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MODEL ANALYSIS OF HIGH-RISE STRUCTURES FOR WIND AND EARTHQUAKE

FORCES

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 Interdependence between Structural Engineering and Construction Management
Edited by Ozevin, D., Ataei, H., Modares, M., Gurgun, A., Yazdani, S., and Singh, A.
Copyright © 2019 ISEC Press
ISBN: 978-0-9960437-6-2

MODEL ANALYSIS OF HIGH-RISE STRUCTURES

FOR WIND AND EARTHQUAKE FORCES
VANKUDOTHU BHIKSHMA1, MOHAMMED HAMRAJ2, and RUTTAL TEJASWINI2
1
Dept of Civil Engineering, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India
2
Muffakham Jah College of Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad, India

The objective of the present work is to study and analyze the effect of wind and
earthquake loads on a chosen symmetrical plan of a multi-storied building to assess the
behavior of the structure in all the seismic zones based on IS 1893 and subjected to
different wind velocities based on IS 875 codes. For the present study, six cases (6
floors, 9 floors and 12 floors each for earthquake and wind) are considered under which
30 structures are modelled in ETABSv16.0 software and static analysis is carried out.
Structural parameters like story drifts, story displacements and story shears are studied.
Finally, it is found that story drifts are found to be maximum at 2nd floor (i.e., at 6 m)
and 40% increase is observed in parameters when wind speed is increased from 33 to
39 m/s and by 21% when wind speed is increased from 50 to 55 m/s. With increase in
wind speed on moving to higher seismic zones, with increase in number of stories from
6 to 9 story drifts increased by 109%, story displacements increased by 185% and
increased by 15% and 62% on moving to higher seismic zones. Also, wind forces on
the structure subjected to variation in increasing wind speeds and increasing heights in
zone II and zone III but in no case are they greater than the earthquake forces in zone
IV and V.
Keywords: Lateral loads, Wind forces, Story drifts, Story displacements shears.

1 INTRODUCTION
Considering the ever-increasing population as well as limited space, horizontal expansion is no
longer a viable solution especially in metropolitan cities. As there has been a considerable
increase in the number of tall buildings in recent times, effects of lateral loads like wind loads and
earthquake forces are attaining increasing importance (Reddy and Sandip 2014). The Indian sub-
continent is highly vulnerable to natural disasters such as earthquakes, draughts, floods, cyclones,
landslides, and avalanches. Hence, the response of structures under wind and earthquake effects
is a very important area where the researchers should concentrate and bring out effective disaster
mitigating techniques, so that the structures remain functional. As height of buildings increases,
the effects of both earthquakes and wind increases can be found out by analyzing buildings for
earthquake and wind forces (Suchita and Magadum 2014). Architectural re-interpretations of the
building type, the high cost of land in urban areas, the need to preserve agricultural production,
the concept of skyscrapers, and the influence of cultural significance have all contributed to
forcing buildings upward (Rajmani 2015). Dynamic actions are caused on buildings by both
wind and earthquakes, but design for wind forces and for earthquake effects are distinctly
different (Narla and Vardhan 2017). By the study of past earthquakes occurred in multistoried
building shows that if they are not well designed and constructed with adequate strength it leads

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Ozevin, D., Ataei, H., Modares, M., Gurgun, A., Yazdani, S., and Singh, A. (eds.)

to the complete collapse of the structure. So, to acquire safety against additional deformations
there is need to study of detailed considerations to design earthquake resistance structures.
Generally structural engineers traditionally use linear static analysis to compute design forces,
moments and displacements of a structure resulting from loads acting on it (Radha Devi and
NagaSai 2018). The basic intent of analysis for earthquake resistant structures is that buildings
should be able to resist minor earthquakes without damage.

2 NEED FOR THE PRESENT STUDY

Lateral loads can develop high stresses, produce sway moment or cause vibration. Therefore, it is
very important for the structure to have sufficient strength against vertical loads together with
adequate stiffness to resist lateral forces. Wind and earthquake loads are random in nature and it
is difficult to predict them. They are estimated based on a probabilistic approach. Therefore, it is
necessary to know which force is governing on the chosen structure for design.
For a design of case when a building is situated in a particular wind and earthquake zone, the
major designing loads for such a building can be adopted directly from the analytical conclusions
of the present work subjected to parameters chosen for deciding the final design of structure. For
the analysis, 30 models were created and subjected to wind and earthquake loads separately.

