Architectural Graphics – Notes
1. Types of Drawings
• Orthographic: Plan, Section, Elevation (true dimensions)
• Axonometric: Isometric (30°–30°), Dimetric, Trimetric
• Perspective: One-point, Two-point, Three-point (vanishing points)
• Exploded Views: For construction detailing
2. Drawing Instruments & Standards
• Tools: Drafting board, T-square, set squares, compass, French curves
• Line weights: Thick (walls), Medium (openings), Thin (dimensions)
• Sheet sizes: ISO A-series (A0–A4)
• Scales: 1:50, 1:100, 1:200 (buildings); 1:500, 1:1000 (site plans)
3. Line Types
• Continuous thick – visible outlines
• Continuous thin – dimension, projection lines
• Dashed – hidden elements
• Chain line – center lines, symmetry
• Break lines – partial drawings
4. Representation Standards
• Doors/Windows – arcs for swing, hatch for glass
• Material hatching: Brick (diagonal), Concrete (dots), Timber (grain), Steel (cross-hatching)
• Furniture in plan for context
• Human figures/vehicles for scale
5. Dimensioning Rules
• Dimensions placed outside plan
• Aligned system (parallel to dimension line)
• Break long dimensions into smaller ones
• Indicate units clearly (mm/meters)
6. Shading & Rendering
• Poché (solid black) for cut walls
• Hatching for textures & materials
• Shadows for depth
• Tonal rendering for hierarchy
7. Graphical Communication
• Concept sketches, bubble diagrams, circulation paths
• Site plans: north direction, contours, landscape
• Line hierarchy: Bold (structure), Medium (openings), Light (furniture/context)
8. Digital Tools
• AutoCAD – drafting
• SketchUp/Rhino – 3D views
• Photoshop/Illustrator – presentation
• Revit – BIM drawings
