[Identification of Gases.
pdf]
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Identification of Gases
Aim: To identify the gases by conducting chemical tests.
(1) Identification of water vapour
Materials required: Hydrated copper sulphate crystals, caball chloride
paper, litmus paper, test tube, test tube holder, bunsen burner.
Experiment Observation Inference
Take CuSO4 crystals in a Turns from blue to The gas may be
clean, dry test tube and white, with the water vapour,
heat it over the flame of a evolution of a O2, H2 or O2
bunsen burner. colourless, colourless
gas.
Expose the gas to blue and No change in the litmus This gas is a
red litmus papers. papers. neutral gas.
Expose the gas to caball Colour of paper turns The gas is
chloride paper. from blue to pink. water-vapour.
Add a few drops of water to Colour of white salt It is a
the residue. changes to a blue hydrated salt.
coloured solution.
Chemical equation:
CuSO4 + 5H2O → CuSO4 + 6H2O
CoCl2 + 6H2O → CoCl2 + 6H2O
CuSO4 + 5H2O → CuSO4 + 5H2O
Teacher's Signature
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Expt. No. ______ Page No. ______
(a) Identification of hydrogen gas.
Materials required: Magnesium metal, dilute HCl, litmus paper, test tube,
test tube holder, matchstick
Experiment Observation Inference
Take magnesium metal There is brisk effervescence The gas maybe H2O,
in clean, dry test with evolution of a CO2, H2 or O2.
tube and add dilute colorless colourless gas and
acid - HCl the test tube gets hot.
Expose the gases to No change in litmus papers. It is a neutral
moist blue and red gas.
litmus paper
Bring a burning The gas burns with a pop The gas released
matchstick near the sound. is H2. It is a
mouth of the test non-combustible
tube. gas.
Chemical equation:
Mg + 2HCl → MgCl2 + H2
Teacher’s Signature ______
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Expt. No. ______ Page No. ______
(3) Identification of oxygen gas.
Materials required: Hydrogen peroxide, magnesium dioxide, litmus paper,
matchekick, alkaline pyrogyllol solution, test tube, test tube holder.
Experiment Observation Inference
Take H2O2 in a A brisk effervescence is seen The gas maybe
clean, dry test tube and there is evolution of a water vapour, H2,
and add MnO2 to it. colourless, colourless gas. O2 or CO2
Expose the gas to No change in litmus papers. It is a neutral
moist red and blue gas.
litmus paper
Introduce a burning The matchekick burns The gas supports
match stick into the brightly. combustion.
test tube
Pass the gas through The solution turns colourless The gas released
alkaline pyrogyllol to brown. is O2.
solution
Chemical equation:
2H2O2 → 2H2O + O2
Teacher’s Signature ______
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Expt. No. ______ 1 Page No. ______
(4) Identification of carbon dioxide gas.
Materials required: Calcium carbonate, oil, HCl, litmus papers,
matcheskick, lime water, acidified KMnO4 paper / K2Cr2O7 paper, test tube,
testube holder.
Experiment Observation Inference
Take CaCO3 in a clean Brish effervescence is seen The gas might be
dry test tube and add with the evolution of a O2, H2, water
oil. HCl to it. colourless, odourless gas. vapour or CO2.
Experiment Observation Inference
Expose the gas to The blue litmus paper turns The gas is acidic.
moist red and blue red.
litmus papers
Introduce a burning The flame of the The gas is not a
matcheskick into the matcheskick is supporter of
test tube extinguished. combustion.
Pass the gas through Lime water turns milky. The gas maybe CO2.
lime water.
Expose the gas to There is no change in The gas is CO2.
acidified KMnO4 paper colour of the paper.
Chemical equation:
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 → CaCO3 + H2O
CaCO3 + H2O → Ca(HCO3)2
Teacher’s Signature ______
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Expt. No. ______ 4
Date ___21__/10__/2020
Page No. ___5__
(5) Identification of sulphur dioxide gas
Materials required: Sodium sulphite, dil. HCl, litmus paper, lime water,
matchesick, acidified K2Cr2O7 or KMnO4 paper, test tube, test tube holder,
bunsen burner.
