BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION
REPORT
TOPIC- RCC FOOTINGS
SUBMITTED TO SUBMITTED BY
Ar. Suman Sharma Name- Anjali Garg
Ar. Aayush Jindal Enrollment No.- 0809AR231008
Ar. Rahul Dongre Sem-4 , Year-II
Ar. Ratima Dagaonkar SOA,IPS ACADEMY
Ar. Anushka Likhar
INDEX
01. INTRODUCTION
02. TYPES OF FOOTING
•Isolated Footing ( square , stepped , trapezoidal )
•Combined Footing
•Strip Footing
•Strap Footing
•Pile Footing
03. CASE STUDY
04. CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
05. CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION
Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC) footings are one of the most
critical structural elements in building construction, serving as the
foundation that transfers the load of the entire structure safely to
the underlying soil. They ensure stability, prevent settlement, and
distribute structural loads uniformly. RCC, a composite material
of cement, aggregates, water, and reinforcement steel, provides
both compressive and tensile strength, making it ideal for footing
construction. The design and construction of RCC footings
depend on factors like soil bearing capacity, load intensity,
structural type, and site conditions. This report focuses on the
various types of RCC footings, their construction process, design
considerations, reinforcement details, and the role they play in
ensuring the structural integrity of buildings.
TYPES OF FOOTING
1. ISOLATED FOOTING
Isolated footing is one of the most common types of foundation systems
used in construction. It is designed to support a single column or pillar and is typically
used in buildings where loads from the structure are light to moderate, columns are
spaced far apart, the soil has good bearing capacity.
Advantages:
Economical for light loads
Simple to design and construct
Efficient for isolated columns
Limitations:
Not suitable for heavy or uneven loads
Not ideal for weak soils (e.g., loose clay, peat)
Settlement issues can arise if the soil is not uniform
TYPES OF ISLOATED FOOTING
1.Square isolated footing- Shallow foundation that supports a single column and
has a square base.
2.Stepped isolated footing- Concrete is poured in steps rather than as a single,
uniform slab. This design helps distribute heavy loads more effectively.
3.Trapezoidal isolated footing- It has a trapezoidal shape in plan, Efficient use of
space, balances load when equal projection is not possible.
SQUARE ISOLATED FOOTING STEPPED ISOLATED FOOTING TRAPEZOIDAL ISOLATED FOOTING
TYPES OF FOOTING
2. COMBINED FOOTING
A combined footing is a concrete platform designed to support two or more
columns when their Isolated footings would overlap, or when one column is near a
property line or when space Constraints prevent individual footings. It's
essentially a shared base that distributes loads e
Features:
Supports two or more columns on one footing
Used when columns are close or one is near a property line
Footing is rectangular or trapezoidal
Reinforced to resist bending and shear
Design:
Shape chosen based on load and spacing
Ensure center of gravity of loads aligns with footing center
Design reinforcement for bending, shear, and stability
Use Cases:
Adjacent or edge columns
Space constraints
Unequal column loads
TYPES OF FOOTING
3. STRAP FOOTING
A strap footing, also known as a cantilevered or combined footing, is a foundation
design used when two or more columns are spaced close together or when one
column is eccentrically Loaded. It consists of individual footings connected by a
concrete beam (the strap) which transfers the load between them. This design
helps distribute the load evenly to the supporting soil, especially when the
columns are not centered on the footings or when there are limitations on where
the footings can be placed .
Features:
Connects two isolated footings with a strap beam.
Used when one column is near a property line and its footing cannot be centered
the strap beam does NOT transfer load to soil—it just transfers moment between
footings .
Design:
A rigid strap beam connects the footings .
The system is designed so that the resultant of loads acts at the center of the
combined system to avoid eccentric loading .
Strap beam designed for bending and shear due to moment transfer .
Use Cases:
One column near a boundary wall .
Need to avoid eccentric loading .
To balance loads between columns without a full combined footing .
