Writing Skill

(Ast. Prof. Simran Pal Kaur Brar)

Common Vocabulary Synonyms Table (For Academic Writing)

Basic Word Synonyms

Start Begin, Commence, Initiate, Launch, Embark,

Set in motion

Stop Halt, Cease, Discontinue, Terminate, Quit,

Conclude

Like Prefer, Enjoy, Admire, Appreciate, Relish,

Approve of

Dislike Hate, Detest, Abhor, Disapprove of, Despise,

Cannot stand

Increase Rise, Grow, Boost, Amplify, Expand, Escalate

Decrease Reduce, Lessen, Decline, Diminish, Minimize,

Drop

Help Assist, Aid, Support, Facilitate, Guide,

Encourage

Get Obtain, Acquire, Gain, Receive, Secure,

Collect

Say State, Mention, Express, Declare, Assert,

Claim

Show Demonstrate, Indicate, Exhibit, Reveal,

Display, Illustrate

Think Believe, Consider, Assume, Reflect,

Suppose, Contemplate

Use Utilize, Employ, Apply, Make use of, Operate,

Deploy

Build Construct, Develop, Assemble, Establish,

Create, Manufacture

Improve Enhance, Refine, Boost, Strengthen,

Upgrade, Advance
Change Alter, Modify, Transform, Adjust, Revise,
Amend

Ask Inquire, Request, Question, Seek, Demand,

Petition

Answer Reply, Respond, Acknowledge, React,

Address, Return

Important Significant, Crucial, Essential, Vital, Key,

Noteworthy

Bad Harmful, Negative, Poor, Unacceptable,

Unfavorable, Undesirable

Good Beneficial, Positive, Excellent, Favorable,

Effective, Valuable

Think about Consider, Reflect on, Ponder, Contemplate,

Examine, Evaluate

Make Create, Produce, Construct, Develop, Build,

Manufacture

Break Damage, Destroy, Shatter, Violate, Disrupt,

Ruin

Fix Repair, Mend, Resolve, Correct, Adjust,

Restore

Try Attempt, Strive, Endeavor, Seek, Aim, Pursue

Tell Inform, Notify, Explain, Report, Reveal,

Announce

Use Utilize, Apply, Employ, Exploit, Make use of,

Operate

Think Assume, Believe, Suppose, Consider,

Presume, Reason

Say no Reject, Refuse, Decline, Deny, Dismiss,

Oppose

Happy Joyful, Content, Pleased, Delighted, Glad,

Cheerful
1. INTRODUCTION
Basic Word/Phrase Academic Synonyms / Alternatives

I think I believe / It is believed that...

This article is about This article aims to explore / focuses on...

Start Begin / Commence / Initiate

First of all To begin with / Primarily / Initially

A big problem A significant issue / A pressing concern

Many people think It is widely believed / It is commonly assumed

Very important Crucial / Essential / Of great significance

Talk about Discuss / Examine / Address

Example:

To begin with, environmental pollution is a pressing issue that affects all living beings.

2. BODY PARAGRAPH (Arguments, Facts, Explanation)

Basic Word Academic Synonyms

Say State / Claim / Assert / Mention / Express

Show Demonstrate / Reveal / Indicate / Illustrate

Give Provide / Offer / Present

Use Utilize / Apply / Employ

Need Require / Demand / Necessitate

Help Assist / Aid / Support / Facilitate

Good Beneficial / Effective / Advantageous

Bad Harmful / Detrimental / Adverse

Problem Issue / Challenge / Obstacle

Idea Concept / Notion / Argument / Perspective

Think Consider / Reflect / Assume / Reason

 Get Obtain / Acquire / Secure

Make Create / Develop / Construct / Formulate

Increase Rise / Boost / Expand / Escalate

Decrease Reduce / Lessen / Diminish / Decline

Example:

Solar energy is increasingly being utilized as an effective alternative to fossil fuels.

Experts claim that it can significantly reduce pollution levels.

3. CONNECTING IDEAS (Transitional Vocabulary)

Basic Word/Phrase Academic Transition Words

Also Moreover / Furthermore / In addition

But However / Nevertheless / On the contrary

So Therefore / Thus / As a result

Because Since / As / Due to the fact that

Next Subsequently / Thereafter / Following this

Then Afterwards / Later on

In the same way Similarly / Likewise

For example For instance / To illustrate

Example:

Moreover, digital learning assists students in exploring concepts beyond textbooks.

However, access to technology remains a challenge in rural areas.

