λ Fundamental frequency and wavelength  A node is required on each end for a Orbital Peroid How does a DC motor work

A node is required on each end for a Orbital Peroid How does a DC motor work Notes gravity

√
Diffraction is proportional to ∝ nv 2L 
standing wave, for fixed end.
Wavelength for visible light is 400 to r 3  As the coil rotates, a split-ring commutator
automatically reverses current direction when  To find where force is 0 between two planets use equation
d f n= λ n= −9 T =2 π
the coil reaches perpendicular orientation to the
M2 M1
10
field. This reversal ensures continuous rotation

Super imposed -----When two or more waves meet, the resultant displacement 2L n 700 nanometres nm=
GM in one direction rather than oscillation,
providing continues torque. At veritcal curent
=
14 =0 2 2
is the vector sum of the individual displacements.  Frequency is 4.3-7.5×1 0 Hz for 2 πr  Why it spin?
( R−x) x
Constructive interference occurs at a whole number multiple of the wavelength light T= the wire xy experience a force because of the
interation between the magnetic field provided
Where x is distance from x to centre and R is distance between two
How to increase fringe spacing wave formulas Describe how standing waves are v by the permanent magnect and the electric
current in the cole (1 mark)
This force is a maximum when the wire is at a planets
formed Acceleration
↑ wavelength p right angle to the magnetic field (1 mark)
 Weight= Mass*acceleration=N ||| Mass is Mass Kg
λ  The travelling wave reflects 2 Uniform eletric fields
↑ distance from slits to screen p v= v=fλ and inverts at the fixed end (1 v GM  Between 2 parrelal plates of oppersite charges
 When calculating potential energy, further away will always be
T mark) a= a= 2  Constant voltage  If voltage increases, so will current, assuming resistance remains the same
r
 This will lead to a uniform field everywhere besides
↑ slit separation p  Traveling wave and reflecting r at edges  We assume electrons move in the same way of current in vcca physic s, when
λ  A UNIFORM FIELD HAS A CONSTANT NON 0
in reality it moves in the opposite way
Distance between nodes= ¿ another node wave aresuperimposed (1 MAGNITUDE AND POINTS IN ONE CONSISTANT
2
Distance from surface 1/ p mark) F 4π r DIRECTION eg partical always moving upwards  When doing force on dc motor only do the length of the side rotating not
2  a= a= 2 whole circumference
p=proportional Only for young’s double slit
Nodes (destructive interference)
Standing waves should have double the original and anti-nodes (constructive m T  In an electric field electrons move the opposite direction of the field, protons
move in the direction of the field
1/ p=inversely proportional
set up amplitude interference) occur at fixed Net 0 gravitational field For a
points) (1 mark  When earth is hollowed out inside graviation force
Node = at normal Antinode = peak/ FORC E gravity 
is 0
This is not uniform as magnitude inside a hollow geostationary
trough earth is 0 and a unfiform field has a constant non 0
Notes magnetic
GMm magnitude
orbit
Fringe Spacing Destructive interference Photo Electric Effect Momentum of photon F= 2 Calculating graivty in
 A charge particle
 will only
Period mustbebeeffect by a magnetic field it has a non 0 velocity
24 hours
uniform field
h r
( )
1  Work function is the minimum energy from light required  Stronger fields have a greater density of field line
path diff n+ λ to release the most loosely bound electron p= 2 Δ Potential energy 
 Satellite must be above
Why does a charged partial x`move in circle
2 hf −E k −¿ ϕ λ mv g=  equator if at
For an electron travelling nota must alternate
constant speed, the force (hence acceleration)

Energy of photons F= Λ posistion N S and won’t

applied by the magnetic stay
field (F = directly
evB) will be constant (in magnitude) and

Lλ  Stopping voltage is the minimum voltage to stop the most r perpendicular toabove
the direction of motion
a point. Also cant of the electron. This radially inwards
∆ x= Constructive interference energetic electron in the system. We need 1 eV to stop a hc acceleration will orbit
lead higher
to circular
up asmotion.
will fall to
distance between slits hf = = pc=E Ph ¿ ie 2
4 π mr Definitions
electron with a E k of 1 eV. λ F= 2 Monopol
centre. If north
A singleand
mass or point
if south
fall south
electric
fall north. Must
path diff ¿ nλ  Changing the voltage only affects the motion of electrons T charge. A mass is considered to be a monopole at its centre of mass.
1 es
Magnetic poles only exist,asasearth
orbit on same axis far as we know, as dipoles.
L= distance from screen after they’re emitted. Increasing positive voltage doesn't k e max ∝ Radius
 Must be in a circular orbit in

√
when refractive index changes increase emission, but it helps collect more electrons by
redirecting those that were moving in other directions or
λ GMm Dipole A pair ofsame
electric charges
direction or magnetic
as earth is
∆ x old too slow — this causes the current to increase up to a r= poles that have equal magnitudes but opposite signs, usually
rotating
separated by a small distance.
∆ x new = saturation point. Energy of electron F Force between
refractive index p h
2 2
GM T 3
2 1 two electric Static
fields
A static field is a gravitational, electric, or magnetic field that is
constant in both magnitude and direction at every point in
What we ratio is needed to see E= = 2 jules r =( ) charges space over time.

