conflicting with their personal conscience. Participants were led to believe that they were assisting an unrelated experiment, in which they had to administer electric shocks to a "learner".
Organization is a group with identifiable membership that engages in concerted collective actions to achieve a common purpose (Ex:. Bowling group, ISIS), sometimes organizations can be formal, designed to
achieve their objectives, means of explicit rules, regulations, and procedures (Ex:. Universities, Prisons, Hospitals). Formal organizations, decoupling - the organization may pay “lip service” to its stated goals but
may do very different things informally (Ex:. Corruption in the judiciary). Bureaucracy, Max Weber – modern societies are becoming increasingly bureaucratized (subjected to regulations of large organizations).
Bureaucracies are very efficient and effective at specific things. When people are the objects of bureaucracies, those people can experience surveillance and various forms of disciplining (Ex:. Watching people
while they work). Networks, an array of any given connection among units (anything of interest, mostly economic exchange, units as anything of interest, people or organizations). They can be very simple to
immensely complex, [N X (N-1) / 2] possible ties where N is the number of units in the network. Network closure – network benefits from strongly interconnected social ties in the closed network. Homophily -
similar individuals will move toward each other and act in a similar manner. Contagion – the spread of behaviors attitudes, and affect through crowds and other types of social aggregates from one member to
another. Brokerage - brokers act as intermediaries between individuals or groups who do not have direct access to each other. “Weak ties” (ties between friends-of-friends) that connect distant networks turn out
to be crucial informal means of collecting information and getting exposed to opportunities. Internet allows better work, communication, forms of freedom and creativity, but its hard less productivity, can lead to
networking between terrorstis, more systematic society, and unequal access to technical skills.

(Deviance) Every society is structured by norms (rules of conduct that specify appropriate behavior in a given range of social situations). Norms come from the connection among social structures, identities, and
social interactions, they rely on interpretation and meaning. Modern societies (both in the developing world and contemporary industrial societies) are characterized by subcultures. Subculture - values and norms
distinct from those of the majority, held by a group within a wider society (Ex:. Gangs, communes, live action role-play). Rules are the invisible barriers of a larp. They hem the game world in while keeping
everything else out. They are the catalyst of collaboration toward the goal of group pretending. Norms rely on sanctions, any positive or negative reaction to a behavior , these can be formal or informal, ranging
from subtle social cues to physical restraint or even death. Crime - any actions that contravene the laws established by a political authority. Deviance - modes of action that do not conform to the norms and values
held by most members of a group or society. The intersection of subcultures makes it hard to know what the scale of reference is for deviance, tension about crime comes from the gap of subcultural dynamics,
the norms and values of a “dominat”culture, and what the law allows and forbids. Ex:. Gun cultures, according to Gallup, 41% have a gun in the home , 55% want more strict gun control, 33% want it about the
same, 11% want it less strict. This represents how two subcultures can be both lard/“dominat”. Crime and deviance are not just issues of right or wrong; the intersection of deviance and crime shows us a lot about
how social structures works. Control Theory, “rational” model of crime, na imbalance between impulse toward criminal activity and controls that deter it, fighting crimes is actually decreasing opportunity to steal
(target handling)and pushing crime aggressively (zero-tolerance policing), expensive and focus on outgroup population. Conflict Theory, derivative of Marxist theories of class conflict, deviance and crime are
often political statements resisting the economic and social order as a whole. Laws are usually written by elite powers and groups, so crimes they are more likely to commit remain comparatively unpunished (Ex:.
Pension for those convicted of public corruption (Sheldon Silver, Dean Skelton)). Focus on how inequality shapes crime and on who writes the laws. Functionalist Theories, 1. Durkheim - Crime and deviance can
come from “anomie,” or a lack of social regulation. As the pressure of social norms weakens, people are more likely to break them, deviance is also an opportunity for society to reassert its values. 2. Ohlin - Crime
is caused by the existence of subcultures where it is accepted. “Deviance” from dominant cultural norms is “conformity” to local subculture. 3. Merton - Society endorses overall values (“work hard and you’ll
achieve”) but doesn’t provide equal means to achieve. People can respond to this situation in one of five ways (Picture 7.2). Interactionist Theories - The line between deviance and normal behavior is constructed
through interaction processes. Over time once-deviant behaviors can become normal (Ex:. marihuana, prohibition 1920-1933). People are socialized into deviant behavior, the initial act of transgression is
“primary deviation”. To the extent people accept the label of “deviant” as part of their identity, it is“secondary deviation”. Deviance and Crime today has fallen, some people attribute to the anti-gun measures and