4. CONCLUSION
Basic Word/Phrase Academic Synonyms / Alternatives

In the end In conclusion / To sum up / Ultimately

Finish Conclude / Wrap up / Close

Tell again Recap / Reiterate / Summarize

The best thing The most effective solution / The ideal

outcome

Final idea Final thought / Key takeaway

Should do Must / Ought to / It is necessary to

Important again It is vital to note / Significantly / Essentially

Example:

To conclude, the government must take proactive steps to encourage renewable energy.
It is essential that both awareness and action go hand in hand.

Topic-Wise Vocabulary for Article Writing

1. Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Basic Word Advanced Synonym / Phrase

Smart machines Intelligent systems / Cognitive technologies

Helps Assists / Enhances / Supports

Change Revolutionize / Transform / Reshape

Danger Risk / Threat / Ethical dilemma

Replace jobs Automate tasks / Lead to job displacement

Useful Efficient / Advantageous / Innovative

Learn Adapt / Evolve / Improve through data

Useful Phrases:

● “AI is transforming the way we live and work.”

● “It raises ethical concerns about data privacy and job automation.”
● “Intelligent algorithms can enhance decision-making.”

2. Technology
Basic Word Advanced Synonym / Phrase
New tech Emerging technologies / Digital innovations

Change Alter / Modify / Disrupt

Useful Beneficial / Productive / Effective

Bad side Drawback / Downside / Limitation

Improve Upgrade / Advance / Enhance

Use Utilize / Employ / Apply

Useful Phrases:

● “Technology bridges gaps but also widens the digital divide.”

● “It facilitates communication, education, and healthcare.”
● “Cybersecurity remains a critical challenge.”

3. Environment
Basic Word Advanced Synonym / Phrase

Pollution Environmental degradation / Contamination

Harmful Detrimental / Hazardous / Damaging

Protect Conserve / Safeguard / Preserve

Reduce Minimize / Cut down / Decrease

Save Conserve / Sustain / Restore

Problem Crisis / Challenge / Ecological threat

Useful Phrases:

● “Sustainable development is the need of the hour.”

● “Climate change poses a serious global threat.”
● “Public awareness can play a vital role in conservation.”

4. Education
Basic Word Advanced Synonym / Phrase

Learning Knowledge acquisition / Skill development

Good teacher Effective educator / Facilitator

School system Education infrastructure / Curriculum model

Help students Empower learners / Support academic growth

Teach Instruct / Facilitate / Mentor

Problem Learning gap / Academic challenge

Useful Phrases:

● “Education is the cornerstone of a progressive society.”

● “Digital learning tools enhance student engagement.”
● “Equal access to education promotes social equity.”

5. Health & Wellness

Basic Word Advanced Synonym / Phrase

Health Well-being / Physical and mental health

Fit Healthy / Physically active / In good shape

Illness Disease / Medical condition / Disorder

Take care of Maintain / Monitor / Manage

Help Treat / Aid / Provide healthcare

Exercise Physical activity / Fitness regimen

Useful Phrases:

● “A healthy nation is a productive nation.”

● “Mental health deserves equal attention as physical health.”
● “Preventive healthcare can reduce long-term costs.”

6. Youth & Society

Basic Word Advanced Synonym / Phrase

Young people Youth / Adolescents / Future generation

Role model Inspirational figure / Mentor

Problem Social issue / Concern / Challenge

Guidance Direction / Mentorship / Supervision

Dreams Aspirations / Ambitions / Goals

Need Require / Demand / Necessitate

Useful Phrases:

● “The youth are the backbone of the nation.”

● “Social media shapes modern youth behavior.”
● “Empowering young minds can build a better future.”

Group and Community Vocabulary

Basic Word Academic / Formal Example Usage
Synonyms

People Individuals, Citizens, The citizens must be made

Members of society, The aware of their rights.
public, The population,
Masses

Children Young learners, Young Governments must protect

minds, Youth, Juveniles, the rights of young learners.
School-going children,
Adolescents

Villagers Rural population, Inhabitants The rural population lacks

of rural areas, People from access to quality healthcare.
remote regions, Rural
dwellers, Agrarian
community, Countryside
residents

Youth Young generation, The young generation plays

Adolescents, Future citizens, a vital role in shaping the
Young minds, Emerging future.
leaders, Teenagers

Countries Nations, States, Member Nations must unite to

nations, Global communities, combat climate change.
Developing/Developed
countries, Sovereign states
Government Authorities, Administration, The authorities must enforce
State, Ruling body, Policy- strict environmental laws.
makers, Public officials

Teachers Educators, Instructors, Educators shape the

Mentors, Academic character and future of a
facilitators, Trainers, Guides nation.

