CLE! ae No ATomic Massese»s “omic Mass Cor an tnsight tnt the snucleay phenomenon Ub & veséential fo cletevmine acurately the atomfe mase of an element. “The Unstrumet Used for this purpose & called mass Spectrometer. he Unit tr which atomPe and nuclear amass Ave measured G Called Gtomic. mas clare (amu) One oxtomtc mass Unct & defined as 1 of the mass of. , alm ct nies ia an atom of 6 "sd-tope As Avagucto number = 6.023 x 183 Mess of 6.023 x10 atom of ol = Pe mass of one atom of CP = I C1013 J o23 By ele fination of damuo - bie ot mass of one atom of c'* = 1 = he at 12 6+023 x Jo > 4@mU = 66x jo >t ry Clear ly One amu Veprecent the Average amass of a mueleon and wy represented by U. dn erm of this Unit, Mass of electron (me) = o:00055u Mass ef proton Grp) = |+0013u10, WAVE OPTICS 5 Refracted wavefront is spherical and converges to focus of the convex lens. Explanation: Part of wavefront which passes through the corners of the convex lens covers more distance as compared to the part of wavefront which passes through the centre of convex lens. REFLECTION OF WAVEFRONT FROM CONCAVE MIRROR Reflected wavefront is spherical and converges to focus of concave mirror. 10.7] PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION OF WAVES When a number of waves travelling through a medium superimpose on each other, then the resultant displacement of any pointat a given instant is equal to the vector sum of displacements due to individual waves at that point. If Fue Fo displacementis given by Jn are the displacement due to individual waves, then resultant Ja thtot+h 10.8] INTERFERENCE OF LIGHT (YOUNG'S DOUBLE SLIT EXPERIMENT) } When two light waves of same frequency having zero or constant phase difference travelling in same direction superimpose each other, the intensity in the region of superimposition get redistributed becoming maximum at some point and minimum at others. This phenomenon is known as interference of light. (a) Two sources of monochromatic light from single source are produced using two parallel slits. (b (c) Alternate bright and dark bands appear on the screen. Screen is placed at a distance of about 2 metre from two slits. (d) When one of the two slits is closed then no dark and bright bands are obtained. EXPLANATION OF FORMATION OF INTERFERENCE PATTERN Two slits S$; and Sz acts as sources of spherical wavefront. (a t) Light emerging from these two slits emerges as crest and trough. In the following diagram crest is represented by dark curve while trough is represented as dotted curve. Login now for ONLINE COURSES AND ONLINE COACHING, IMPROVE HANDWRITING, QUIZZES, NOTES, NCERT SOLUTIONS, SAMPLE PAPERS, PREVIOUS YEAR PAPERS, COMPETITIVE EXAMS. www.toppersCBSE.com www.toppermakers.comDate :_ Page. —_____ | Chapter: 4 Oersted’s Expertment Oersted observed Khot +b Jtoving Chonges an a Saget: magnetic needle "Ss placed near %& Current Corry ng, wise » Hhe needte showS the cleplecte'o 7 spor a moment of current Ps frowing from Seuth = fo north, bre deglectron 1's over west. fe SNow . tnrs i's actoralimg sto Arnpe res Suotenent'ng Surte | 94 a. suatrmer storms “tn he current clare ceeon tohtse fo.cing a mMagmnetit. meedle 9 the norrn pote of magmnetrc frend oleplect fouords his lekt hand and seuth pole fovonrds his arght hamd. te From the ctoove OC sceegsOre we Com chirele there, Cr S VAHMGrs BOLrCe Oty magn cre fuera fo except a son cogent . > OQ current _courruing- Uo ee moving co wey 1g. Chong’ POALiches + Magmefte. Fred 2 - the space _arpumd fhe Cumen! Corry conduct, up fr whith rh 6d Te Tagract ™magmetre _snecterrot *a 22.03-22 _Physies os Ch- 2 : an = —__tleetsostatic Potential and Capacitane ye Oe —_ rnacre | Gurront “lec trict te pad of emnges fo carted te ole eetatg : nootton th Electr’e Cuur rent pe HI v 4 The flow of electric chaszige per conte time - thraregh o ¢ omductor or = T= = + df rate of flow of charge varres with tome I T = dim 40 = d@ ato 4 at | sz unit of ceurent_ys Armpere (A). ‘Convenivonal Current and electowre current t the dvectron of motion of pasttive change we teken as the disiection of convenbonal current. Electrons beim megaitvely cheiqea » | 80 the clirection of elechaoe cer rent '('s_Opposite fo that of the tonventiono£ ccrent + Elechic Current i's a (tensor) Scalar g Scalar quantity atthoigh Wwe repre sent we uorrb an arrow yet Ae 33 9 scalar quantity becanse LE Leloes not obey vector stows oly addition.Avteanamii Cueaenr (0:0) CHAPTER - + Abtermating Curent che) ‘> “4k is that current Unit - whose ma§nitude Changes Continuously and clirection reverses Periodically” The value of Ac at any instant C4) Is Gwen by T=To Sinwt where Iz = Peak or maximum value of AC wt = 6, phase angle. The Seph between Ac and time 's a sine Corcosine) curve as Shown in fig The Frequency oL Ac is SoHz wetantangous Value Oe A.C i The value of A:¢ at any instant Is. Called imstantancous * Value of A:C Mathematically, UF is Given by T= Ie Smoot = To Sine Penn Vewe Or AC: The . moximum value of Ac in each cytle is. called Us peak value or Current amplitude. 44 Is. olenoted by To. Aovercaces OcWAW WHALE ILLOD OE Merstion of Ax NTA e is less expensive . 2) AC can be easily Converted ‘inte D ¢ by using rectifi'ers. 3) 4t can be transmitted from one station to another Without any appreciable ine Joss 4) The elechic current in Acc Circuit can be reduced Choke coil or Capacitor wHhow much less of energy 8) AC can be Steppecl up of down +o any clesired value using