TYPES OF FOOTING
4. STRIP FOOTING
A strip footing , is a type of shallow foundation used to support load-bearing
walls or closely spaced columns. It's a continuous concrete strip that runs along
the length of the wall or columns, effectively distributing the weight over a larger
area of soil , it is simple to construct and economical for continuous loads (walls)
Features:
A continuous strip of concrete that supports a closely spaced columns .
Also called wall footing .
Spreads load over a long , narrow area .
Reinforced or plain concrete (depending on load and soil).
Design:
Designed to resist bending and shear (if reinforced) .
Thickness varies based on load and soil type .
Reinforcement placed at the bottom for bending tension .
Use Cases:
Load-bearing walls in residential/commercial buildings .
Masonry or RCC walls .
Good soil conditions with uniform load .
TYPES OF FOOTING
5. PILE FOOTING
A pile footing, also known as a pile foundation, is a type of deep foundation used in
construction to support structures, especially in areas with weak or compressible
soil. It involves driving or drilling long , slender columns (piles) deep into the
ground to reach a more stable soil or layers using long and transfer the load of the
building to that deeper, stronger soil , slender vertical element called piles .
Features:
A deep foundation system using piles to transfer load to deeper, stronger soil or
rock layers.
Piles are long, slender columns (concrete, steel, or timber) driven or drilled into the
ground .
A pile cap connects multiple piles and supports the structure above .
Design:
Determine total structural load . Calculate number and size of piles based on: Load
per pile , type of soil . Design pile cap to distribute load equally .
Include reinforcement in piles and cap to resist bending , shear, and axial forces .
Use Cases:
Weak or compressible surface soils .
Heavy structures (high-rise buildings, bridges) . Waterlogged areas, coastal zones,
or expansive soils.
Locations where shallow foundations are not feasible .
CASE STUDY
PROJECT OVERVIEW
LOCATION: Murlies Avenue , Hukma khedi Bijalpur extension road , near IPS
Academy , Indore (M.P) 452012, India
ARCHITECT : Ankur and Sarvesh
CONSTRUTION : Swastik limited
RESIDENTIAL PLOT SIZE: 854 - 1458 Sq.ft (79.34 - 135.45 sq.m)
FOOTING TYPE IN SITE: Isolated footing , Combined footing , Corner eccentric
footing , Center eccentric footing .
SOIL TYPE : Black cotton soil .
MOTAR RATIO: the ratio is cement : Sand : Aggregate . As the cement quantity
increases in mixture motor binding strength increases.
IN SITE : M20 grade of concrete is used. It is most common cement grade used.
PCC: 100mm thick PCC bed (1:4:8) .
REINFORCEMENT:
FOR MAIN BAR : 12mm dia. bars are used @ 200mm c/c .
FOR DISTRIBUTION BAR : 12mm dia. bars are used @ 150mm c/c .
FOR COLUMN: 12mm dia. bars are used .
FOR STIRRUPS: 10mm dia. bars are used @ 150mm c/c.
FOR TIES: 8mm dia. bars are used.
CURING : In site for 14-15 days (usually 7-28 days ) . 3-4 times a day.
SHUTTERING : 24hours for removing shuttering (usually 16-24 hours).
CONSTRUCTION PROCCESS
CONCLUSION
The site visit provided valuable insights into the practical aspects of RCC
footing construction. The activities observed from excavation and
formwork to reinforcement placement and concrete pouring were generally
carried out as per standard engineering practices and relevant IS codes (IS
456:2000 and IS 1904:1986) but still some differentiation of timeline was
observed. Proper attention was given to key factors such as soil preparation,
placement of reinforcement with adequate cover, and quality of concrete
work. It was evident that appropriate measures were taken to ensure
alignment, compaction, and curing, which are essential for the structural
integrity and longevity of the footing.
Overall, the site demonstrated good adherence to design specifications,
safety protocols, and construction quality. The visit reinforced the
importance of on-site supervision, quality control, and coordination
between design and execution teams in the successful implementation of
RCC footings.