Students Learners, Pupils, Young Pupils need both emotional

scholars, Enrolled youth, and academic support.
Academic participants,
Aspirants

Workers Labour force, Employees, The workforce must be

Workforce, Labourers, Staff, trained in new technologies.
Jobholders

Poor people Economically weaker Marginalised groups should

sections, Underprivileged, be given access to education.
Marginalised groups, The
needy, The deprived, Low-
income families

Rich people The affluent, Wealthy The affluent have greater

individuals, Well-off families, access to opportunities.
Privileged class, The elite,
High-income groups

Parents Guardians, Caregivers, Guardians should encourage

Primary caretakers, Legal open communication with
guardians, Mothers and their children.
fathers, Elders

Citizens of India Indian nationals, Indian Indian nationals take pride

citizens, People of the nation, in their cultural heritage.
Members of Indian society,
Residents of India, The
Indian public

Passive Voice with Modals

Structure:
Subject + Modal + be + Past Participle + (by agent, if needed)
Common Modals Used in Passive Form
Modal Verb Passive Structure Example (Passive) Use in Formal
Writing

Can can be + past Policies can be Possibility or ability

participle changed by the
government.

Could could be + past More efforts could be Suggestion or past

participle made to reduce possibility
pollution.

May may be + past This issue may be Permission or

participle discussed in the probability
meeting.

Might might be + past New rules might be Possibility or

participle implemented soon. uncertainty

Should should be + past Students should be Obligation or

participle guided properly. recommendation

Must must be + past The law must be Strong obligation or

participle obeyed by all necessity
citizens.

Will will be + past The exam pattern Future certainty

participle will be updated next
year.

Would would be + past Action would be Hypothetical or polite

participle taken if rules are suggestion
broken.

Need to needs to be + past The system needs to Necessity

participle be reformed.

Ought to ought to be + past Rights ought to be Moral obligation

participle respected.

Has to has to be + past The report has to be Necessity or

participle submitted by requirement
tomorrow.
Passive Voice: Present, Past & Future Tense
1. Present Tense – Passive Voice
Tense Structure Example Sentence

Simple Present am/is/are + past participle Clean water is provided by

the municipality.

Present Continuous am/is/are + being + past Roads are being repaired in

participle the city.

Present Perfect has/have been + past Several policies have been

participle introduced recently.

2. Past Tense – Passive Voice

Tense Structure Example Sentence

Simple Past was/were + past participle The award was given to the
top student.

Past Continuous was/were + being + past The room was being

participle cleaned when I arrived.

Past Perfect had been + past participle The report had been
submitted before the
deadline.

3. Future Tense – Passive Voice

Tense Structure Example Sentence

Simple Future will be + past participle The results will be

announced tomorrow.

Future with “going to” is/are going to be + past The speech is going to be
participle delivered at noon.

Future Perfect will have been + past The project will have been
participle completed by then.

Examples (Active to Passive Tense)

 Tense Active Sentence Passive Voice

Present Simple They publish books. Books are published.

Present Continuous They are building a hospital. A hospital is being built.

Present Perfect They have launched the app. The app has been launched.

Past Simple The team won the match. The match was won by the
team.

Past Continuous They were planting trees. Trees were being planted.

Past Perfect She had written the letter. The letter had been written.

Future Simple They will organize the event. The event will be organized.

Future (going to) They are going to change the The rule is going to be
rule. changed.

Future Perfect She will have cleaned the The room will have been
room. cleaned.

Connectors, Linking Devices & Conjunctions

Function Connector / Phrase Synonyms / Advanced
Alternatives

Adding Information and moreover, furthermore, in

addition, also, similarly

besides apart from that, what's more,

likewise

Giving Examples for example for instance, to illustrate, such

as, namely

Comparing (Similarity) similarly likewise, in the same way,

equally

Contrasting (Difference) but however, yet, nevertheless,

although, whereas

on the other hand conversely, in contrast, even

though

Showing Cause & Effect because since, as, due to, owing to

so therefore, thus, consequently,

as a result
Stating Purpose so that in order to, for the purpose of,
with the aim of

Condition / Possibility if provided that, in case, unless,

only if

Time / Sequence / Order then next, afterwards,

subsequently, thereafter

before / after prior to, following, earlier/later

at the same time simultaneously, concurrently

first / second / finally to begin with, subsequently,

eventually

Conclusion / Summary in conclusion to sum up, to conclude, in

summary, ultimately

in short in a nutshell, briefly, overall

Emphasizing indeed in fact, undoubtedly, certainly,

it should be noted

Clarifying / Explaining in other words that is to say, to put it

differently, namely

Contradiction / Exception although / even though despite, in spite of,

nevertheless, whereas

Paragraph Role Suggested Connectors

Introduction To begin with, Primarily, First and foremost, It

is important to note

Main Points In addition, Furthermore, On the other hand,

One notable example

Contrast Point However, Conversely, Although, In contrast

Cause & Effect Therefore, As a result, Consequently, Owing

to

Conclusion To sum up, In conclusion, Ultimately, All

things considered

Useful starters:
 ● To begin with...
● It is often said that...
● In today’s world...
● One of the most debated issues is...
● It is important to understand that...

