Fluid Mechanics
Course Overview
• Course Title: Fluid Mechanics
• Course Code: CE-211
• Credit Hours: 02+01
Course Learning Outcomes
S. Taxonomy
CLO Domain PLO
No Level
Apply the principles of fluid statics and properties of
1 Cognitive 3 2
different fluids for the solution of fluid problems.
Apply the principles of conservation of mass,
2 momentum, and energy for solving fluid flow Cognitive 3 2
problems.
Practice the basic principles of both fluid statics
3 Psychomotor 3 4
& dynamics by carrying out experiments
Commit to group task as a member expressing
4 Affective 3 8
team spirit.
Books
Textbook (s)
1. J. F. Douglas, J. A. Swaffield “Fluid Mechanics” 4th Edition.
2. R.S. Khurmi “A textbook of hydraulics, fluid mechanics and hydraulic
machines”.
Reference Material / Books:
1. Munson, B.R, Young, D.F and Okiishi, T.H “Fundamentals of Fluid
Mechanics” John Wiley & Sons Inc.
2. Streeter, Wylie, Bedford “Fluid Mechanics” 9th Edition.
3. Dr Andrew Sleigh “An Introduction to Fluid Mechanics” May 2001 (School
of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds).
4. R E. Featherstone “Civil Engineering Hydraulics” 3rd Edition
5. E. John Finnemore and Joseph B. Franzini “Fluid Mechanics with
Engineering Applications” 10th Edition.
Assessment System
Theoretical/ Instruction 2 x 100%
Assignments 08%
Quizzes 15%
Mid-Semester Exam 30%
Major Assessments 07%
End Semester Exam 40%
Practical Work 1 x 100%
Laboratory Work 70%
Attendance 10%
Lab Reports 60%
Rubrics 30%
Lab Quiz 10%
Viva 20%
________________________________________________
________
Total 300%
Class Rules
• Class contribution is very important; always be active and
attentive.
• If anyone found disturbing the class during the lecture, he will be
marked absent and will be no longer be allowed to sit in the class.
• If a student is not present during the lecture for any reason, he’ll
be marked absent.
• If you’re called by any other instructor/staff during class/lab,
please ask him/her to issue a written statement that you are with
them.
• Repeating same thing again and again disrupts the class
continuation. Kindly be attentive in the class.
Fluid Mechanics Overview
Fluid Mechanics
Gas Liquids Statics Kinematics/Dynamics
, Flows
Air, H, Ar, N2, Water, Oils, Stability
Alcohols, etc. Buoyancy
etc. Pressure Compressible/
Incompressible
Laminar/
Surface
Turbulent
Tension
Compressibility Density Viscosity Steady/Unsteady
Vapor Viscous/Inviscid
Pressure
Chapter 1: Introduction Fluid Dynamics:
Chapter 2: Fluid Statics
Rest of Course
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Branches of Fluid Mechanics
Field of Fluid Mechanics can be divided into 3 branches:
• Fluid Statics: mechanics of incompressible fluids at rest state
• Fluid Kinematics: deals with velocities and streamlines without
considering forces or energy
• Fluid Dynamics: deals with the relations between velocities and
accelerations and forces exerted by or upon fluids in motion
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Goals
The goal is that you will:
• Have fundamental knowledge of fluids.
• Know the fundamental laws of
mechanics as applied to fluids.
• Understand the limitations of
theoretical analysis.
• Be capable of applying the relevant
theory to solve problems.
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States of Matter
There are three states of matter: solids, liquids and gases.
According to our experience: A solid is “hard” and not easily deformed.
A fluid is “soft” and deforms easily.
A fluid is a substance that flows under the action of shearing forces. If
a fluid is at rest, we know that the forces on it are in balance.
Both liquids and gases are classified as fluids.
Fluids do not resist a change in shape. Therefore fluids assume the
shape of the container they occupy.
Liquids may be considered to have a fixed volume and therefore can
have a free surface. Liquids are almost incompressible.