others to the decline in crack epidemic, but its not a result of more police or prisons. Police, organizations, and population-control in “broken windows” policing. This policing of small-scale crime had led to a rise
of people subject to the criminal justice bureaucracy. The populations subject to bureaucratic control are unequally distributed. More than 25% of African-American men are either in prison or subject to the penal

system. The consequences of contact with the criminal justice system are enormous. “The Mark of a Criminal Record”. Two variables for call-back: race of job-seeker and whether they have a non-violent drug
offense (listed on job application).

(Stratification) In any given society, social positions are stratified, such that material or symbolic rewards are unequally distributed (stratified – formed, deposited, arranged in stable layers), put differently, given
any scarce thing (money, status, space, expectations for social roles, etc.), who gets what is a critical social question. There tend to be structured inequalities, meaning that patterns in social structures tend to
feed unequal distribution. Social stratification exists in every society, but takes different forms historically. Slavery – Someone is owned by others, and their unfree labor is exploited. Caste - A system of lifelong
social status sometimes tied to religious rituals and social duties (A significant part of life in some parts of contemporary South Asia). Ethnicity - A group with a shared common cultural identity, in distinction from
other ethnicities within a society. Class - A large-scale grouping of people who share common economic resources that strongly influence the type of lifestyle they are able to lead (predominant system of
stratification).”True” sources of class, 1. Income 2. Wealth 3. Occupation 4. Education (years of schooling), but lifestyle is not include as an group of daily actions. Marx - Social class is determined by people’s
relationship to the means of production—the stuff that it takes to make a living. People are either owners (capitalists) of the means of production or workers. Capitalism revolves around the sale and purchase a
very special kind of thing: people’s labor-power. Capitalists purchase this labor, extract a little more than they paid for, and then realize the profit, this profit is called surplus value, and for Marx it is the ultimate
source of all “return on investment” and “interest payments” in capitalism. Over time, the gap between rich and poor will widen, and conditions for workers will become increasingly miserable. Weber – Class
locations are structured by economic position. Different economic positions also have a very different set of skills (examples: welders, managers) that get them privileges and rewards compared to other members
of their class. People are also stratified by status (the social honor or prestige that other accord them), so that someone can be relatively “high class” and still not a capitalist (example: member of the clergy), class
is therefore a composite of objective and subjective judgments. Davis and Moore - Society is stratified because we need to reward rare and socially important talents better than more common ones (this is
basically the view still held by economists today). Erik Olin Wright - Economic resources are threefold 1. Investments or money capital 2. Physical means of production 3. Labor power. White-collar and
professional employees (much of the “new economy”) are in contradictory class locations, in that they share aspects with both labor and capital. Income – Best measure in real income, adjusted for inflation
(inflation means that under typical modern economic conditions, the same amount of money loses its purchasing power over time). Wealth - Measurement sources: national Survey of Consumer Finances, usually
measured in “Net worth”, total assets (house, car, stock, retirement funds) minus liabilities (consumer debt, student loans, mortgage, health care bills, etc.), contains huge disparity. A house is the key asset for
many families, it also contributes to the long term earning potential. Key source of wealth can also be debt, people can appear wealthy or similar social classes in their lifestyle patterns but can also posses high
rates of debt (Hidden sources occupation, race, age, education). Education increased income, but student loan debts are at its highest. Occupation – very different levels of prestige, no matter how you ask
people to rank them. Lifestyle Anette Lareau - There is a difference in how working class and middle class parents behave towards their children, working class parents practice “the development of natural
growth”. In non-school time, kids help out around the house of play with friends (no reason to negotiate with parents). Middle class parents practice “concerted cultivation” . In non-school time, kids take extra
lessons, do organized sports, and develop skills (negotiate). Lifestyle Pierre Bourdieu - The cultural “taste” people express is heavily class-dependent, social class, in turn, is determined both by how much money
you have (“economic capital”) and how much of a connoisseur you are (“cultural capital”), familiarity with the legitimate culture within a society. In the contemporary are you comfortable with all or just what you
were raised with. Social Mobility - The movement of individuals or groups between different social positions, very rare in unequal societies. Ways it can happen, Intergenerational mobility (children move up or
down relatively to their parents),
Intragenerational mobility (over the course of a “personal career,” or one’s working life and dotage), Exchange mobility (“one-for-one” mobility where people must “exchange” positions in a system of fixed
resources and size), Structural mobility (as the system as a whole gets richer or poorer, people have more or fewer opportunities). After the Great Recession, significant downward in social mobility. Determinants
of Mobility Pierre Bourdieu – cultural capita during socialization is very important (Cultural capital - the facets of upbringing valued and recognized in wider society as components to success, cultural capital

