---------------------------------------------------------------------------TCP/
UDP------------------------------------------------------------------
Multiplexing (Both supported {UDP/TCP}): make difference between the application
using ports.
Error recovery (TCP): If something with the data, the protocol recover the lost
data
Flow control (TCP): Sending multiple data without needing ack
Connection establishment and termination (TCP): 3way-handshake and 4way-handshake
Ordered data transfer (TCP): Data sending will be organized when it is arriving.
TCP (Header size 20bytes)-----------------------------------
Socket (IP address, Transport Protocol Port number)
Dedicated channel where specific data (Application protocol) will be going to send
and receive it.
Port range-----------------------------
0 to 1023 Well Known (contact) Ports
1024 to 49151 Registered Ports
49152 to 65535 Private and dynamic Ports
Connection Establishment and termination-----------
-----------------3 way hand-shake for only TCP---------------
Client----------Syn----------> Server
Client<---------Syn/ACK----------- Server
Client-------ACK-------------> Server
------------------4 way hand-shake for only TCP----------------
Client----------FIN----------> Server
Client<---------ACK----------- Server
Client<-------FIN------------- Server
Client----------ACK----------> Server
Connection-oriented protocol (TCP): A protocol that requires an exchange of
messages before data transfer begins, or that has a required pre-established
correlation between two endpoints.
Connectionless protocol(UDP): A protocol that does not require an exchange of
messages and that does not require a pre-established correlation between two
endpoints.
------------------Error recovery------------------------------
Sequence number: Number that represents the bytes (data) transmitted
ACK number: Number that represents the bytes (data) received
If something is not correct with the mathemathical operations (Sequence and ACK
Number), the computer will retransmit the missing data
---------------Flow control------------------------------------
Window size: The amount of the bits that they can be transmitted without waiting
for one ack
It is negotiated during the all communication
Window size = 0 ( When the connection is reset and we can not send or receive data)
------------------UDP----------------------------------
UDP is connectionless and provides no reliability, no windowing, no reordering of
the received data
UDP header is 8 bytes, less processing, faster than TCP
-----------------TCP/IP applications------------------
Web servers: which consist of web server software running on a computer, store
information (in the form of web pages) that might be useful to different people
A web browser: which is software installed on an end user’s computer, provides the
means to connect to a web server and display the web pages stored on the web
server.
URI(Uniform Resource Identifiers) = Correct terminology for URL
DNS= Process for getting IP address based on URI
DNS Recursive= When the local DNS server does not have information about the URI,
then it tries to search the URI through the DNS Root, DNS TLD .com, DNS Authoritive
-----------------------------------------------Fundamentals of Ethernet
LANs---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Components of LANs
-------------------------
Cable------layer 1 |
Switch-----Layer 2 |---------------SOHO devices = it could be a modem ------
Dedicated for Small Office or Home Office
Router/AP-----Layer 3 |
------------------------
Today, Ethernet includes many standards for different kinds of optical and copper
cabling, and for speeds from 10 megabits per second (Mbps) up to 400 gigabits per
second (Gbps). The standards also differ as far as the types and length of the
cables.
The IEEE also uses more meaningful shortcut names that identify the speed, as well
as a clue about whether the cabling is UTP (with a suffix that includes T) or fiber
(with a suffix that includes X).
Straigh-Through Cable: all of which sit inside a single UTP cable that connects a
PC and a LAN switch.
Crossover Cable: The crossover cable pinout crosses the pair at the transmit pins
on each device to the receive pins on the opposite device
Crossover Cable: Same devices on the same layer, it will use this cable
Straigh-Through Cable: devices on a different layer, it will use this cable
Nowadays, the devices auto detect the cable and reconfigure the pins for
transmission and recepction
Fiber Optic and copper (Two modes)
It uses light for the transmission
Single mode: it is expensive than multi mode
Multi mode: it is less expensive than single mode
Copper: It is cheaper than fiber Optic.