Example:

In today’s fast-paced digital era, education is no longer limited to books and classrooms. With
the integration of technology, a revolution in learning is underway.

Paragraph 2: Causes / Analysis / Advantages

● Moreover, In addition, Furthermore, For instance

● Example: Technology has transformed learning methods. Online platforms are being
used to reach even the remotest learners. Furthermore, students now have access to
global knowledge at their fingertips.

🔹 Paragraph 3: Problems / Challenges / Counterpoints (optional)

● However, On the other hand, Despite, Nevertheless

● Example: However, the digital divide remains a serious concern. Many underprivileged
children are deprived of internet access. As a result, equal learning opportunities
cannot be ensured.

Conclusion Paragraph

Purpose: Summarize your opinion, suggest solutions, give final thoughts.

Useful connectors:

● In conclusion, To sum up, Ultimately, It is essential to note that...

● It is high time...
● Steps must be taken...
● The government should ensure...
● Awareness must be spread...

Example:

To conclude, the future of education lies in inclusive, technology-driven classrooms. Efforts

must be made to bridge the digital gap so that every student, regardless of location, can be
empowered with quality learning.

Article Writing Template

Include Catchy Title

By (Name)

Paragraph 1: Introduction (What & Why)

In today's world, [topic] has become one of the most (important / discussed / alarming /
revolutionary) issues. It affects (society / individuals / the world / our daily lives) in
numerous ways. Whether we realize it or not, [restate the topic with emphasis] is something
that directly or indirectly (impacts / influences / shapes) our present and future.

Paragraph 2: Causes / Background / Current Scenario

There are several reasons why [topic] has become such a major concern. One of the main
causes is [cause 1], followed by [cause 2]. Moreover, (technological advancements /
population growth / lack of awareness / social media influence)has contributed to this
trend.

Paragraph 3: Effects / Impact / Advantages or Disadvantages

The impact of [topic] is seen in various sectors such as (education, environment, health,
economy, relationships, etc.). [State one key impact]. For example, [give real or
hypothetical situation].

However / On the other hand, there are also some (drawbacks / challenges / negative
effects) associated with it. These include [mention briefly]. One such effect is..."

● "It can be clearly observed that..."

● "For instance,"
● "Conversely,"
● "Despite the advantages, there are challenges..."

Paragraph 4: Suggestions / Solutions / Preventive Measures

To tackle the issue of [topic], it is important that (governments / individuals / organizations /

society as a whole) take certain steps. These may include [solution 1], [solution 2], and
[solution 3]. Awareness must be created through (education / media / community programs)
and strict regulations should be implemented / need to be enforced. "It is high time that..."

● "Steps must be taken to..."

● "Preventive measures such as ___ can help."

Paragraph 5: Conclusion

To sum up, [topic] is an issue that demands immediate attention. If appropriate steps are not
taken, it could lead to (serious consequences / irreversible damage / widening gaps /
social unrest). However, with collective responsibility and timely action, this problem can be
tackled / can be turned into an opportunity for a better future.

● "All in all,"
● "In conclusion,"
● "Ultimately,"
 ● "We must act now before it is too late."

Quick Reference Word Bank

Purpose Useful Words

Formal Verbs mitigate, empower, promote, discourage,

address, initiate

Connectors Furthermore, Nevertheless, Consequently,

Hence, Similarly

Passive Voice Examples is considered, are being made, must be

addressed, should be adopted

Power Phrases It is widely believed that..., Experts suggest

that..., Studies have shown...

1. Formal Invitation (Card Format)

Used for official events like school functions, exhibitions, inaugurations, etc.

Format:
The Principal
PM Shri Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Ludhiana
cordially invites
you to the Annual Day Celebration
on Monday, 5th August 2025 at 10:00 a.m.
at the School Auditorium

Chief Guest: Dr. A. K. Sharma (Director, CBSE)

RSVP:
Vice Principal
Phone: 1234567890
Email: [email protected]

2. Formal Reply (Acceptance)

Accepted invitation to a formal event

R.S.V.P.
123, Officer’s Colony
Faridkot – 151203
3rd August 2025

The Principal,
PM Shri Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Faridkot

Dear Sir/Madam,

I am pleased to receive your kind invitation for the Annual Day Celebration on 5th August.