Conversely, gases are easily compressed and will expand to fill a
container they occupy.
We will usually be interested in liquids, either at rest or in motion.
Characteristics of Fluids
• Gas or liquid state
• “Large” molecular spacing relative to a solid
• “Weak” intermolecular attractive forces
• Can not resist a shear stress in a stationary state
• Will take the shape of its container
• Generally considered a continuum
• Viscosity distinguishes different types of fluids
Importance and Relevance of
the subject to the Real Life
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Scope of Fluid Mechanics
Mechanics of fluids is extremely important in many areas of
engineering and science. Examples are:
• Biomechanics
• Blood flow through arteries
• Flow of cerebral fluid
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Scope of Fluid Mechanics
Meteorology and Ocean Engineering
• Movements of air currents and water currents
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Scope of Fluid Mechanics
Chemical Engineering
• Design of chemical processing equipment
17
Scope of Fluid Mechanics
* Mechanical Engineering
• Design of pumps
• Turbines
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Scope of Fluid Mechanics
Mechanical Engineering
• Design of Air-conditioning equipment
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Civil Engineering & Fluid Mechanics
Why are we studying fluid mechanics in a Civil Engineering
course?
• The provision of adequate water services such as the
supply of potable water
• Drainage of storm water
• Sewerage system
• Irrigation system
• Floods control and many more
These are the service that are to be provided by Civil
Engineers
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Scope of Fluid Mechanics
Civil Engineering
Transport of river sediments
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Scope of Fluid Mechanics
Civil Engineering
Design of piping systems
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Scope of Fluid Mechanics
Civil Engineering
Water supply system
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Scope of Fluid Mechanics
Civil Engineering
Drainage system
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Scope of Fluid Mechanics
Civil Engineering
Flood control systems
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It is very likely that during your career as an engineer you will be
involved in the analysis and design of systems that require a
good understanding of fluid mechanics.
26
Although it is not possible to adequately cover all of the
important areas of fluid mechanics within one book,
it is hoped that this introductory text will provide a sound
foundation of the fundamental aspects of fluid mechanics
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Archimedes
The fundamental principles of hydrostatics
were given by Archimedes in his work On
Floating Bodies, around 250 BC. In it,
Archimedes develops the law of buoyancy,
also known as Archimedes' Principle.
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Islamicate physicists
* Islamicate scientists, particularly Abu Rayhan Biruni (973–
1048) and later Al-Khazini (fl. 1115–1130), were the first to
apply experimental scientific methods to fluid
mechanics, especially in the field of fluid statics, such as for
determining specific weights
In fluid statics, Biruni discovered that there is a correlation
between the specific gravity of an object and the volume of
water it displaces.
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Islamicate Physicists
• He also recorded the differences in weight between
freshwater and saline water, and between hot water and cold
water.
• During his experiments on fluid mechanics, Biruni invented the
conical measure, in order to find the ratio between the weight
of a substance in air and the weight of water displaced.
• Al-Khazini, in The Book of the Balance of Wisdom (1121),
invented a hydrostatic balance
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Islamicate Engineers
In the 9th century, Banu Musa brothers' Book of Ingenious Devices
described a number of early automatic controls in fluid mechanics
According to Donald Routledge Hill, the Banu Musa brothers were
"masters in the exploitation of small variations" in hydrostatic pressures
and in using conical valves as "in-line" components in flow systems, "the
first known use of conical valves as automatic controllers”.
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Islamicate Engineers
In 1206, Al-Jazari's Book of Knowledge of Ingenious
Mechanical Devices described many hydraulic machines.
Of particular importance were his water-raising pumps. The
first known use of a crankshaft in a chain pump was in one of
al-Jazari's saqiya machines.
Al-Jazari also invented a twin-cylinder reciprocating piston
suction pump, which included the first suction pipes, suction
pumping, double-action pumping, and made early uses of
valves and a crankshaft-connecting rod mechanism
