Experiment No.

1
Aim:
To study Basic Electronics Components & safety precautions.
Components:
Resistor:
A Resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that
implements electrical resistance as a circuit element. The current through a resistor
is in direct proportion to the voltage across the resistor’s terminals. This relationship
is represented by Ohm’s law:
𝑽
𝐼=
𝑹
Where 𝐼 is the current through the conductor in units of amperes, V is the potential
difference measured across the conductor in units of volts, and R is the resistance of
the conductor in units of ohms.
The ratio of the voltage applied across a resistor’s terminals to the intensity of current
in the circuit is called its resistance, and this can be a constant (independent of the
voltage) for ordinary resistors working within their ratings.
Colour coding of resistor:
Colour Codes are used to identify the value of resistor. The numbers to the Colour
are identified in the following sequence which is remembered as BBROY GREAT
BRITAN VERY GOOG WIFE (BBROYGBVGW) and their assignment is listed
in following table.
Black Brown Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Violet Grey White
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Table 1: Colour codes of resistor

Resistor Colour codes: Resistors are devices that limit current flow and provide a
voltage drop in electrical circuits. Because carbon resistors are physically small, they
are colour coded to identify their resistance value in Ohms. The use of colour bands
on the body of a resistor is the most common system for indicating the value of a
resistor. Colour-coding is standardized by the Electronic Industries Association
(EIA).

Resistor Colour Code

Figure 1: Procedure to find the value of Resistor using Colour codes

Use the Resistor Colour Code Chart (above) to understand how to use the colour
code system. When looking at the chart, note the illustration of three round resistors
with numerous colour code bands. The first resistor in the chart (with bands) tells
you the minimum information you can learn from a resistor. The next (a 5 band code)
provides a little more information about the resistor. The third resistor (a 6 band)
provides even more information. Each colour band is associated with a numerical
value.
How to read a typical 4-band, 5-band and 6-band resistor: 4-Band: Reading the
resistor from left to right, the first two colour bands represent significant digits, the
third band represents the decimal multiplier, and the fourth band represents the
tolerance. 5-Band: The first three colour bands represent significant digits, the
fourth band represents the decimal multiplier, and the fifth band represents the
tolerance. 6-Band: The first three colour bands represent significant digits, the
fourth band represents the decimal multiplier, the fifth band represents the tolerance,
and the sixth band represents the temperature coefficient.
What is a breadboard?
A breadboard is used to build and test circuits quickly before finalizing any circuit
design. The breadboard has many holes into which circuit components like ICs and
resistor can be inserted. A typical breadboard is shown below:

The breadboard has strips of metal which run underneath the board and connect the
holes on the top of the board. The metal strips are laid out as shown below. Note that
the top and bottom rows of holes are connected horizontally while the remaining
holes are connected vertically.

To use the breadboard, the legs of components are placed in the holes. Each set of
holes connected by a metal strip underneath form a node. A node is a point in a
circuit where two components are connected. Connections between different
components are formed by putting their legs in a common node.
The long top and bottom row of holes are usually used for power supply connections,
the rest of the circuit is built by placing components and connecting them together
with jumper wires. ICs are placed in the middle of the board so that half of the legs
are on one side of the middle line and half on the other.
Breadboard tips:
It is important to breadboard a circuit nearly and systematically, so that one can
debug it and get it running easily and quickly. It also helps when someone else needs
to understand and inspect the circuit. Here are some tips:
1. Always use the side-lines for power supply connections. Power the chips from
the side-lines and not directly from the power supply.
2. Use black wires for ground connections (0V), and red for other power
connections.
3. Keep the jumper wires on the board flat, so that the board does not look
cluttered.
4. Route jumper wires around the chips and not over the chips. This makes
changing the chips when needed easier.
5. You could trim the legs of components like resistors, transistors and LEDs, so
that they fit in snugly and do not get pulled out by accident.
What is a Multimeter?
A multimeter is a device used to measure voltage resistance and current in
electronics & electrical equipment.
It is also used to test continuity between to 2 points to verify if there is any breaks in
circuit or line.
There are two types of multimeter Analog & Degital
- Analog has a needle style gauge
- Digital has a LCD display
Meter leads:
 Red meter lead is connected to Voltage/Resistance or amperage
port is considered the positive connection.
 Probes are the handles used to hold tip on the tested connection.
 Tips are at the end of the probe and provides a connection point.
  Black meter lead is always connected to the common port is considered the
negative connection.
Display & Dial Settings

Common DMM Symbols

~ AC Voltage ╧ Ground
DC Voltage Capacitor
HZ Hertz µF MicroFarad
+ Positive µ Micro
- Negative M Milli
Ω Ohms M Mega
Diode K Kilo
•))) Audible Continuity OL Overload

These symbols are often found on multimeter and schematics.

They are designed to symbolize components and reference values.
Safety Precautions: -

1. There must be at least two (2) people in the laboratory while working on
live circuits or chemical processing.

2. Remove all loose conductive jewelry and trinkets, including rings, which
may come in contact with exposed circuits. (Do not wear long loose ties,
scarves, or other loose clothing around machines.)

3. Be certain that your hands are dry, that you are not standing on wet floor &
Shoes must be worn at all times.

4. When making measurements, form the habit of using only one hand at a
time. No part of a live circuit should be touched by the bare hand.

5. Keep the body, or any part of it, out of the circuit. Where interconnecting
wires and cables are involved, they should be arranged so people will not trip
over them.

6. Be as neat a possible. Keep the work area and workbench clear of items not
used in the experiment.

7. Always check to see that the power switch is OFF before plugging into the
outlet. Also, turn instrument or equipment OFF before unplugging from the
outlet.

8. When unplugging a power cord, pull on the plug, not on the cable.

9. When disassembling a circuit, first remove the source of power.