I shall be honoured to attend the function and look forward to the event.

Yours sincerely,
Mr. Rajeev Sharma
Director, CBSE

3. Formal Reply (Decline)

Declined invitation to a formal event

R.S.V.P.
123, Officer’s Colony
Faridkot – 151203
3rd August 2025

The Principal,
PM Shri Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Faridkot

Dear Sir/Madam,

Thank you for your kind invitation to the Annual Day Celebration on 5th August.

However, due to a prior commitment, I regret to inform you that I shall not be able to attend.

I convey my best wishes for the success of the event.

Yours sincerely,
Mr. Rajeev Sharma

4. Informal Invitation (Letter Format)

Used to invite friends or relatives for birthdays, weddings, get-togethers, etc.

Format:
95, Green Enclave
Faridkot – 151203
1st August 2025

Dear [Name],

I hope this letter finds you well. I’m writing to invite you to my birthday party which I’m
celebrating on Sunday, 4th August at my home from 5:00 p.m. onwards.

There will be games, music, and of course—delicious food! It won’t be fun without you, so I
really hope you can make it.

Do let me know by Saturday.

Looking forward to seeing you!

Yours lovingly,
Shiva

5. Informal Reply (Acceptance)

Accepting a friend’s informal invitation

52, Rose Garden

Faridkot – 151203
2nd August 2025

Dear Krishna,

Thank you so much for your lovely invitation! I’m super excited to be a part of your birthday
celebration on the 4th.

Count me in—I’ll be there by 5 p.m. sharp.

Lots of love,
Shiva

6. Informal Reply (Decline)

Politely declining a friend’s invitation

52, Rose Garden

Ludhiana – 151203
2nd August 2025

Dear Harpreet,
Thanks a ton for inviting me to your birthday party! I wish I could be there to celebrate with you.

Unfortunately, I have to attend a family function the same evening, so I won’t be able to come.

Have a blast and save me some cake!

Lots of love,
Gurpreet

Difference Between Formal and Informal Invitations &

Replies
Aspect Formal Invitation Informal Invitation

Purpose Official events (functions, Personal events (birthday,

inaugurations, ceremonies) wedding, get-together)

Tone Polite, respectful, impersonal Friendly, warm, personal

Format Card format or official letter Informal letter

Salutation None (in card) or “Dear “Dear [Name]”

Sir/Madam” (in reply)

Language Used Formal, precise Conversational, relaxed

Opening Phrase "cordially invites you to..." "I’m writing to invite you…”
“is pleased to invite…” “Would love to see you at…”

Details Mentioned Date, time, venue, occasion, Date, time, place, reason
chief guest (often casually)

Reply Style Formal letter with R.S.V.P., Informal letter, friendly,

includes date and designation emotional touch

Accepting (Formal) “I shall be pleased to “I’m so happy to be there!”

attend…” “Can’t wait to celebrate with
“It will be an honour to join…” you!”

Declining (Formal) “I regret my inability to “So sorry, I’ll miss it…”

attend…” “Wish I could come but…”
“Due to prior commitment…”

Signature Full name, with designation if First name or nickname

needed

Example Event Annual Day Function, School Birthday Party, Cousin’s

 Exhibition, Inauguration Wedding, Family Dinner
Ceremony
Common Phrases
Function Formal Phrase Informal Phrase

Invitation "You are cordially invited..." "Hey, I'm throwing a party

and you're invited!"

Accepting "I shall be pleased to "Can’t wait! I’ll be there!"

attend..."

Declining "I regret my inability to "Sorry, I won’t make it this

attend..." time."

Closing (Reply) "Yours sincerely" / "With "Lots of love" / "Take care"

regards"

Notice Writing (In a box)

Name of the Institution/Organization
NOTICE
31 December,2023

TITLE (In Capital Letters)

Body of the notice:

• What (Event/Activity)
• When (Date and Time)
• Where (Venue/Location)
• Who (Participants/Target audience)
• Additional details (if any)

Signature
Name (in block letters)
Designation (Head Boy/Secretary/Sports Captain)

Formal Sentence Starters for Notices

Function Formal Phrases/Starters

Beginning "All students are hereby informed..."

 "This is to notify that..."

Event Description "An inter-house quiz competition will be

held..."
"The school is organizing..."

Date/Time/Place "on 10th August 2025 at 10:00 a.m. in the

School Auditorium"

Eligibility "Students of Classes 11 and 12 are eligible to

participate."