determines whether you can “make the most” of an opportunity). Absolute poverty – minimal requirements to sustain a healthy existence. Relative Poverty – poverty defined in terms of the standards of
mainstream society. Class matter, how healthy you are.

(Gender) Sex - the biological and anatomical differences distinguishing females from males (male, female, and intersex). Gender - social expectations about behavior regarded as appropriate for the members of

each sex (feminine, masculine, and intergendered). A core anchor of social and self-identity in contemporary societies is your gender, which is socialized and usually roughly related to your sex. Biological sex
and genetics determines important parts of social behavior (aggression, empathy, etc.), usually via the mechanisms of hormones like testosterone and estrogen. Key evidence: basic dichotomy in hunter-gatherer
societies; FMRIs and hormone levels correlate with gender-stereotyped behaviors. At another extreme, proponents of the “social construction of gender” argue that there is essentially NO relationship between
gender identity and underlying biological sex (or intersex). Key evidence: “performance” of gender studies; key limit cases like early gender reassignment surgery for babies and young children.
Genes/hormones/brain activity determine “gender”. Epigenetics: social environments significantly shape biological factors over time, which remain the key determinant of behavior. Structure-as-accelerant: there
are underlying biological differences, but they are minor compared to the effects of social structure, which vary considerably. Constructivist extreme: gender is a free-floating, postmodern signifier unattached to
underlying material or biological conditions. Gender is shown in interactions.Sexual harassment and violence is difficult to measure, and is almost certainly undercounted, midst of war, rape can be systematic and
a tool for terrorizing whole populations. Functionalism -Gender inequality persists because society “needs” a sexual division of labor, Murdock (1949): women are “best suited” to childrearing and housework.
Liberal feminism - Gender inequality is a civil rights issue. Radical Feminism - Gender inequality is a result of patriarchy, or the dominance. Black Feminism - “Speaking for ‘all women’ covers up the specific plight
of black and other minority women. Postmodern Feminism - There is no shared basis of “femininity,” or even “womanhood” at all, instead, the boundaries between feminine/masculine, and even male/female, are
constantly reconstructed through performances. Solutions, UN Commission on the Status of Women (founded 1946). “Comparable worth policies”, use a bureaucratic procedure to set wages for different jobs,

indifferent to men and women. Equal rights amendment, proposed constitutional amendment to guarantee equal rights for women, passed in 1972, but failed ratification by states in 1979 Class Matters

