UNIT-1 SCIENCE YEAR-7
Cells:
If you study a plant by observing part of it through a microscope, you will
see that it is made up of a very large number of tiny ‘boxes’. These are
called cells. All living organisms are made of cells.
Plant Cell Structure
Cell Wall
Every plant cell has a cell wall. The cell wall is strong and stiff. It holds
the plant cell in shape. Plant cell walls are made of a substance called
cellulose.
Cell Membrane
All cells have a cell membrane. The cell membrane is very thin and
flexible. It is like the thin skin of a soap bubble. It lies along the inner
edge of the cell wall. The cell membrane controls what goes in and out
of the cell.
Cytoplasm
All cells have cytoplasm. Cytoplasm is like clear jelly. Chemical reactions
happen inside the cytoplasm. These reactions keep the cell alive.
Nucleus
Most cells have a nucleus. The nucleus controls the activities of the cell.
Sap Vacuole
This is a large, fluid-filled space inside a plant cell. The liquid inside it is
a solution of sugars and other substances dissolved in water. The
solution is called cell sap.
Chloroplast
Plant cells that are in the sunlight often contain chloroplasts. This is
where plants make their food. Chloroplasts look green because they
contain a green substance called chlorophyll.
Mitochondrion
All plant cells have mitochondria (singular: mitochondrion). Inside
mitochondria, energy is released from food.
Animal Cells and Their Functions
Animal cells are similar to plant cells because they have a cell membrane,
cytoplasm, and a nucleus.
Specialised Animal Cells
Not all cells in your body are the same. There are many types, each with a
special job. Their shape and structure help them do their job well.
Here are three types of specialised cells in the human body:
Red Blood Cells
Small in size, so they can move through tiny blood vessels.
Contain haemoglobin, a red pigment that carries oxygen.
Have no nucleus, allowing more space for haemoglobin.
Neurones (Nerve Cells)
Carry electrical signals to different parts of the body.
Help the brain communicate with muscles to make movements.
Have a long strand of cytoplasm called an axon, which helps signals
travel fast.
Dendrites are short strands that receive signals from other nerve
cells.
Ciliated Cells
Have tiny moving hairs called cilia.
Found in the tubes leading from the mouth to the lungs.
Work with mucus to trap dust and bacteria in the air.
Cilia move the mucus to the back of the mouth
so it can be swallowed.
Specialised Plant Cells
Plants have specialised cells. Here are two examples.
Root hair cells are found on the outside of plant roots. Their function is to
absorb water from the soil. Each cell has a long, thin extension that
helps water move easily from the soil into the cell.
Palisade cells are found in the leaves of plants. Their function is to make
food by photosynthesis. They have many chloroplasts that contain
chlorophyll. Chlorophyll absorbs energy from sunlight, which helps the
plant make food.
Tissues
Living things, including animals and plants, are called organisms. There
are many different kinds of cells in animals and plants. Most cells are
specialised to do a particular job.
Similar cells group together to form a tissue. A tissue is a group of cells
that work together to carry out a particular function.
One example of a plant tissue is onion epidermis. This tissue covers the
surface of the layers inside the onion.
Onion epidermis
This is a diagram of ciliated epithelium – the tissue that lines the tubes
leading down to our lungs. The cilia all wave together, like grass in the
wind.
Organs and Organ Systems
A leaf is a plant organ that contains different
types of tissue.
The bodies of plants and animals have many
parts called organs.
In humans, examples of organs include the brain, heart, and
muscles.
In plants, examples include leaves, roots, and flowers.
Each organ is made up of several kinds of tissue working together.
The brain contains neurones and other types of cells.
A plant root has root hair cells along with other cells.
Organs do not work alone—they form organ systems.
An organ system is a group of organs that
work together to carry out the same
function.
True or False: Plant and Animal Cells
1. All living organisms are made of cells.
2. The cell wall in plant cells is soft and flexible.
3. Cytoplasm is found in both plant and animal cells.
4. The nucleus controls the activities of a cell.
5. Only animal cells have mitochondria.
6. Red blood cells have a nucleus to store extra oxygen.
7. Chloroplasts are found in plant cells that receive sunlight.
8. Neurones help transmit electrical signals in the body.
9. Ciliated cells are found in the bloodstream.
10. Cell membranes are thick and rigid in all cells.
Fill in the Blanks: Plant and Animal Cells
1. All living organisms are made of _______.
2. The _______ in plant cells helps maintain their shape.
3. The _______ controls the activities of a cell.
4. _______ is the jelly-like substance where chemical reactions occur
inside a cell.
