BAVIC CELL STRUCTURE & ITS Invagination of the plasma membrane

FUNCTIONS produced the nuclear envelope & the ER.

L↳ cells are the fundamental units of life &
Organelles in a Eukaryotic Cell
are composed of various subcellular
structures called organelles.  Cytoplasm (space)
each organelle has a specific structure &  Cytosol (gel-like)
 Cytoskeleton (framework)
function that contributes to the overall
 Nucleus (central center of the cell –
functioning of the cell.
containing genetic material / DNA
The smallest structural and functional unit of that regulates all of the cell activities)
an organism, typically microscopic and o Surrounded by a double
consisting of cytoplasm & a nucleur membrane called the
enclosed in a membrane. nuclear envelope
o Nucleolus – spherical
→ Microscopic organisms typically consist structure found in the cell
of a single cell, which is either okaryotic or nucleus – primary function is
prokaryotic. to produce ribosomes
o Nuclear envelope –
first cell: 3.8 billion years ago separates the contents of the
nucleus from the cytoplasm,
Endorymbiotic Theory provides structural
- Proposed by Lynn Margulis framework, and acts as a
gate that regulates passage
- Inside relationship
of materials
↳ mutualism (both interacting species
benefit) Nuclear and Cytoplasmic Interface

↳parasitism(one benefit-one harmed) Nuclear Pores

Each nuclear pore is a large complex of
↳predation (predation – prey)
proteins that allows small molecules and
↳commensalism (one organism benefits ions to freely pass or diffuse into or out of
from the interaction while the other is the nucleus.
neither significantly harmed nor helped)
↳competition (competing for resources)
Ribosomes
Origin of Eukaryotes
↳Endosymbiosis Svedberg units (S) are used to distinguish
ribosomes.
↳Endosymbiont Theory
 Eukaryotic Ribosomes: 80S
↳states that eukaryotic cells result o Subunits: 60S (large) + 40S
from endosymbiosis of prokaryote aerobic (small)
bacteria (mitochondira), and later on  Prokaryotic Ribosomes: 70S
cyanobacteria(chloroplast) o Subunits: 50S (large) + 30S
(small)
Nucleus & E.R
(Note: Svedberg units are not additive due
to differences in shape and density.)
  Has two faces:
o Cis face – receives materials
Endomembrane System from the ER
o Trans face – ships materials
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) out
A network of tubules and membranes
involved in the production and transport of
proteins and lipids.
Vacuoles
 Cisternae: flattened tubules or sacs
 Lumen: internal space of the ER  Membrane-bound organelles
 Functions:  In animal cells: generally small,
o Synthesizes membrane used to store waste and other
proteins materials
o Produces membrane  In plant cells: large, central vacuole
components helps maintain water balance and
o Provides passageways for turgor pressure
transporting materials
o Works in conjunction with Types of Vacuoles:
transport vesicles
 Central Vacuole – large, found in
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum plant cells; stores water, nutrients,
(Smooth ER) and waste; maintains internal
pressure
 Lacks ribosomes  Contractile Vacuole – found in
 Functions: protists; helps maintain suitable
o Synthesizes lipids (lipid concentration of ions and expels
synthesis) excess water
o Produces new membranes
o Metabolizes carbohydrates Vesicles
o Detoxifies drugs and poisons
o Stores calcium ions  Smaller than vacuoles
 Function:
o Transport substances (e.g.,
proteins, lipids)
Golgi Apparatus o Act as carriers between
organelles
 Acts like the logistics hub of the  Can bud off from:
cell o Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
 Functions: o Golgi Apparatus
o Finishes, sorts, labels, and o Cell membrane
ships proteins (like a postal o Other vesicles
service)
o Ships proteins inside
transport vesicles
Lysosomes
Structure:
 Organelles that contain digestive
 Series of flattened membranous enzymes
sacs (called cisternae)  Functions:
 o Break down and recycle Types of Plastids:
worn-out or damaged cellular
components 1. Chloroplasts
o Carry out intracellular o Site of photosynthesis
digestion (phagocytosis) o Convert light energy into
o Degrade damaged stable chemical energy
organelles (autophagy) (glucose)
o Found in plant and some
Structure: algal cells

