Introduction

References:
1- Wireless Networking Technology by: Steve Rackley
2- Wireless and Mobile Networking by: Mahbub Hassan
 Beginning of Wireless
 Guglielmo Marconi invented the wireless telegraph in 1896
 Communication by encoding alphanumeric characters in
analog signal
 Sent telegraphic signals across the Atlantic Ocean

 Communications satellites launched in 1960s

 Advances in wireless technology
 Radio, television, mobile telephone, communication satellites

 More recently
 Satellite communications, wireless networking, cellular
technology
 Broadband Wireless Technology
 Higher data rates obtainable with broadband wireless
technology
 Graphics, video, audio
 Shares same advantages of all wireless services:
convenience and reduced cost
 Service can be deployed faster than fixed service
 No cost of cable plant
 Service is mobile, deployed almost anywhere
Limitations and Difficulties of
Wireless Technologies
 Wireless is convenient and less expensive
 Limitations and political and technical difficulties
inhibit wireless technologies
 Lack of an industry-wide standard
 Device limitations
 E.g., small LCD on a mobile telephone can only
displaying a few lines of text
 E.g., browsers of most mobile wireless devices use
wireless markup language (WML) instead of HTML
Wireless communication
 Transmitting voice and data using
electromagnetic waves in open space
 Electromagnetic waves
 Travel at speed of light (c = 3x108 m/s)
 Has a frequency (f) and wavelength (l)
 c=fxl
 Higher frequency means higher energy photons
 The higher the energy photon the more
penetrating is the radiation
 Electromagnetic Spectrum
104 102 100 10-2 10-4 10-6 10-8 10-10 10-12 10-14 10-16

Radio Micro Cosmic

IR UV X-Rays
Spectrum wave Rays

104 106 108 1010 1012 1014 1016 1018 1020 1022 1024
1MHz ==100m
100MHz ==1m
10GHz ==1cm
Visible light < 30 KHz VLF
30-300KHz LF
300KHz – 3MHz MF
3 MHz – 30MHz HF
30MHz – 300MHz VHF
300 MHz – 3GHz UHF
3-30GHz SHF
> 30 GHz EHF
Wavelength of Some Technologies
 GSM Phones:
 frequency ~= 900 Mhz
 wavelength ~= 33cm
 PCS Phones
 frequency ~= 1.8 Ghz
 wavelength ~= 17.5 cm
 Bluetooth:
 frequency ~= 2.4Gz
 wavelength ~= 12.5cm
Useful frequency spectrum
Frequency Carries/Channels
 The information from sender to receiver is
carrier over a well defined frequency band.
 This is called a channel
 Each channel has a fixed frequency bandwidth
(in KHz) and Capacity (bit-rate)
 Different frequency bands (channels) can be
used to transmit information in parallel and
independently.
Simplex Communication
 Normally, on a channel, a station can
transmit only in one way.
 This is called simplex transmission
 To enable two-way communication
(called full-duplex communication)
 We can use Frequency Division Multiplexing
 We can use Time Division Multiplexing
 Duplex Communication - FDD
 FDD: Frequency Division Duplex