Instructions "Interested students must submit their names

to..."
"Participants are requested to bring their ID
cards."

Closure "For further details, contact the undersigned."

Signature Block "RITU SHARMA

Head Girl / Secretary – Cultural Club"

Vocabulary in Reading Comprehension

Word Meaning Possible Synonym Possible Antonym

Abundant In large quantity Plentiful, Ample Scarce, Insufficient

Alleviate To reduce or ease Relieve, Soothe Aggravate, Intensify

something bad

Advocate To support or Support, Promote Oppose, Criticize

recommend

Beneficial Producing good Helpful, Harmful, Detrimental

results Advantageous

Consequence A result or effect Outcome, Result Cause, Reason

Contrary Opposite in nature Opposing, Conflicting Similar, Aligned

Deteriorate To become worse Decline, Worsen Improve, Enhance

Emphasize Give special Highlight, Stress Ignore, Overlook

importance to

Inevitable Certain to happen Unavoidable, Certain Avoidable, Unlikely

Justify To show or prove to Defend, Validate Condemn, Disprove

 be right

Notion A belief or idea Concept, View Reality, Fact

Pessimistic Expecting the worst Negative, Hopeless Optimistic, Hopeful

Prevail To win or be Triumph, Dominate Fail, Lose

successful

Refute To prove something Disprove, Deny Accept, Confirm

wrong

Resentment Bitter indignation or Bitterness, Grudge Forgiveness,

anger Contentment

Significance Importance or Relevance, Meaning Insignificance,

meaning Triviality

Sustain Maintain or continue Support, Uphold Neglect, Abandon

Transition Change from one Shift, Conversion Stagnation, Inactivity

state to another

Viable Capable of working Practical, Feasible Impractical,

successfully Impossible

Vulnerable Easily hurt or affected Weak, Defenseless Strong, Secure

Ambiguous Having more than Vague, Unclear Clear, Definite

one meaning

Apathy Lack of interest or Indifference, Passion, Concern

emotion Disinterest

Assert State a fact or belief Declare, Maintain Deny, Question

confidently

Cease To stop or come to Halt, Discontinue Begin, Start

an end

Comprehend To understand Grasp, Understand Misunderstand,

Confuse

Contribute To give or add Add, Provide Withhold, Hinder

something

Denounce Publicly criticize Condemn, Criticize Praise, Support

Disparity Difference or Imbalance, Gap Equality, Similarity
inequality

Elaborate Explain in detail Expand, Clarify Summarize, Simplify

Encounter To come across or Face, Meet Avoid, Miss

meet

Incentive Something that Motivation, Deterrent,

motivates Encouragement Discouragement

Integrate To combine or bring Merge, Combine Separate, Isolate

together

Neglect To ignore or fail to Disregard, Overlook Care for, Attend

care for

Perceive To become aware of Notice, Observe Ignore, Miss

Profound Deep or meaningful Intense, Insightful Superficial, Shallow

Relevance Being connected or Importance, Relation Irrelevance,

related Insignificance

Retain To keep or hold on to Keep, Preserve Lose, Release

something

Substantial Large in amount or Significant, Minor, Insignificant

importance Considerable

Thrive Grow or develop well Flourish, Prosper Decline, Fail

Undermine To weaken or Weaken, Sabotage Strengthen, Support

damage

Literary Devices List with Usage & Examples

Device Definition Usage Example

Alliteration Repetition of Creates rhythm and "The fair breeze

consonant sounds at musicality blew, the white foam
the beginning of flew."
words

Anaphora Repetition of a word Emphasis, rhythm, "We shall fight... We

or phrase at the persuasion shall go on... We
beginning of shall never..."
successive clauses
Metaphor A comparison Creates vivid imagery "Time is a thief."
between two or symbolism
unrelated things
without using ‘like’ or
‘as’

Simile Comparison using Creates vivid "Her smile was as

‘like’ or ‘as’ descriptions bright as the sun."

Personification Giving human Adds emotion or "The wind whispered

qualities to non- liveliness through the trees."
human things

Hyperbole Exaggeration for Adds drama or humor "I’ve told you a

emphasis or effect million times."

Onomatopoeia Words that imitate Adds sound effects "Buzz, hiss, bang,
sounds clap."

Oxymoron Two opposite ideas Creates dramatic "Bittersweet,

placed side by side effect deafening silence."

Allusion A brief reference to a Deepens meaning "He met his

famous person, Waterloo." (referring
place, event, or to Napoleon’s defeat)
literary work

Irony A contrast between Adds humor or critical "A plumber’s house

appearance and tone always has leaking
reality taps."