3 OBJECTIVES
The primary objective of our study was to understand behavior of the chosen structure under the
action of seismic loads and wind loads in different seismic zones II, III, IV, and V (IS 1893 Part-1
2002) subjected to different wind speeds 33m/s, 39m/s, 44m/s, 47m/s, 50m/s and 55m/s (IS 875
Part 3 1987) respectively and to find the governing force among wind and earthquake on the
structure through model analysis.

4 ANALYTICAL METHODOLOGY
For the present study, a symmetrical plan is considered and modelled for performing the wind
analysis and seismic analysis separately on different floors (varying heights) of model at various
locations (different zones).

Figure 1. Plan and elevation of the model chosen for analysis with labels.

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 Interdependence between Structural Engineering and Construction Management

The selected plan of building consists of 49 columns. Models with different stories (6, 9 and
12) are modelled with floor height of 3.0m each and slab thickness of 0.125m with grade of
concrete chosen to be M40 and steel Fe500. Soil under foundation is taken as medium soil.
Loads considered for study are dead load, live load (3kN/m2), seismic load and wind load.
Figure 1 shows the plan and elevation of the 12-floor symmetrical model with labels, which is
modelled in ETABS for present study on which different loads considered are applied.

4.1 Seismic Load

Seismic base shear is given by Eq. (1),
VB = Ah xW (1)

where Ahis the Design horizontal acceleration spectrum value using fundamental natural
period in the considered direction of vibration is given by Eq. (2)
𝑧 𝐼 𝑠𝑎
Ah = ∗ ∗ (2)
2 𝑅 𝑔

4.2 Wind Load

Design wind pressure is calculated by Eq. (3)
Pz= 0.6 Vz2, Where Vz= Vb * K1*K2*K3 (3)

where Vz: design wind speed.

Vb: basic wind speed.
All the parameters required for calculating wind loads are taken from Indian Standard Code
IS 875-Part 3 (1987) and these wind loads and wind pressure coefficients are applied on to model
and analyzed using method of exposure from shell objects in ETABS v16.0.

5 ANALYTICAL TEST RESULTS

The numerical models were carried out using ETABS v16.0 software. A total of 30 different
structures were modeled in ETABS separately, and then analyzed for all the wind and earthquake
zones. The safety of structures was then checked against allowable limits prescribed using inter-
story drifts.

0.0030
0.0025
0.0020
Story Drift

0.0015
0.0010
0.0005
0.0000
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39
Story Height (m)
eqx in z2 eqx in z3 eqx in z4 eqx in z5

Figure 2. 12th Floor model with earth quake load.

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Ozevin, D., Ataei, H., Modares, M., Gurgun, A., Yazdani, S., and Singh, A. (eds.)

0.0020

0.0015

Story drift 0.0010

0.0005

0.0000
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39
Story Height (m)
33 m/s 39 m/s 44 m/s

Figure 3. 12th Floor model with wind load.

From the analytical results’ obtained parameters considered for study story drifts,
displacements and shears are tabulated and compared in aspects of increasing height of the
models, increasing seismic zones and wind velocities for which graphs are drawn and conclusions
were inferred. Figures 2 and 3 show the behavior of 12-story building subjected to different
earthquake zones and wind speeds, respectively. With an increase of wind velocity or seismic
zone, the magnitude of story drift increases, and the maximum story drift is observed at the
second floor.

0.0030
Story Drift

0.0020

0.0010

0.0000
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39
Story Height (m)
w+X 55m/s EqX in Z2 EqX in Z3 EqX in Z4 EqX in Z5

Figure 4. Story drift for earthquake with wind speed of 55m/s on 12 floor model.

80.00
Story Displacements (mm)

60.00

40.00

20.00

0.00
0 3 6 9
12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39
Story Height (m)
w+X 55m/s EqX in Z2 EqX in Z3 EqX in Z4 EqX in Z5

Figure 5. Story displacement for earthquake with wind speed of 55m/s on 12 floor.

