1.
Mathematical Functions
These functions are used to perform basic and advanced mathematical calculations.
SUM(range) → Adds up values in a range.
Example: =SUM(A1:A5) adds values from A1 to A5.
ROUND(number, num_digits) → Rounds a number to specified decimal places.
Example: =ROUND(12.345,2) gives 12.35.
ABS(number) → Returns the absolute (positive) value.
Example: =ABS(-45) gives 45.
POWER(number, power) → Raises a number to a power.
Example: =POWER(2,3) gives 8.
SQRT(number) → Returns the square root.
Example: =SQRT(25) gives 5.
INT(number) → Rounds down to nearest integer.
Example: =INT(8.9) gives 8.
2. Logical Functions
Logical functions return results based on conditions (TRUE/FALSE).
IF(condition, value_if_true, value_if_false) → Checks condition and returns different values.
Example: =IF(A1>50,"Pass","Fail")
AND(condition1, condition2, …) → Returns TRUE if all conditions are true.
Example: =AND(A1>10, B1<20)
OR(condition1, condition2, …) → Returns TRUE if at least one condition is true.
Example: =OR(A1>10, B1<20)
NOT(condition) → Reverses the logical value.
Example: =NOT(A1>50)
3. Date & Time Functions
These help in handling and calculating with dates and times.
TODAY() → Returns the current date.
NOW() → Returns current date and time.
DATE(year, month, day) → Creates a valid date.
Example: =DATE(2025,8,24) gives 24-Aug-2025.
DAY(date), MONTH(date), YEAR(date) → Extracts day, month, year.
WEEKDAY(date) → Returns day of week (1=Sunday, 2=Monday …).
DATEDIF(start_date, end_date, unit) → Returns difference between two dates.
Example: =DATEDIF("01-Jan-2025","24-Aug-2025","m") → 7 months
4. Financial Functions
These are useful for financial and business calculations (loans, interest, investments).
PMT(rate, nper, pv) → Calculates loan repayment (equal monthly installment).
Example: =PMT(10%/12, 12, -100000) → EMI for ₹1,00,000 loan at 10% annual interest for 1
year.
FV(rate, nper, pmt, [pv]) → Future value of an investment.
PV(rate, nper, pmt, [fv]) → Present value of an investment.
NPV(rate, value1, value2, …) → Net Present Value of investment.
RATE(nper, pmt, pv, [fv]) → Calculates interest rate of investment.
5. Lookup & Reference Functions in Excel
Lookup and Reference functions help you search for values, retrieve data, and refer to specific cells
or ranges in a worksheet. They are very useful in large datasets like sales reports, student records, or
financial databases.
1. VLOOKUP (Vertical Lookup)
Searches for a value in the first column of a table and returns a value from another column
in the same row.
Syntax:
=VLOOKUP(lookup_value, table_array, col_index_num, [range_lookup])
Parameters:
o lookup_value → The value to search for.
o table_array → The data table (range).
o col_index_num → The column number from which to return the value.
o range_lookup → TRUE (approximate) or FALSE (exact match).
Example:
=VLOOKUP(102, A2:D20, 3, FALSE) → Finds Employee ID 102 in column A and returns value
from 3rd column.
2. HLOOKUP (Horizontal Lookup)
Similar to VLOOKUP but searches for a value in the first row of a table and returns data from
another row.
Syntax:
=HLOOKUP(lookup_value, table_array, row_index_num, [range_lookup])
Example:
=HLOOKUP("Sales", A1:H5, 3, FALSE) → Looks for "Sales" in the first row and returns the
value from 3rd row.
3. LOOKUP
Searches for a value either in a one-row/one-column range or in an array.
Syntax:
=LOOKUP(lookup_value, lookup_vector, [result_vector])
Example:
=LOOKUP(500, A2:A20, B2:B20) → Looks for 500 in column A and returns corresponding
value from column B.
4. INDEX
Returns the value of a cell within a given range based on row and column number.