Experiment Observation Inference
Take Na2SO3 in a clean Brisk efforecence is The gas maybe SO2.
dry test tube, add seen. A colourless,
oil. Hd to it and odorless pungent smelling
heat if required. gas is evolved.
Expose the gas to Blue litmus paper turns It is an acidic gas.
moist litmus papers - red and red remains red.
blue 4 red.
Introduce a burning The flame of the match - The gas is a non-
matchesick into the stick gets extinguished. supporter of
test tube. combustion. The gas
maybe CO2 or SO2.
Pass the gas through The linewake turn mildly The gas maybe CO2 or
lime water. if little gas is passed. SO2.
Expose the gas to KMnO4 paper turns from The gas is SO2.
acidified K2Cr2O7 and pink to colourless.
KMnO4 papers.
K2Cr2O7 paper turns from
yellow to green.
Chemical equation:
Na2SO3 + 2HCl → 2NaCl + H2O + SO2
Ca(OH)2 + SO2 → CaSO3 + H2O
K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4 → K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3 + H2O
Teacher’s Signature ______
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Expt No. ______ 4
Date: 22 /10 /2020
Page No. ______ 6
(c) Identification of Nitrogen dioxide gas
Materials required: Pb(NO3)2, litmus paper, FeSO4 solution, potassium -
Todide paper, test tube, test tube holder, bunsen burner
Experiment Observation Triggerone
Take Pb(NO3)2 crystals in a clean, dry A croaking sound
test tube and head. A reddish-brown heat is . The gas
it strongly over the flame of the bunsen maybe NO2
burner tangent, irritating smell.
Pb(NO3)2 crystals turn yellow
• Expose the gas to moist . Blue litmus
paper turns . It is an acidic gas, blue 4
red litmus papers red and red remains
red.
• Pass the gas through . FeSO4 solution
turns from . NO2 is confirmed, acidified
FeSO4 solution green to brown. and KI
paper. KI paper turns dark brown.
Chemical equation:
2Pb(NO3)2 → 2PbO + HNO2 + O2
2NO2 + 2KI → 2KNO2 + I2
Teacher's Signature ______
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Expt. No. ______ Page No. ______
(7) Identification of HCl gas
Materials required: NaCl, conc. H2SO4 acid, ammonium solution, glass rod,
AgNO3 solution, test tube, limus paper.
Experiment Observation Inference
Take NaCl in a clean, · Brish effervescence with · The gas
dry test tube, add conc. the evolution of a colorless, maybe NH3 or
HCl to it and heat it. irritating, choking colored HCl.
gas.
Expose the gas to moist · Blue litmus paper turns red · It is an
blue and red litmus and red remains red. acidic gas.
pipes
Bring a glass rod dipped · Dense white jumes of NH4Cl · The gas
in ammonia solution near is seen. maybe NH3 or
the mouth of the test HCl.
tube.
Pass the gas through · White and curdy
AgNO3 solution. precipitate. The gas is HCl.
of AgCl is formed.
Chemical equation:
- NaCl tan CH2SO4 → NaHSO4 + HCl
- NH4 + HCl → NH4Cl
- HCl + AgNO3 → AgCO3 + HNO3
Teacher’s Signature ______
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Expt. No. ___ A ______ Page No. ___8
(3) Identification of Chlorine gas
Materials required: MnO2, starch iodide paper, litmus paper, test tube,
test tube holder, conc. HCl acid, bunsen burner.
Experiment Observation Inference
Take MnO2 in a clean A greenish-yellow gas with The gas may be
dry test tube, cold a pungent, choking colour Cl2
conc. HCl to it and is evolved.
heat it.
Expose the gas to moist Blue litmus paper turns red It is an acidic
blue and red litmus and later gets bleached. gas and
paper Red litmus paper gets bleaching agent.
bleached.
Expose the gas to The paper turns bluish Cl2 gas is
starch iodide paper. black. confirmed.
Chemical equation:
MnO2 + HCl → MnCl2 + 2H2O + Cl2
Cl2 + 2KI → 2KCl + I2 [bluish black colour]
Teacher’s Signature ______
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Expt. No. ___ 1
Page No. ___9
(a) Identification of H2S gas
Materials required: Fe5, dil. H2SO4, acid., acidified KMnO4 paper,
acidified K2Cr2O7 paper, lead acetate paper [Pb(CH3COO4)3] test tube, test
tube holder.