5. The cell membrane is _______ and _______ and controls what enters
and leaves the cell.
6. Chloroplasts contain a green pigment called _______.
7. In animal cells, red blood cells contain _______ to carry oxygen.
8. Nerve cells have long strands of cytoplasm called _______ that help
signals travel quickly.
9. Ciliated cells use tiny moving hairs called _______ to trap dust and
bacteria.
10. Mitochondria are responsible for releasing _______ from food
in both plant and animal cells.
Choose the Correct Answer: Plant and Animal Cells
1. What is the function of the cell wall in a plant cell?
a. Helps with movement
b. Protects and maintains the shape of the cell
c. Produces food for the plant
d. Transports oxygen
2. What is the main role of the nucleus in a cell?
a. Releases energy
b. Controls cell activities
c. Stores cell sap
d. Produces oxygen
3. Which part of a plant cell contains chlorophyll?
a. Nucleus
b. Cell membrane
c. Chloroplast
d. Mitochondrion
4. Why do red blood cells lack a nucleus?
a. To allow more space for carrying oxygen
b. To speed up blood circulation
c. To prevent infections
d. To store nutrients
5. What do neurones (nerve cells) do?
a. Transport oxygen
b. Carry electrical signals in the body
c. Produce chlorophyll
d. Store energy
6. What is the main role of mitochondria in both plant and animal
cells?
a. Store nutrients
b. Release energy from food
c. Control cell functions
d. Carry oxygen
7. What do ciliated cells use to trap dust and bacteria?
a. Neurons
b. Mitochondria
c. Cilia (tiny moving hairs)
d. Chloroplasts
8. What is the role of the sap vacuole in plant cells?
a. It carries oxygen to the nucleus
b. It stores cell sap, a solution of sugars and other substances
c. It releases energy from food
d. It helps transport nerve signals
9. Why do plant cells have chloroplasts?
a. To store nutrients for the plant
b. To trap dust and bacteria in the air
c. To absorb sunlight and help the plant make food
d. To transport electrical signals
10. What is the function of the cell membrane in both plant and
animal cells?
a. To make food for the cell
b. To control what goes in and out of the cell
c. To release energy from food
d. To make the cell rigid
11. What do ciliated cells use to move trapped dust and bacteria?
a. Nucleus
b. Chloroplasts
c. Cilia (tiny moving hairs)
d. Cytoplasm
12. What is one key difference between plant and animal cells?
a. Animal cells have cell walls
b. Plant cells have chloroplasts
c. Animal cells contain cellulose
d. Plant cells don’t have a nucleus
Answer the Questions: Plant and Animal Cells
1. What is the function of the cell wall in a plant cell?
2. How does the cell membrane help the cell function?
3. What is the role of cytoplasm in both plant and animal cells?
4. Why do plant cells contain chloroplasts?
5. What is the main job of the nucleus in a cell?
6. What is cell sap, and where is it found?
7. Why do red blood cells lack a nucleus?
8. How do neurones (nerve cells) help the body function?
9. What is the role of cilia in ciliated cells?
10. What is the main difference between plant and animal cells?
True or False Answers
1. True
2. False (The cell wall is strong and stiff)
3. True
4. True
5. False (Both plant and animal cells have mitochondria)
6. False (Red blood cells have no nucleus)
7. True
8. True
9. False (Ciliated cells are found in the tubes leading from the mouth to the lungs)
10.False (Cell membranes are thin and flexible)
Fill in the Blanks Answers
1. cells
2. cell wall
3. nucleus
4. cytoplasm
5. thin, flexible
6. chlorophyll
7. haemoglobin
8. axon
9. cilia
10.energy
Choose the Correct Answer
1. b) Protects and maintains the shape of the cell
2. b) Controls cell activities
3. c) Chloroplast
4. a) To allow more space for carrying oxygen
5. b) Carry electrical signals in the body
6. b) Release energy from food
7. c) Cilia (tiny moving hairs)
8. b) It stores cell sap, a solution of sugars and other substances
9. c) To absorb sunlight and help the plant make food
10.b) To control what goes in and out of the cell
11.c) Cilia (tiny moving hairs)
12.b) Plant cells have chloroplasts
Answer the Questions
1. The cell wall supports and maintains the shape of a plant cell.
2. The cell membrane controls what enters and leaves the cell, ensuring proper cell function.
3. Cytoplasm is the jelly-like substance where chemical reactions occur to keep the cell
alive.