Symbolism Use of symbols to Adds depth to "The dove represents

signify ideas and meaning peace."
qualities

Enjambment Running of lines Creates flow in poetry "I think that I shall
without a pause at never see / A poem
the end of a line lovely as a tree."

Repetition Repeating words or Reinforces theme or "And miles to go

phrases for emphasis emotion before I sleep, / And
miles to go..."

Rhetorical Question A question asked for Engages readers, "Are we not human?"
effect, not requiring provokes thought
an answer
Pun A play on words with Adds humor or wit "Time flies like an
double meanings arrow. Fruit flies like
a banana."

Euphemism A mild or indirect Softens unpleasant "Passed away"

word substituted for truths instead of "died"
something harsh

Imagery Use of descriptive Helps the reader "The scent of jasmine

language that visualize hung in the humid
appeals to the air."
senses

Assonance Repetition of vowel Adds musical quality "Hear the mellow

sounds in nearby wedding bells."
words

Consonance Repetition of Adds rhythm "Blank and think" or

consonant sounds at "Strong and string."
the end or middle of
words

Transferred Epithet An adjective used Adds poetic depth "He passed a

with a noun it does sleepless night."
not logically describe

Antithesis Placing two opposite Highlights contrast "Man proposes, God

ideas in parallel disposes."
structure

Tautology Repetition of the Emphasis or "Free gift, true fact."

same idea in different redundancy
words

Climax Arrangement of Builds intensity "He came, he saw,

words in increasing he conquered."
importance

Anti-Climax Abrupt descent from Adds humor or irony "He lost his family,
an important idea to his job, and his pen."
something trivial

Inversion Reversal of normal Emphasizes specific "In the forest deep

word order words lived he."

Synecdoche A part represents the Creates vivid "All hands on deck."

whole language (hands = sailors)
Metonymy Substitution of a Adds symbolism "The pen is mightier
related term than the sword."

Caesura A pause in the middle Adds drama, natural *"To err is human;
of a line of poetry speech rhythm

Useful Phrases for Literature

Purpose Phrases

🔹 Introduction of the Answer - The given extract is taken from the chapter/poem
“…” written by ….
- This passage/poem highlights the theme of ....
- The author/poet presents … in a vivid and thought-
provoking manner.

🔹 Identifying the Speaker / Context - The above lines are spoken by ... in the context of
....
- These lines occur when ....
- The speaker is expressing his/her ....

🔹 Explaining the Lines - The lines mean that ....

- Here, the speaker is trying to convey ....
- This reflects the idea that ....
- In other words, the poet/narrator suggests that ....

🔹 Theme/Message - The central idea of this poem/chapter is ....

- It conveys the message that ....
- The writer wants the readers to reflect on ....
- This theme is relevant even today because ....

🔹 Character Analysis - The character of ___ is portrayed as ....

- He/She is shown to be honest / determined /
sensitive / rebellious, etc.
- His/Her actions in this situation reveal ....
- A significant trait of ___ is ... which is evident when
....

🔹 Tone and Mood - The tone of the extract is ironic / reflective /

optimistic / humorous, etc.
- It creates a mood of ... in the reader.
- The poet uses a ___ tone to highlight ....

🔹 Literary Devices Used - The literary device used here is metaphor /

alliteration / irony / personification, etc.
- For example, the phrase "..." is a ..., showing ....
- These devices enhance the emotional appeal and
 beauty of the text.

🔹 Use of Language / Style - The writer uses simple / powerful / figurative /

descriptive language to convey ....
- The poetic devices add depth and rhythm to the
lines.
- The style is effective in engaging the reader.

🔹 Personal Response - I personally feel inspired/touched/amused by this

extract because ....
- This reminds me of a real-life situation where ....
- It makes the reader reflect upon ....

🔹 Conclusion / Ending - In conclusion, the extract successfully conveys ....

- Thus, the poem/story leaves a lasting impression
on the reader.
- Overall, the author/poet conveys a powerful
message through simple yet effective language.
Example of Literature Answer

"The given extract is from the story Deep Water by William Douglas. In this part, the narrator
recalls his near-drowning experience. The tone is fearful and intense. The use of phrases like 'I
was paralyzed' shows the depth of terror. The theme revolves around courage and
determination. The experience taught the narrator to overcome his fear, thus delivering an
inspiring message."