 Membranous sac containing Structure:

hydrolytic enzymes
 Found in many eukaryotic cells oDouble membrane
 Used to digest macromolecules and oThylakoids: Disk-shaped
destroy invading pathogens membrane structures
o Grana: Stacks of thylakoids
o Stroma: Fluid-filled space
surrounding the grana
Mitochondria 2. Chromoplasts
o Contain pigments like
 Organelles that produce energy for carotenoids (e.g., red,
the cell via cellular respiration orange, yellow colors)
 Known as the “powerhouses” of o Provide color to fruits,
the cell flowers, etc.
 Function: 3. Leucoplasts (Colorless plastids)
o Convert glucose and oxygen o Used for storage of various
into ATP energy, which compounds
powers cellular processes o Types:
 The more active a cell is, the more  Amyloplasts: Store
mitochondria it typically contains starch
 Elaioplasts: Store
Mitochondria Structure lipids
 Proteinoplasts:
Store proteins
 Cristae: Infoldings of the inner
membrane; increase surface area
for ATP production Peroxisomes
 Matrix: Innermost compartment;
contains enzymes, mitochondrial Definition:
DNA, and ribosomes Small, membrane-enclosed organelles
 Intermembrane Space: Space involved in a variety of metabolic processes,
between the outer and inner particularly related to the breakdown and
membranes detoxification of substances.

Functions:

Plastids  Oxidation of various substrates

using oxidase enzymes, producing
hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) as a by-
Specialized organelles in plant cells that
product
contain pigments or store important
compounds.
  Breakdown of H₂O₂ into water and division, and muscle contraction.
oxygen by the enzyme catalase Also called actin or myosin filaments
 Detoxification of alcohol and other because they are built from molecules of
harmful substances, especially in actin.
liver cells
 Plays a role in lipid metabolism  Actin is a protein that produces thin
and energy regulation contractile filaments within muscle.
 Myosin is a protein that produces
Structure: dense contractile filaments within
muscle cells.
 Bounded by a single membrane
 Contains a crystalline core (dense → Amoebic cells crawl along a surface by
collection of enzymes) extending cellular extensions called
 Specialized metabolic pseudopodia, by contractions of actin.
compartment → Cytoplasmic streaming: a circular flow
of cytoplasm within plant cells; it is
accomplished through contractions of actin.

Cytoskeleton

Definition: Intermediate Filaments

A dynamic network of fibers extending
throughout the cytoplasm of eukaryotic  Keratin
cells, providing structural support,  Only found in cells of vertebrates
organization, and movement. (some animals, including humans)
 Support cell shape, fix organelles
Main Components: in place

1. Microfilaments (actin filaments) – Microtubules

support the cell’s shape, involved in
muscle contraction and cell  Tubulin
movement  Hollow rods constructed from
2. Intermediate filaments – provide tubulin, a globular protein
mechanical strength and anchor
organelles Derived from the microtubules are the
3. Microtubules – hollow rods made of following:
tubulin; involved in:
o Maintaining cell shape
o Guiding organelle movement
o Forming structures like cilia, Centrosome and Centrioles
flagella, and centrioles
 Organizers of cell division: help
The Skeletal System of the Cell coordinate cell division; common in
animal cells
→ Mechanical support, anchors moving  Centrosome is the region that
organelles, helps substances & the cell contains the centrioles
move.  Centrioles are made up of sets of
triplet microtubules arranged in a
→ Microfilaments ring (9+0 structure)
→ Have a vital role in cell movements, cell
 A polar phosphate head that can interact
with water molecules A nonpolar two fatty
Centriole acids that cannot interact with water. one is
saturated one is unsaturated.
 Paired, barrel-shaped organelles
located in the cytoplasm of animal Proteins
cells near the nuclear envelope
 Centrioles are microtubules that play Integral proteins - penetrate the
a role in organizing the cell's hydrophobic interior of the lipid by layer.
skeletal system Embedded in cell membrane.
 They help determine the location of
the nucleus and other organelles Peripheral proteins - not embedded in the
within the cell lipid bilayer at all. They are appendages
loosely bound to the surface of the
membrane. Attached in the surface of cell
membrane.
Cilia
Glycoprotein – (Carbs + protein)(Cell to cell
 A group of short, hair-like extensions communication)
used to move substances outside
human cells Glycolipids (Carbs + phospolipids)
 In human cells, cilia can be found in
the lining of the trachea and the The Fluid Mosaic Model
oviduct
 Have a (9+2) microtubule - A model that shows the structure and
arrangement arrangement of the cell membrane.