n(of corresponding value of λknown ) interference patterns 2m λ 2m 4π

2 It is produced by stationary sources (such as stationary masses or
electric charges) and does not vary with time.
λ known= The factor the wavelength to distance between slits need to be E=qV EV GM K Q1 Q2
n¿ ¿ 0.1d≲λ≲10d d to observe interference patterns r= 2 F= 2
v r
Kinetic energy of photoelectrons
2
E k =h f −ϕ mv
r=
E k =qV stoping F
Photons per second

n=
P(watts) λ
hc
r=
√ GM

−GMm
g
r=
2 Etotal
Work in electric field
W =q∗volts −GMm
r=
Threshold frequency Eg
ϕ Velocity
f t h res h old =

Momentum of electron
h v=
√
GM
r
2 πr
p= √ 2 mE jules v=
T
Wavelength of electron/ De Broglie λ
v=√ gr
h
λ= Mass of planet
2
mv v r
Graft Type How to
Wavelength of accelerated electron M= find ΔGPE
G
h Height vs 2 3 Area
λ= jules 4 π r under
√2 mqV M F= 2 graft
Current from electron GT
Height vs 2 Area
nq ar
Accelerati under
Absorption spectra explain I= Mon= grafts
t G
2
*Mass
When white light passes through a gas cloud, atoms in the gas absorb Force
Fr
specific wavelengths of light. (1 mark)
P ∆p M=
✋ Right-Hand Rules
F= = Gm
These wavelengths correspond to the energy required to excite electrons
to higher energy levels. (1 mark)
c t 1. Right-Hand Grip Rule (for magnetic fields around a current-carrying wire):
Keplers third law
Power Thumb
 2 =3 direction of current (III)
As a result, dark absorption lines appear in the continuous spectrum at those E hc  4 π r = direction of magnetic field (BBB) (curl around the wire)
Fingers
wavelengths. (1 mark) P= = 2.
M =
Right-Hand 2
which means
∆t λ∆t GT Rule for Force on a Moving Charge (Lorentz Force):
Describe
The atoms thenhow
re-emityoung’s experiments
this absorbed prove
light in all directions, and this re- 
2
Thumb = direction of velocity (v)
3
T 1 Fingers
r 1 = direction of magnetic field (B)
lights properties as a wave
emission gives the gas cloud its characteristic colour, depending on the
elements present. (1 mark)  2= Palm 3 (or push) = direction of force (F) on a positive charge (reverse for a
Youngs
T 2 negative
r2 charge)
 How pathexperiment
difference demonstrates due to constructive
effects constructive and destructive interference Why diffraction occurs 3. Right-Hand
Inverse Rule for a Solenoid (to find the magnetic field inside a coil):
Square Law
and destructive interference of light waves from the
 two
the slits.
laser (1) coherent light, the two waves are in phase meaning the two beams have a
produces Light travels at different speeds in different materials. In a vacuum, light
 g1 = direction of current through the coil
Fingers
 constant phase relationship
Interference is a wave (their waves "match up"
phenomenon, soregularly).
the travels at c. In other transparent materials, such as glass speed is g2=Thumb = direction of magnetic field (BBB) inside the solenoid
2
 At the central point on the screen, the light from both sources travels equal distances — so the path
experiment supports
difference is zero. a wave mode. (1)
reduced. This reduction in speed causes the wavefront in the material to
lag behind the wavefront outside the material. This causes the direction
n
 When waves meet with zero path difference, their peaks and troughs line up perfectly, of the wavefront to change, by bending towards the normal. Force on wire
 Max speed on flat turn  Centripetal force is always supplied by a real force, The real Definitions 4 Ways to change

√
force is commonly gravity friction or the tension on a string Magneti Is a maximum when is Photovoltaic cells
Flux
friction∗(radius)  An object moving in a circular path at a constant speed has c flux perpendicular with magnetic Converts light energy to electrical energy.
v max= field. Is 0 when parallel. Has no moving parts and only need sun.
mass
Tension of rope pulling train up
a constant acceleration towards the center of the circle to
turn Magnetic flux is the amount of Needs a inverter to turn DC into AC for household use as houses use AC
1. Change
SUVAT cheats strength of
the magnetic field that goes
slope 2 2 2 through the area of the coil
field
u sin (2θ) u sin ⁡(θ) 2. Move loop in or
Range ¿ Max Height= measured in Webbers
∑ f train=t−mgsin (∅ )−f =0 g 2g EMF The voltage created or
supplied due to energy being
Slip ring commutator explain
Slip rings are used in AC generators to maintain continuous electrical
out of field
3. Change area of
2❑ 2usin(θ) transformed into electric contact between the rotating coil and the external circuit. This design
loop inside
mv T =mgsin ( ∅ ) + f Max flight time launch to landing = field. Ie circle
F net= Tension of rope pulling train g potential energy. allows the alternating electromotive force (EMF) induced in the rotating coil
has most area
r Springs (Electromotive force) is to be transferred smoothly to the external circuit, resulting in an
so change to an
If we assume gape =0 at top of falling spring, we can produced when there is a alternating current (AC) output
r T −drag=m v∗a say change in magnetic flux.
4.
ellipse
Rotate loop
GPE+KE+SPE=0 at any point after When a wire is changing area
Notes inside field
inside a magnetic field
How does normal force on banked track provide
centripetal force? Generat Converts kinetic energy to electrical energy
Lenz’s Law explain question OHMS LAW V =IR
Flux |

