he perce e Fr a c t i o n P e r c e n

rcen
e Flaction Pe l 14 7 . 1 4%
.F r a c t io n l 8 1 2. 5 0% 6 . 6 6%
5 0% 15
I1 2 l 9 11.11 % 6 . 2 5%
I1 3 3 3 . 3 3% 1 0% 16
2 5% l 10 17 5 . 8 8%
Il 4
2 0% l 11 9 . 0 9%
18 5 . 5 6%
Il5
1 6 . 1 6% l 12 8 . 3 3%
5 . 2 6%
l 6 7 .6 9% 19
1 4 .2 8% 1 13
J 7

po r t a n t P o i n t s :

o f y = ! • t O O %
i. x i s w h a t % y
.. °/4 f x
u. X°/4 o f y = Y o
a n y • ( x - y ) * I 0 0
h a t % m o r e t h ' X > y .
iii. x is w y
. . h a n y • (y - x ) *
is w h a t % l e s s t . 1 0 0 , X < y .
 PROFIT & LOSS
a. Cost Price (CP) : Price of an article at which it is bought.

b. Selling Price (SP) : Price of an article at which it is sold.

c. Marked Price (MP) : It is also known as the listed price or

printed price, or maximum retai l price of an article, which is
decided by the seller so that he can sell it to a customer and
make a profit.

d. Profit% is calculated on the cost price.

SP-CP Pron~
Profit = SP - CP, Profit %= ( CP ) * 100 = (c'P";* 100.
e. Loss % is also calculated on the cost price.
Loss = CP - SP,. Loss '0/4; =
( CP-SP)* l OO = (Loss),t I OO
CP C'P •

f. Mark up % is also calculated on the cost price.

Mark up value = MP - CP,
'M ark up <Yco :- (MP-CP)*
cP
100

g. Discount o/:1 is calculated on the n1arked price.

Discount• MP- SP, Discount%• (M:-Psr)* 100.
SIMPLE INTEREST:
End of End of End of
Prts~nt R • l O% R .. 10-.. nd R • 10~
JS't 2 3rd
O I • 100 I • 100 I • 100
y~or ytor Yt41"'
P • 1000 P • 1000 P • 1000 P e 1000

COMPOUND INTER1
E ST:
End of End of End of
PrcSCftt A, s i O~ st R • 10~ nd R • 10~ rd
0 1 ----i!~"!"'!"'!~-2 ·- - - . - ~ - -3
f . i oo y~or I • 110 year I • :121 ytar
P • 1000 P • 1000•100 P • 1100•1 IO P • 1210•121
P • 1100 P s 1210 P • 1331
 RATIO
i. If O < i < 1, then i <
9 109
A+x
-
8 +x
where x > 0.
For example: -11 < -111

· · If A > 1 , then A > e:;;

u. A+x w h ere x > 0 .
0 8
17 57
For example: -13 > -53

... If iA =
ut . oC = FE = . . . . . . . . . . = K th en
A+C+E+ -----
a. - ---- = K
B+D+F+ -----

b. pA+qC+rE+ ----- = K
pB+qD+rF+ -----

I • I I

• : • I

f' .Jr_:; i : In points a, b, and c, none of the denominator

should be equal to zero.
 AVERAGE

Sum of all the observations

Average=
Number of observations

Note : The Average of a set of values always lies between

the minimum and to maximum .
i.e., Minimum ~ Average ~ Maximum .

Remembei- the following points about averages:

0 1
i. Average on 1• 1 n natural number • ; (i.e. , n(n+ 1)/2/n ... (n+ 1)/2)
ii. Average of l •t n odd numbers (l, 3, 5, .....• 2n - 1) ... n {i.e., n 2 / n • n)
iii. Average of 1at n even numbers (2, 4 , 6, ..... , 2n) • n + 1
0 1
iv. Average of n terms in Arithmetic Progression • ; th tenn • middle term,
when n is odd.
For example: Average (3, 7, 11, 15, 19~ 23, 27) • 15
~ Lenn+(!+ 1)lb term
v. Average of n terms in Arithmetic.Progre•ion-- 2 i
2
• Average
of middle terms, wben n is even.
11 22
For example: Average of (6, 10, 14, 18, 22, 26, 30, 34) • ; • 19
ALLIGATION & MIXTURE
Alligation: The rule allows us to determine the ratio of
quantities in which two or more ingredients at the given
price rr1ust be combined to produce the desired price.

Rule of Alligation:
If two ingredients are mixed, then

Quantity of C.P. of dearer - Mean

cheaper Price
= -----------
Quantity of Mean price - C.P.. of
dearer cheaper

• General formula for n operation•:

Final or reduced concentration

• .tnI
{t
· ·ti·al concentrati·on - amount being ttpla~d
... . ln nch opera don)"
to~amount

• WeiSJated A9en&e metlao4: ·~ '

Two mixtures having weights fa, f2 and correapoading a-eaA1, A2,
A1•f1+ A
• wei.ght ed average A w • ------·
their ·•'·
.......
'
fs+ f2
 TIME & WORK

t - time, e - efficiency, a - amount of work

l l
Case 1: When a is constant, t C( -C or e C( -l
·C ase 2: When t is constant, a oc e
,c ase 3: When e is constant t oc a

Wages oc an1ount of work done by \.Yorker

Concept of Man-days: If Ml men can do Wl work in 01

days working Hl hours per day and M2 men can do W2
work in 02 days working H2 hours per day (where all
men work at the same rate) , th en

r -"l - - ----....,., .. ---=-

~ ~--.._, '-Ml X D1 X e-1·-· - M2 x D2 x H2

.........

-~ WI ·-~_-. - W2
'' . - - - - -
TIME, SPEED, & DISTANCE

General formula : D istan ce = Sp eed x Ti me

Unit conversion:
. of speed = ~
U nit Jon:

kin 5 1n 18 ,
- = -5 kn1/hr
1-hr = -Ul tn/sect 1sec

Avera ge Speed: Total Distance/Total time taken

Relative speed: The re lative speed of two objects moving

with speeds S1 & S2 when they are moving in :

· , SR = S1 - S2, S1 > S2
· · ·' SR ~ S1 + S2
LINEAR & CIRCULAR RACES
Linear races:
1. In a race of d meters, A beats B by x metres:
'S A/Se= d/(d-x)

2. In a race, A beats B by t seconds:

3. In a race, A beats B by x meters or t seconds.

, ,X -
Se, = -It ' m/:s eic,
Circular Races:
If two people are running on a circular track with
speeds in ratio A: B, where A and Bare co-prime, then

1. They will meet at A+B distinct points if they are

running in opposite directions.
2. Th e y ~vi ll n1 e et at IA- B I d is ti n ct po i n ts if they are
running in the same direction.