Syntax:
=INDEX(array, row_num, [column_num])
Example:
=INDEX(A2:C10, 3, 2) → Returns the value from 3rd row, 2nd column of range A2:C10.
5. MATCH
Returns the relative position of a value in a range.
Syntax:
=MATCH(lookup_value, lookup_array, [match_type])
Parameters:
o match_type = 0 (exact match), 1 (less than), -1 (greater than).
Example:
=MATCH(300, B2:B20, 0) → Finds position of 300 in column B.
6. INDEX + MATCH (Advanced Alternative to VLOOKUP)
A powerful combination: INDEX returns the value, MATCH finds the position.
Example:
=INDEX(C2:C20, MATCH(102, A2:A20, 0))
→ Finds Employee ID 102 in column A, and returns corresponding value from column C.
✅ Advantage: Unlike VLOOKUP, it can search both left and right.
Section A – Mathematical Functions
1. Find the total loan amount sanctioned to all applicants using SUM.
2. Calculate the average loan amount using AVERAGE.
3. Find the highest EMI and lowest EMI using MAX and MIN.
4. Round off all EMI values to the nearest integer using ROUND.
5. Extract only the integer part of EMI values using INT.
Section B – Logical Functions
6. Create a new column Loan_Category:
o If Loan Amount > 3,00,000 → “High”
o Else If Loan Amount between 1,50,000 and 3,00,000 → “Medium”
o Else → “Low”
(Use IF function, and nested IF where required.)
7. Create a column Risk_Flag:
o If Interest Rate > 12% AND Loan Amount > 2,50,000 → “High Risk”
o Else → “Normal”
(Use IF + AND)
8. Check if any applicant has either Tenure = 10 years OR Loan > 4,00,000.
(Use OR function.)
Section C – Date & Time Functions
(Assume today’s date = 25-Aug-2025 for calculation.)
13. Add a column Loan_Start_Date (random date in 2023 for each applicant).
14. Calculate the Loan_End_Date using EDATE (Start Date + Tenure*12 months).
15. Use DATEDIF to find the total number of months between Start Date and End Date.
16. Extract the Year and Month from Loan_Start_Date using YEAR and MONTH.
Section D – Financial Functions
(Already EMI calculated, but students should also use Excel financial formulas.)
17. Verify EMI calculation using PMT function for any 5 applicants.
Formula: =PMT(rate/12, tenure*12, -loan_amount)
18. Calculate Total Repayment for each applicant = Monthly EMI * Tenure (months).
19. Calculate the Total Interest Paid = Total Repayment – Loan Amount.
20. Using FV, calculate the Future Value of investing EMI in a scheme with 6% annual interest for
the loan period.
21. Use NPV to evaluate the present value of EMI cash outflows for selected applicants (assume
10% discount rate).
Section E – VLOOKUP & HLOOKUP
1. Using VLOOKUP, find the Loan Amount for Applicant_15.
2. Retrieve the Tenure (Years) for Applicant_30 using VLOOKUP.
3. Using VLOOKUP, return the Monthly EMI for Applicant_5.
4. Create a formula using VLOOKUP that returns “Not Found” if the Applicant ID does not exist
(use IFERROR).
Hint: =IFERROR(VLOOKUP(...), "Not Found")
5. Convert the table so that Applicant names are listed in a row (horizontally), then use
HLOOKUP to find the EMI of Applicant_20.
Section F – LOOKUP
6. Use LOOKUP to find the Interest Rate for the last Applicant in the list.
(Hint: LOOKUP works well with sorted data.)
7. Find the EMI for a Loan Amount closest to ₹2,50,000 using LOOKUP.
Section G – INDEX & MATCH
8. Using INDEX and MATCH, return the Loan Amount for Applicant_25.
9. Using INDEX + MATCH, find the Interest Rate for the applicant who has the highest Loan
Amount.
10. Combine INDEX and MATCH to return the EMI for Applicant_40.
11. Find the Applicant Name corresponding to the lowest EMI using INDEX + MATCH.