1. Jean Miele, Architect (upper middle class) - End of story: healthier than ever, retired comfortably. Miele is around knowledgeable friends for his heart attack, who immediately put him in an
ambulance that gives him a choice of the very best hospital nearby or a public city hospital.Very quickly gets the best standard of care (and angioplasty). Miele is able (thanks also to his wife) to
focus exclusively on his health. Loses a huge amount of weight, retires on favorable terms, spends time relaxing on his huge Brookhaven estate. Focuses exclusively on his care—follows all doctor’s
orders and never misses treatments. “Healthier than ever.”. “Heart function remained impaired, though improved somewhat.”
2. Will Wilson, Con Ed worker (middle class) -End of story: o.k. health, preparing to retire on pension. Wilson also gets an ambulance quickly, but goes to the second-best hospital. Wilson gets
angioplasty only after trying cheaper de-clotting drugs. Wilson also gets help, but struggles with diet and exercise. His fiancée helps, and Wilson is able to lower his responsibilities at work. “People
in my circle, they don’t look at food as, you know, to much fat in it...I don’t think it’s going to change. It’s custom.”
3. Ewa Gora, Janitor - End of story: very poor health (and deteriorating), attempting to get back to work from precarious disability. Gora only gets an ambulance after trying a home remedy (vodka) to
the most crowded and poorest hospital of the three. Gora never gets angioplasty and suffers permanent heart damage. Gora faces stupendous structural and cultural-capital obstacles. At first
doesn’t even understand that she’s had a heart attack until a follow-up appointment. Has to balance arguing with insurance, traveling on public transit for appointments, and trying to return to work
with a husband working double shifts. “I eat terrible. I like grease food and fast food. And cigarettes.” (As does her husband. “’You’re becoming a full-time patient, aren’t you?’”

Class, through it’s structural inequality and unequally-distributed cultural capital, massively affects the outcomes of people stricken with the same health problem.

Definitions

Ethnomethodology - theory is a sociological approach that seeks to understand the social order and rules that structure everyday life
through analyzing the common sense methods people use to make sense of and function in their daily lives.
Social Order – Social order is a term that refers to how all societal components work together to move forward rather than fall apart.
Also, it means the behavior of individuals to abide by the shared social contracts that entail laws, rules, values, standards, and norms.
“Mancession” – The industries worst hit predominantly employed men.
Culture of Poverty/Dependency Culture - People in poverty develop certain habits that cause their families to remain in poverty over
generations. The theory suggests that people in poverty tend to focus on their current troubles, which causes attitudes of dependency
and powerlessness.
Structural Inequality – Disparities in wealth, resources, and other outcomes that result from discriminatory practices of institutions
such as legal, educational, business, government, and health care systems.

Other Info
Broken Window Policy
• Beginning with Commissioner Bill Bratton and Rudy Giuliani in the 1990s, the NYPD aggressively ticketed and arrested for crimes
like panhandling, public intoxication, etc., in the hopes of “signaling” intolerance for more serious crimes .
• This was replaced (by Bratton’s successor, Raymond Kelly) by “stop-and-frisk,” a policy of aggressively searching people suspected
of minor violations.
• Met with accusations of racial profiling, and one of the key running-platforms of Bill De Blasio (current mayor of NYC).

The upper class

-Wealthiest Americans earning more than $180,800 a year, owning large suburban homes, driving new luxury cars . Wealth comes
from investment income (usually). About 5% of all American households .
The "middle class"
-Amorphous group of people earning stable incomes from white collar (professional) and blue collar (manual) labor. Together makes
up about 55% of the American class system .
The upper middle class
-Well-off professionals, such as doctors, lawyers, professors, with incomes ranging from about $100,000 to about $180,000 or so .
About 15% of all American households.
The "middle class"
Lower Middle Class. Skilled services, office workers, skilled craftsmen, with household incomes from about $38,000 to about $100,000. About 40% of American households
Working Class
Factory workers, mechanics, office workers, etc.. About 20% of American households. Income from about $20,000 to $38,000.
The "lower class".
People who work full time at low wages, part time, or not at all. About 20% of households. Income is below $20,000.