R θPloss=¿
Impulse 2
The normal force is perpendicular to the track. This gives rise to PϕlossB=BA
=I ×cos
an unbalanced horizontal component that points to the centre As the loop goes from position X to Y, the flux through the loop is (increasing/decreasing)
I =f ∆ t impulse is change in of the turn. This force is the centripetal force that allows the car (into/out of) the page. Lenz’s Law states that the induced EMF will provide a current with a P loss=¿| Ploss=V drop × I

√
EMF

momentum
to make the turn without the need for friction between the magnetic field that opposes this (increase/decrease) in flux, so it will be directed (out of/into) ploss∆ ϕ B V p × I p
wheels and the track. the page. Using right hand coil rule, the induced current will flow (anticlockwise/clockwise) I ε==−NP I =V =IR
Vs
V drop =R ∆ T
 Momentum is always conserved in any when viewed from the top loss
f ∆ t=m ∆ v isolated system. When spring is involved, Why is voltage stepped up?
AC TO DC |
I
momentum is just transferred within the
Impulse is = to the area force* time system Definition  In power transmission, an ideal transformer maintains power, so P¿ VI V loss =I ×∆Rϕ B
graft at the top of loop to
 Critical speed- The speed required Circular motion- For an object traveling at a constant  An increased voltage result in a lower current as P must be maintained ε =−N
speed, if a constant force is always perpendicular to the 2 ∆T
maintain contact with the track. motion, then the resultant path is circular.
Ploss=I × R so a lower current results in lower power loss and that’s why voltage is \

 To stay in circular motion n must be larger than 0. V greater increased RMF

Transformers only work for AC as it produces a change in flux.
np V p I s
then v=√ rg
Collisions: Banking: Circle explain questions DC does not permanently produce a change in flux. So the transformer only
= =
Elastic collisions: Kinetic energy is conserved, Car requires frictional forces so net force is At the bottom they feel heaver at the normal force works momentarily for dc as there is a brief induce current in the second
ns V s I p
momentum is conserved.
coil due to the change in flux when it is turned on and off. Once left on there is
Inelastic collisions: kinetic energy is not
towards centre. If friction is not large enough, car
will skid out. Bank tracks to reduce need for
increases as it is now sum of both Fg and the equal
no change in flux and no induced current in second coil so it does not work Ideal transformer law for power transmission
conserved, momentum is conserved.
Momentum: friction. Normal force has a horizontal component opposite reaction force of centripetal force hence in
Momentum is always conserved theoretically; and need for frictional force is less. Designed equation shown This is why we use AC for power distribution as it can be easily stepped up and
however, the system is not enclosed (ie a car speed relies on 0 friction. 2 down via transformers. Dc is used for phones/battier and that’s why we have
crashes into a pole) momentum from the car is mv transformers on chargers.
d 2 πr
lost as it is transferred via the pole into the earth. f N= +mg
p=mv pinitial = pfinal. v= = r AN ideal
transformer has Series Otherwise, is V/I is opposite and r and P
Sollar
Impulse: ∆t ∆t At the top of the circle they feel lighter as the normal no power loss
V =V 1 +V 2 +V 3
is same
Impulse is the change in momentum. Although
2 Parallel
supply panels
momentum is measured in kgm/s, impulse is mv P¿ =POUT I supply =I 1+ I 2 + I 3
measured in Ns. Impulse can be found from the force now is the sum of −mg¿ f N and DC generators do have ac current until
consist of
area of a force x time graph. I = Δp = mΔv = FΔt r A transformer is many
I non ideal if it
slip ring were current to external circuit is
F= photovoltaic
loses power i.e. flipped
∆T laptop chargers
A greater length and thickness/cross-sectional cells.
area increases resistance on wire

When doing power step up/down

questions it is vital to say power is
maintained as well as reducing current
to lower power loss. Marks will be lost
here.
nAll
p Vbatteries
np 15000are0.0454
DC
WORK HELP = p= =
As question wanted ratio of secondary
W=Fd*cos(θ)
ns Vns s −1330000 1
over primary, we need to flip this
Work =FS
The work-energy theorem states that the work done on an object is equal to the Generator
0.0454 is when coil spins in
1 2 1 magnet =22
change in its kinetic energy
2
=ΔK= m v f - m v i  1
If ε is negative induced current is anticlockwise
2 2 If ε positive current will be clockwise
 Alternator is when magnet rotates
in stationary coil both can be dc or