SANOBER'S
Social Science Flash Notes
Nationalism in Europe
The Idea of French Revolution with Frédéric Sorrieu
• Frédéric Sorrieu → French artist, 1848, made four prints.
• Dream: world of democratic and social republics.
• First print: people of Europe & America with national ags → homage to Statue of Liberty.
• Liberty = torch of enlightenment + charter of rights.
• Nations shown with ags (France, Germany, Italy).
• Christ, saints, angels above = universal fraternity.
French Revolution (1789):
• Spread ideas of Liberty, Equality, Fraternity.
• End of monarchy & aristocracy.
• Introduced nation-states.
• Inspired struggles across Europe.
Figurines / Allegories in Europe
• Allegory = personi cation of nation through gures.
France:
• Marianne → female gure of France.
• Symbols: red cap, tricolour, cockade.
• On coins, stamps, statues.
Germany:
• Germania → female gure of Germany.
• Symbols: oak crown (heroism), breastplate with eagle, sword.
• Black-red-gold ag.
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Factors Affecting Nationalism in Europe
1. French Revolution (1789): Liberty, Equality, Fraternity.
2. Napoleonic Reforms: Abolished feudalism, uniform laws, but French domination.
3. Congress of Vienna (1815): Restored monarchs, suppressed liberalism.
4. Rise of Liberalism: Freedom, equality, constitutionalism.
5. Economic Factors: Industrial Revolution, Zollverein.
6. Cultural Factors: Language, folklore, Grimm Brothers, Polish vernacular.
7. Romanticism: Folk traditions, past glory.
8. Revolutions of 1830 & 1848: Spread nationalist ideas.
Nationalism in India
Figurines / Allegories in India
• Bharat Mata → symbol of Indian nation.
• Painted by Abanindranath Tagore (1905).
• Ascetic woman, divine, strong.
• With trishul, lion, elephant = power & authority.
• Inspired unity, similar to European allegories.
Factors Affecting Nationalism in India
1. Colonial Oppression: British exploitation, high taxes, racial discrimination.
2. Economic Factors: Decline of industries, cheap imports, rise of Indian capitalists.
3. Political Factors: Congress (1885), Rowlatt Act, Jallianwala Bagh.
4. Cultural & Religious Revival: Vivekananda, Tagore, Bankim’s Vande Mataram.
5. Mahatma Gandhi’s Leadership: Mass movements, non-violence, satyagraha.
6. Social Factors: Reformers (Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Jyotiba Phule), vernacular press.
7. Global Events: WWI & WWII, worldwide anti-colonial movements.
Making of a Global World
• Pre-modern world: Silk routes (Asia, Europe, Africa), trade of silk, spices, ideas.
• 16th–18th c: European conquest, Americas into trade, slave trade, new crops.
• 19th c: Industrial Revolution, global trade, migration, new tech (railways, telegraph).
• 20th c: Great Depression (1929), WWII reshaped economy, IMF & World Bank, post-1990
globalization.
Power Sharing
• Why? Prevents con ict, ensures stability, promotes unity.
• Forms:
1. Horizontal → legislature, executive, judiciary.
2. Vertical → central, state, local.
3. Social groups → minority & linguistic representation.
4. Political parties/coalitions.
• Examples: Belgium (accommodation), Sri Lanka (majoritarianism = con ict).
Federalism
• De nition: Division of power between central & state govts.
• Features: Two+ levels, powers divided by constitution, independent judiciary.
• India: Union, State, Concurrent Lists.
• Decentralisation (1992): 3-tier → Panchayati Raj.
Gender, Religion and Caste
• Gender: Women face discrimination, low political representation, feminist movements
demand equality.
• Religion: Communalism = mixing religion & politics. India is secular.
• Caste: Linked with hierarchy & occupation. Reduced by reforms, but caste politics still
present.
Political Parties
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• De nition: Organisation to attain political power.
• Functions: Contest elections, frame policies, make laws, form govt/opposition, shape
opinion.
• India: Multi-party system, coalitions common.
• Challenges: Dynastic politics, money & muscle power, lack of internal democracy.
Outcomes of Democracy
• Accountable govt → free & fair elections.
• Responsive govt → public welfare.
• Transparency → open decision-making.
• Economic outcomes → moderate growth, reduces inequality slowly.
• Social outcomes → dignity, equality, freedom.
• Limitations → delays, corruption, inef ciency.
Resources and Development
• Resource: Anything useful, accessible, feasible.
• Types: Biotic/Abiotic, Renewable/Non-renewable, National/International.
• Sustainable Development: Meet needs without harming future.
• Resource Planning: Identi cation → Planning → Matching with development.
• Conservation principle: Gandhi → “Enough for need, not for greed.”
Forests and Wildlife Resources
• Threats: Deforestation, mining, poaching, overgrazing.
• Conservation:
◦ Reserve/protected forests, national parks, sanctuaries.
◦ Joint Forest Management (JFM).
◦ People’s movements: Chipko, Bishnois.
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Water Resources
• Importance: Drinking, irrigation, industry, hydroelectricity.
• Scarcity: Overuse, pollution, unequal access, population.
• Projects: Bhakra Nangal, Hirakud, Damodar Valley.
• Rainwater harvesting: Rooftop collection, check dams, bamboo drip irrigation.
Development
• Different goals: Vary for different people (income, equality, freedom).
• National development: Growth + social justice.
• Per capita income: Total ÷ population (World Bank measure).
• HDI: Life expectancy, literacy, income.
• Sustainable development: Balance growth with environment.
Sectors of Indian Economy
• Primary: Agriculture, forestry, shing.
• Secondary: Manufacturing, industries.
• Tertiary: Services (banking, transport, education).
• Key points:
◦ Tertiary growing fastest.
◦ Public = welfare, Private = pro t.
◦ Disguised unemployment in agriculture.
◦ MGNREGA (2005): 100 days rural employment.
Money and Credit
• Modern money: Paper, coins, demand deposits.
• Functions: Exchange, store of value, deferred payment.
• Formal sector: Banks, co-operatives → regulated, low interest.
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• Informal sector: Moneylenders, traders → high interest, exploitative.
• Credit: Can promote growth or cause debt traps.
• Need: Expand formal credit to poor & rural areas.