Mobile Forward Channel Base Station

Terminal Reverse Channel B
M

Forward Channel and Reverse Channel use different frequency bands

 Duplex Communication - TDD
 TDD: Time Division Duplex

Mobile
Terminal Base Station
M B M B M B
M B

A singe frequency channel is used. The channel is divided into time slots.
Mobile station and base station transmits on the time slots alternately.
 What is Mobility
 Initially Internet and Telephone Networks is designed
assuming the user terminals are static
 No change of location during a call/connection
 A user terminals accesses the network always from a fixed location
 Mobility and portability
 Portability means changing point of attachment to the
network offline
 Mobility means changing point of attachment to the
network online
Degrees of Mobility
 Walking Users
 Low speed
 Small roaming area
 Usually uses high-bandwith/low-latency access
 Vehicles
 High speeds
 Large roaming area
 Usually uses low-bandwidth/high-latency access
 Uses sophisticated terminal equipment (cell phones)
The Need for Wireless/Mobile
Networking
 Demand for Ubiquitous Computing
 Anywhere, anytime computing and communication
 You don’t have to go to the lab to check your email
 Pushing the computers more into background
 Focus on the task and life, not on the computer
 Use computers seamlessly to help you and to make your
life more easier.
 Computers should be location aware
 Adapt to the current location, discover services
Wireless System Definitions
 Mobile Station
 A station in the cellular radio service intended for use
while in motion at unspecified locations. They can be
either hand-held personal units (portables) or
installed on vehicles (mobiles)
 Base station
 A fixed station in a mobile radio system used for
radio communication with the mobile stations. Base
stations are located at the center or edge of a
coverage region. They consists of radio channels and
transmitter and receiver antennas mounted on top of
a tower.
Wireless System Definitions
 Mobile Switching Center
 Switching center which coordinates the routing of
calls in a large service area. In a cellular radio
system, the MSC connections the cellular base
stations and the mobiles to the PSTN (telephone
network). It is also called Mobile Telephone
Switching Office (MTSO)
 Subscriber
 A user who pays subscription charges for using a
mobile communication system
 Transceiver
 A device capable of simultaneously transmitting and
receiving radio signals
Wireless System Definitions
 Control Channel
 Radio channel used for transmission of call setup,
call request, call initiation and other beacon and
control purposes.
 Forward Channel
 Radio channel used for transmission of information
from the base station to the mobile
 Reverse Channel
 Radio channel used for transmission of information
from mobile to base station
Wireless System Definitions
 Simplex Systems
 Communication systems which provide only one-way
communication
 Half Duplex Systems
 Communication Systems which allow two-way
communication by using the same radio channel for
both transmission and reception. At any given time,
the user can either transmit or receive information.
 Full Duplex Systems
 Communication systems which allow simultaneous
two-way communication. Transmission and reception
is typically on two different channels (FDD).
Wireless System Definitions
 Handoff
 The process of transferring a mobile station from one
channel or base station to an other.
 Roamer
 A mobile station which operates in a service area
(market) other than that from which service has
been subscribed.
 Page
 A brief message which is broadcast over the entire
service area, usually in simulcast fashion by many
base stations at the same time.
 Major Mobile Radio Standards
USA
Standard Type Year Multiple Frequency Modulation Channel
Intro Access Band BW
(MHz) (KHz)
AMPS Cellular 1983 FDMA 824-894 FM 30

USDC Cellular 1991 TDMA 824-894 DQPSK 30

CDPD Cellular 1993 FH/Packet 824-894 GMSK 30

IS-95 Cellular/PCS 1993 CDMA 824-894 QPSK/BPSK 1250

1800-2000
FLEX Paging 1993 Simplex Several 4-FSK 15

DCS-1900 PCS 1994 TDMA 1850-1990 GMSK 200

(GSM)
PACS Cordless/PCS 1994 TDMA/FDMA 1850-1990 DQPSK 300
 Major Mobile Radio Standards -
Europe
Standard Type Year Multiple Frequency Modulation Channel
Intro Access Band BW
(MHz) (KHz)
ETACS Cellular 1985 FDMA 900 FM 25

NMT-900 Cellular 1986 FDMA 890-960 FM 12.5

GSM Cellular/PCS 1990 TDMA 890-960 GMSK 200KHz

C-450 Cellular 1985 FDMA 450-465 FM 20-10

ERMES Paging 1993 FDMA4 Several 4-FSK 25

CT2 Cordless 1989 FDMA 864-868 GFSK 100

DECT Cordless 1993 TDMA 1880-1900 GFSK 1728

DCS-1800 Cordless/PCS 1993 TDMA 1710-1880 GMSK 200

 Cellular Telephony
 Characterized by
 High mobility provision
 Wide-range
 Two-way tetherless voice communication
 Handoff and roaming support
 Integrated with sophisticated public switched
telephone network (PSTN)
 High transmit power requires at the handsets
(~2W)
Cellular Telephony - Architecture