Flagella a whip-like extensions, Roles of Proteins

flagellon is found doing spoon calls.
1. Transport
Cell Membrane 2. Enzymatic activity
3. Signal transduction
This is the outermost layer of the cell 4. Cell to cell recognition
that separates the inside of the cell 5. Intercellular joining
from the outside environment. It is 6. Attachment to the cytoskeleton
made up of a phospholipid bilayer and the extracellular matrix
that is selectively permeable, (ECM)
meaning it allows certain substances
to pass through while keeping others The signal transduction pathway
out.
Reception: The process by which a cell
Structures: detects signal in the environment.

- Phospholipid molecules Transduction: The process of activating of

Nature and structure of phospholipids: proteins inside the cell from the cell
amphipathic molecule- membrane.
- Amphipathic – both hydrophilli and
hydrophobic Response: The change in behavior that the
- Amphipathic molecul cell as a result of the signal.
CELL WALL Function:

The cell wall surrounds the plasma Fat metabolism: glyoxysomes contain
membrane of plant celt and provides tensile enzym the glyoxylate cycle through which
strength and protection against mechanical fats are converted into carbohydrates
and osmotic stress It also allows celis to (gluconeogene they are involved in fat
develop turgor pressure, which is the metabolism.
pressure of the cell rents against the cell
wall. Protein synthesis: Ribosomes are the
organelle are involved in synthesis of
In plants : it is made up of cellulose, pectin, protein and also involved in the metabolism
and some lignin. In fungi : made up of chitin of protein.
and glucans. In protist made up of pectin
mattans and minerals. In bacteria made up Glycosomes
of peptidoglycan.
Function:The main function of glycosomes
CELL JUNCTION in cells is glycolysis. Glycosomes also play
an important role in ether lipid synthesis.
In plant : Plasmodesmata – channels in cell Glycosomes participate in beta oxidation of
walls to connect plant cells. fatty acids and purine salvage.

Tight Junctions Peroxisomes

Cells are very tightly pressed against each Specialized for carrying out oxidative
other, bound together by specific reactions using molecular oxygen. They
proteins.Example: tight junctions between generate hydrogen peroxide, which they
skin cells make us watertight. use for oxidative purposes-destroying the
excess by means of the catalase they
Gap Junctions contain.

Analogous to Plasmodesmata in plants Function:

Allow nutrients and certain materials to pass Lipid metabolism and the processing of
between the interconnected cells. reactive oxygen species. Other peroxisome
functions include: They take part in various
Glyoxisomes oxidative processes. They take part in lipid
metabolism and catabolism of D-amino
Specialized peroxisomes found in plants acids, polyamines and bile acids.
(particularly in the fat storage tissues of
germinating seeds) and also in filamentous Catabolism – scatter (cata-g)
fungi. Seeds that contain fats and ols Anabolism – builds up
include corn, soybean, sunflower, peanut
and pumpkin. Chetinct plant microbodies Phagocytosis – cell eating
related percxisomes and involved in partic Pinocytosis – cell drinking
clant aerobic pathways, namely th
glyoxylate cycle and fatty acid oxid
Glyoxysomes play essential roles.in cells
during seed germination.