Phrases for Introducing Ideas in Literature Answers

Purpose Phrases

🔹 General Introduction to the Text - The author/poet presents the theme of…
- This chapter/story sheds light on…
- The narrative revolves around…
- The central concern of the text is…

🔹 Introducing an Idea or Observation - The writer reveals that…

- The poet expresses concern over…
- The extract brings attention to…
- The lines underline the issue of…
- This situation reflects upon…

🔹 Highlighting a Key Theme or Issue - This piece powerfully highlights…

- A recurring theme in the text is that…
- The storyline is driven by the idea of…
 - The passage foregrounds the conflict between…

🔹 Pointing Out an Emotional or - The poem subtly touches upon the idea of…
Philosophical Idea - The author raises a philosophical question
about…
- It symbolically suggests the emotions of…
- The poet draws a parallel between…

🔹 Showing the Writer’s Intent - Through this, the writer attempts to question…
- The author seeks to evoke a sense of…
- The narrative structure is designed to
emphasize…
- The speaker uses irony to draw attention to…

🔹 Critically Presenting a Message - This chapter compels the reader to reflect on…
- The extract provokes a deeper understanding
of…
- The poem critiques the way society…
- The author challenges conventional notions of…

🔹 Introducing a Literary Element - This passage uses vivid imagery to…

- The use of metaphor here suggests…
- Through personification, the poet conveys…
- Symbolism is used here to deepen the meaning
of…

🔹 Comparing Ideas Across Texts - Similar to ____, this text also addresses the issue
of…
- Unlike ____, this poem takes a more hopeful
tone…
- The writer’s perspective here echoes the ideas
in…
Examples of Usage in Sentences

● “The poet expresses concern over humanity’s inability to introspect in the poem
Keeping Quiet.”
● “This chapter compels the reader to reflect on how fear can dominate a person’s
life.”
● “The narrative structure is designed to emphasize the transformation of the
protagonist.”

Advanced Grammar Rules + Common Errors for Class 12

Writing Skills
Grammar Rule / Concept Correct Usage Common Mistake
Subject-Verb Agreement - Each of the students is ready. ❌ Each of the students are
(Advanced) - Neither he nor she was late. ready.
❌ Neither he nor she were
late.

Tense Consistency in - He said that he was going to ❌ He said that he is going…

Narration Delhi. ❌ She said she has
- She said she had finished it. finished…

Conditional Sentences - If I were rich, I would travel ❌ If I was rich, I will travel…
(Type I, II, III) the world. ❌ If he studied, he would
- If he had studied, he would have passed.
have passed.

Modals + Passive Voice - The project should be ❌ The project should

submitted by Monday. submit…
- The rules must be followed. ❌ The rules must follow…

Using Gerunds and - I enjoy reading. ❌ I enjoy to read.

Infinitives - She hopes to win. ❌ She hopes winning.

Relative Pronouns - The boy who came late was ❌ The boy which came late…
punished. ❌ This is the book what I lost.
- This is the book that I lost.

Article Usage (a, an, the) - He is an honest man. ❌ He is a honest man.

- The sun rises in the east. ❌ Sun rises in east.

Parallel Structure - She likes reading, writing, ❌ She likes to read, writing
and painting. and paint.

Preposition Collocations - Interested in ❌ Interested on, Good in,

- Good at Capable to
- Capable of

Avoiding Double - I have nothing to say. ❌ I don’t have nothing to say.

Negatives

Correct Comparisons - She is taller than her brother. ❌ She is more taller than…

Avoid Repetition - The meeting was cancelled ❌ The meeting was cancelled
due to unforeseen because it was cancelled
circumstances. unexpectedly.

Commonly Misspelled Words in Formal Writing

❌ Incorrect Spelling Correct Spelling Meaning
enviroment environment surroundings

definate definite sure / exact

seperate separate distinct or apart

occurance occurrence an event or happening

goverment government political authority

recieve receive to get something

recomend recommend to suggest

arguement argument a reason or dispute

accomodate accommodate to adjust / provide space

beleive believe to trust or think as true

accomodate accommodate To provide space or adjust

definately definitely Without doubt; surely

goverment government Political authority

recieve receive To get or accept something

seperate separate Set apart; distinct

arguement argument A discussion with differing

opinions

embarass embarrass To make someone feel self-

conscious

occurence occurrence An event or incident

recomend recommend To suggest

enviroment environment Surroundings or nature

priviledge privilege A special right or advantage

untill until Up to a certain point in time

calender calendar A chart showing days, weeks,

months
harass harass To bother or trouble
repeatedly

concious conscious Aware of something

beleive believe To accept as true

seperate separate Distinct; apart

neccessary necessary Required; essential

thier their Belonging to them

occured occurred Happened

responsibilty responsibility A duty or obligation

acheive achieve To accomplish something

dissapoint disappoint To let someone down

arguement argument A point made in a discussion

refered referred Mentioned or directed

attention to