Radio tower

PSTN
Telephone
Network
Mobile Switching
Center
Cellular Telephony Systems
 Mobile users and handsets
 Very complex circuitry and design
 Base stations
 Provides gateway functionality between
wireless and wireline links
 ~1 million dollar
 Mobile switching centers
 Connect cellular system to the terrestrial
telephone network
World Cellular Subscriber Growth
Cellular Networks
 First Generation
 Analog Systems
 Analog Modulation, mostly FM
 AMPS
 Voice Traffic
 FDMA/FDD multiple access
 Second Generation (2G)
 Digital Systems
 Digital Modulation
 Voice Traffic
 TDMA/FDD and CDMA/FDD multiple access
 2.5G
 Digital Systems
 Voice + Low-datarate Data
 Third Generation
 Digital
 Voice + High-datarate Data
 Multimedia Transmission also
 2G Technologies
cdmaOne (IS-95) GSM, DCS-1900 IS-54/IS-136
PDC
Uplink Frequencies (MHz) 824-849 (Cellular) 890-915 MHz (Eurpe) 800 MHz, 1500 Mhz
1850-1910 (US PCS) 1850-1910 (US PCS) (Japan)
1850-1910 (US PCS)
Downlink Frequencies 869-894 MHz (US Cellular) 935-960 (Europa) 869-894 MHz (Cellular)
1930-1990 MHz (US PCS) 1930-1990 (US PCS) 1930-1990 (US PCS)
800 MHz, 1500 MHz
(Japan)
Deplexing FDD FDD FDD
Multiple Access CDMA TDMA TDMA
Modulation BPSK with Quadrature GMSK with BT=0.3 p/4 DQPSK
Spreading
Carrier Seperation 1.25 MHz 200 KHz 30 KHz (IS-136)
(25 KHz PDC)
Channel Data Rate 1.2288 Mchips/sec 270.833 Kbps 48.6 Kbps (IS-136)
42 Kbps (PDC)
Voice Channels per 64 8 3
carrier
Speech Coding CELP at 13Kbps RPE-LTP at 13 Kbps VSELP at 7.95 Kbps
EVRC at 8Kbps
2G and Data
 2G is developed for voice communications
 You can send data over 2G channels by using modem
 Provides adat rates in the order of ~9.6 Kbps
 Increased data rates are requires for internet
application
 This requires evolution towards new systems: 2.5 G
2.5 Technologies
 Evolution of TDMA Systems
 HSCSD for 2.5G GSM
 Up to 57.6 Kbps data-rate
 GPRS for GSM and IS-136
 Up to 171.2 Kbps data-rate
 EDGE for 2.5G GSM and IS-136
 Up to 384 Kbps data-rate

 Evolution of CDMA Systems

 IS-95B
 Up to 64 Kbps
3G Systems
 Goals
 Voice and Data Transmission
 Simultanous voice and data access
 Multi-megabit Internet access
 Interactive web sessions
 Voice-activated calls
 Multimedia Content
 Live music
3G Systems
 Evolution of Systems
 CDMA sysystem evaolved to CDMA2000
 CDMA2000-1xRTT: Upto 307 Kbps
 CDMA2000-1xEV:
 CDMA2000-1xEVDO: upto 2.4 Mbps
 CDMA2000-1xEVDV: 144 Kbps datarate
 GSM, IS-136 and PDC evolved to W-CDMA (Wideband
CDMA) (also called UMTS)
 Up to 2.048 Mbps data-rates
 Future systems 8Mbps
 Expected to be fully deployed by 2010-2015
 New spectrum is allocated for these technologies
 4G
 Frequency: 2 – 8 GHz
 Bandwidth: 100MHz
 Characteristic: High speed, all IP
 Technology: LTE, WiFi
 Capacity (data rate): 100Mbps – 1Gbps
 From 2010 to today (2020?)
– Mobile multimedia
– Anytime, anywhere
– Global mobile support
– Integrated wireless solutions