4. Chloroplasts absorb sunlight and help plants make food through photosynthesis.
5. The nucleus controls the cell's activities, acting as the cell’s command center.
6. Cell sap is a solution of sugars and other substances dissolved in water, found inside the
sap vacuole in plant cells.
7. Red blood cells lack a nucleus to allow more space for haemoglobin, which carries
oxygen.
8. Neurones (nerve cells) transmit electrical signals, helping the brain communicate with
muscles.
9. Cilia in ciliated cells move mucus containing trapped dust and bacteria toward the back
of the mouth for removal.
10.The main difference between plant and animal cells is that plant cells have a cell wall and
chloroplasts, while animal cells do not.
📝 True or False UNIT-1
1. All living organisms are made up of cells.
2. The cell membrane is strong and stiff like the cell wall.
3. Cytoplasm is like clear jelly where chemical reactions happen.
4. The nucleus controls the activities of the cell.
5. The sap vacuole contains a solution of sugars and other
substances dissolved in water.
6. Chloroplasts contain a green substance called chlorophyll that
helps plants make food.
7. Mitochondria release energy from food in all plant cells.
8. Red blood cells have no nucleus to allow more space for
haemoglobin.
9. Neurones carry electrical signals to different parts of the body.
10. Ciliated cells have tiny hairs called cilia that help trap dust and
bacteria.
11. Root hair cells absorb water from the soil and have long, thin
extensions.
12. Palisade cells are found in roots and help absorb water.
13. A tissue is a group of cells that work together to carry out a
particular function.
14. Organs are made of several kinds of tissue working together.
15. Organ systems are groups of organs that work independently.
📝 Fill in the Blanks
1. The ________ is a strong, stiff structure that holds the plant cell
in shape.
2. The ________ controls what goes in and out of all cells.
3. ________ is a jelly-like substance inside the cell where
chemical reactions happen.
4. The ________ controls the activities of the cell.
5. The ________ contains a solution called cell sap.
6. ________ contain chlorophyll and help plants make food using
sunlight.
7. Energy is released from food inside the ________.
8. Red blood cells carry oxygen using a pigment called ________.
9. The long strand of cytoplasm in neurones is called an
________.
10.Tiny hairs on ciliated cells are called ________.
11.________ absorb water from the soil and have long thin
extensions.
12.________ cells are found in leaves and contain many
chloroplasts.
13.A group of similar cells working together forms a ________.
14.The brain and heart are examples of an ________.
15.Several organs working together form an ________.
📝 Matching Exercise
Column A Column B
1. Cell wall a. carry electrical signals to the whole body
2. Cytoplasm b. Contains chlorophyll and makes food in
plant cells
3. Nucleus c. Strong and stiff structure that holds plant
cells in shape
4. Chloroplasts d. Jelly-like substance where chemical
reactions occur
5. Mitochondria e. Controls the activities of the cell
6. Red blood f. Release energy from food
cells
7. Neurones g. Carry oxygen and have no nucleus
8. Ciliated cells h. Have tiny hairs called cilia that trap dust
9. Root hair i. Absorb water from soil with long thin
cells extensions
10. Palisade j. Found in leaves and contain many
cells chloroplasts
11. Tissue k. Group of similar cells working together
12. Organ l. Made of several kinds of tissue working
together
13. Organ m. Group of organs working together for a
system function
True or False Answers unit-1 part 2
1. True
2. False
3. True
4. True
5. True
6. True
7. True
8. True
9. True
10. True
11. True
12. False
13. True
14. True
15. False
Fill in the Blanks Answers
1. cell wall
2. cell membrane
3. cytoplasm
4. nucleus
5. sap vacuole
6. chloroplasts
7. mitochondria
8. haemoglobin
9. axon
10. cilia
11. root hair cells
12. palisade
13. tissue
14. organ
15. organ system
✅ Matching Answer Key
Number Letter
1. Cell wall c
2. Cytoplasm d
3. Nucleus e
4. Chloroplasts b
5. Mitochondria f
6. Red blood cells g
7. Neurones a
8. Ciliated cells h
9. Root hair cells i
10. Palisade cells j
11. Tissue k
12. Organ l
13. Organ system m