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 Interdependence between Structural Engineering and Construction Management

In Figures 4 and 5, story drifts and displacements of 12 floor building subjected speed of
55m/s are compared with 12 floor building in all the earthquake zones to find the governing force
among the both on 12 floor building and found that story drift and displacement on model due to
wind forces are dominating the earthquake at all floors in zone II and zone III but in no case
greater than earthquake forces in zone IV and zone V.

6 CONCLUSIONS
The effective parameters for wind forces affecting any building are the area subjected to wind as
well as the intensity of wind defined by the code according to location. The effects of both
earthquake forces and wind forces on multi-story buildings increase with increase in height of
building. In the present study, with the increase of stories from 6 (21 m) to 9 (30 m), story drift,
story shear and story displacements increase by 109%, 109% and 185%, respectively. When
number of stories increase from 9 (30 m) to 12 (39 m), story drift, story shears, and story
displacement increase by 53%, 53%, and 96%, respectively, with the increase in wind speed.
Similarly, moving on to higher earthquake zones, story drift, story shears and story displacements
increase by 15%, 15% and 62%, and increase by 9%, 9% and 42% respectively with increase in
number of stories from 6 (21 m) to 9 (30 m) and 9 (30 m) to 12 (39 m).
On comparing the effect of wind forces with the effect of earthquake forces on performance
of 12 story building subjected to wind speed of 55 m/s, we found that wind is the governing force
in zone II and III and earthquake is the governing force in zone IV and V. Similarly, the effect of
wind and earthquake forces is compared with regards to the performance of 6 story, 9 story and
12 story models subjected to different wind speeds. It was found that for medium height of the
buildings subject to higher intensity of wind speeds, wind is the governing force over earthquake
in zone II and to considerable height of the building in zone III. Thus, it can be presented that
although seismic zone II is not severe for considering the structure to be designed for seismic
forces, structures with moderate heights are to be designed for safety against wind loads
compared to earthquake loads in zone II and zone III, considering the wind speed the structure is
likely to experience.
The percentage increase in the parameters story drift, story displacement and story shear for
same height of the building (models chosen 21 m, 30 m, 39 m) is 40% when wind speed is
increased from 33 to 39m/s and 27%, 14%, 13%, and 21% when wind speeds are increased from
39 to 44 m/s, 44 to 47 m/s, 47 to 50 m/s and 50 to 55 m/s respectively. Similarly, the parameters
increased by 60% when earthquake zone is changed from zone II to zone III and increased by
50% when changed from zone III to zone IV and zone V. Magnitude of the parameters on the
same building increased with increase in wind speed and on moving to higher seismic zones
(increase in zone factors). All the parameters considered in the study on a building increased by
178% when speed on the building is increased from 33m/s to 55m/s and increased by 260% when
moved from zone II to zone V.

References
IS 875-Part 3, Code of Practice for Design Loads (Other Than Earth Quake) for Buildings and Structures,
Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, 1987.
IS 1893-Part 1, Criteria for Earth Quake Resistance Design of Structures, Bureau of Indian Standards, New
Delhi, 2002.
NagaSai, A., and Radha Devi, G., Seismic and Wind Effects on High Rise Structure Using ETABS,
International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology, 6, (II), 2018.
Narla, M., and Vardhan, M., A., Analysis Of G+20 RC Building in Different Zones Using ETABS,
International Journal of Professional Engineering Studies, VIII (3), 2017.

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 Ozevin, D., Ataei, H., Modares, M., Gurgun, A., Yazdani, S., and Singh, A. (eds.)

Rajmani, A., Analysis of Wind and Earthquake Load For Different Shapes of High Rise Building,
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 2(2), 2015.
Reddy, K.R.C., and Sandip, A.T., The Effect of Zone Factors on Wind and Earthquake Loads of High-Rise
Structures, IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, 53-58, 2014.
Suchita, H., and Magadum, V., Severity of Earthquake Forces Over Wind Forces for Multistoried RCC
Building, Earthquake Loads of High-Rise Structures, IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil
Engineering, 71-75, 2014.

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