Experiment Observation Inference
Take Fe5 in a clean, dry A colourless gas with a The gas maybe
test tube and add dil. rotten egg smell is H 2S
H2SO4 acid to it. evolved.
Experiment Observation Inference
Expose the gas to red and Blue litmus paper turns The gas is
p blue litmus papers. red and red remains red. acidic in
nature.
Expose the gas to KMnO4 paper turns from H2S is
acidified KMnO4 and pink to colourless confirmed.
K2Cr2O7 papers
K2Cr2O7 turns from yellow
to green, with yellow
deposit of sulphur.
Expose the gas to lead The paper turns silvery H2S gas is
acetate paper. black. confirmed.
Chemical equation:
Fe5 + H2SO4 → Fe5O4 + H2S
K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4 + 3H2S → 2K2SO4 + Cr(SO4)3 + 7H2O + 5
Pb(CH3COO4)2 + 3H2SO4 + 5H2S → H2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 8H2O + 55
Pb(CH3COO4)2 + H2S → PbS + 2CH3COOH
Teacher's Signature ______
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[DOC-20221110-WA0000_pdf.pdf]
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Expt. No. ______ 2
Date 03/12 / 2020
Page No. ______ 11
Experiment - 2
Action of heat on substances.
Aim: To heat the given unknown substance, identify it based on colour
change, residue and the gases evolved.
Materials required: Test tube, test tube holder, bonsen burner, test tube
stand, match sticks.
Chemicals required: Hydrated copper sulphate crystals, blushing soda
ammonium chloride, Ammonium dichromate, Iodine, Copper carbonate, zinc
carbonate, lead nitrate, potassium iodide paper, copper nitrate, zinc
nitrate litmus paper, cobalt chloride paper, lime water, kMnO4 paper.
Procedure: Take the given substance in a clean and dry test tube and heat
it.
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Expt. No. 2
Date 02 / 12 / 2020
Page No. 12
Substance Products Observation and Deduction
Hydrated • Original colour - Blue [hydrous] • Colour
copper change - Turns white [ambiguous] on heating. •
sulphate Gas evolved - Water vapour (a) colour-
crystals colourless liquid (b) Nature - Neutral to
litmus (c) Test - Turns Cobalt chloride blue to
pink. • Residue - Amhydrous Copper Sulphate •
Deductions - The blue powder is Copper
sulphate.
Chemical Equation:
CuSO4-5H2O → CuSO4 + 5H2O
Teacher's Simmture
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Expt. No. ______ & ______
Date 02/12/2020
Page No. ______13______
Substance Products Observation and Deduction
2. Na2CO3 · 10H2O • Original colour - White • (color change -
Washing → Na2CO3 · H2O Remain white on heating) • Gas evolved -
soda + 9H2O [Sodium Water vapour [water of crystallization] [a]
carbonate] Colour - Colourless liquid [b] Nature -
Neutral to litmus [c] Test - Turns about
chloride blue to pink. • Residue - White
sodium carbonate is formed. • Deductions -
The white powder is the washing soda.
Chemical Equation: ______
Na2CO3 · 10H2O → Na2CO3 · H2O + 9H2O
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Expt. No. ______
Date: 02/12/2020
Page No. ___14___
Substance Products Observation and Deductions
3. • Original colour - White crystalline • On heat -
Ammonium Sublimes on heating, evolving basic [NH3] and an
chloride acid [HCl] gas which on cooling combs to form
ammonium chloride subins which condenses on the
cooler parts of the test tube. • Residue - No
Substance Products Observation and Deductions
residue is left in the test tube. • Deductions -
The white powder is ammonium chloride.
Chemical equation:
NH4 Cl → NH3 + HCl
[Ammonia] [Hydrogen chloride]
Teacher's Signature ______
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Expt. No. ______
Page No. 16
Substance Product Observation and Deduction
4. Ammonium • Original colour - Orange • On heating -
dichromate Decomposes violently with ashes light leaving a
voluminous green residue • Gas evolved - Water
vapour, Nitrogen • Residue - Green chromium
oxide • Deductions - The orange powder is
Ammonium dichromate.
Chemical equation:
(NH4)2Cr2O7 → Cr2O3 + 4H2O + N2
Teacher's Signature ______
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Expt. No. ______ 2
Date: 12 / 14 / 2023
Page No. ______ 16 ______
Substance Product Observation and Deduction
5. Iodine • Original colour- Violet crystals • Color change -
Sublimes on heating evolving violet vapours • Gas
evolved - Iodine vapours [a] Colour - Violet [b]
Test - Fumes turn silver nitrate paper yellow. •
Residue - No residue is left in the test tube. •
Deductions - The violet crystals are of iodine.
Chemical equation:
I2 → I2 (vapour)
Teacher's Signature ______
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Substance Product Observation and Deduction
6. Copper CuO + CO₂ • Original colour - Light green • Colour
Carbonate [Copper change - Turns black on strong heating. • Gas
oxide] evolved - Carbon dioxide, [a] Colour & odour -
[Carbon Colourless & odourless [b] Nature - Slightly
dioxide] acidic to litmus [c] Test - Lime water turns
milky and no effect on KMnO₄ paper. • Residue
- Black copper oxide formed. • Deduction - The
light green powder is copper carbonate.
Chemical equation:
CuCO3 → CuO + CO2
Teacher's Signature ______
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Expt. No. 2
Date 05 /12 /2020
Page No. 18
Substance Products Observation and Deduction
7. Zinc ZnO + CO₂ • Original colour - White • Color change -
Carbonate [Zinc Turns yellow on heating. • Gas evolved -
oxide] Carbon dioxide [a] Color and odor-Colorless
[Carbon and odorless [b] Nature - Slightly acidic to
dioxide] litmus. [c] Test - Lime water turns milky and
no effect on KMnO₄ paper. • Residue - Zinc
oxide formed. [yellow - hot, white - cold] •
Deductions: The white powder is zinc
carbonate.
Chemical equation:
ZnCO3 → ZnO + CO2
Teacher's Signature ______
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Expt. No. 2
Page No. 19
Substance Product Observation and Deduction
8. Zinc 2ZnO + 4NO₂ • Original colour - White • Colour change -
Nitrate + O₂ [Zinc Turns yellow on strong heating. • Gas evolved
oxide] - Water vapour, NO₂, O₂ Nitrogen dioxide -
[Nitrogen reddish brown, acidic to litmus, turns
dioxide] acidified ferrous sulphate solution brown.
[Oxygen] Oxygen - colourless, neutral, relights
glowing splint. Water vapour - Colourless,
neutral to litmus, turns cobalt chloride blue
to pink. • Residue - Zinc Oxide - formed
[yellow - hot, white - cold] • Deductions -
The white powder is hydrated zinc nitrate.
Chemical equation:
2Zn(NO3)2 → 2ZnO + 4NO2 + O2
Teacher's Signature ______
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Substance Products Observation and Deductions
9. Copper 2CuO + 4NO₂ + • Original colour - Blue • Colour change -
Nitrate O₂ [Copper Turns black on heating. • Gas evolved - NO₂
oxide] & O₂ Nitrogen dioxide - reddish brown acidic
[Nitrogen to litmus, turns acidified ferrous sulphate
dioxide] solution brown. Oxygen - colorless,
[Oxygen] odourless, relights glowing splint. •
Residue - Black copper oxide formed. •
Deduction: The blue powder is copper
nitrate.
Chemical equation:
2Cu(NO3)2 → 2CuO + 4NO2 + O2
Teacher's Signature ______
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Expt. No. ______
Date 05 /12 /2020
Page No. 21
Substance Products Observation and Deduction
10. Lead 2PbO + 4NO₂ + • Original colour - White crystalline solid.
Nitrate O₂ [Lead • Colour change - Turns yellow on heating,
oxide] decrepitates and melts. • Gas evolved - NO₂
[Nitrogen and O₂ Nitrogen dioxide - reddish brown,
dioxide] acidic to litmus, turns acidified ferrous
[Oxygen] sulphate solution brown. Oxygen- colorless,
neutral, relights glowing splint. • Residue -
Litharge is formed on strong heating which
fuses with the glass. • Deductions - The
white powder is lead nitrate.
Chemical equation:
2Pb(NO3)2 → 2PbO + 4NO2 + O2
Teacher's Signature ______
