Mobile Communication
EE-451
Lecture 02By Dr Rabeea Basir
EME, NUST
Today’s Outline
• History and evolution of mobile radio
• Brief history of cellular wireless telephony
• Generations of Wireless Technology
Wireless Communication
• Transmitting voice and data using electromagnetic waves in open space
• Electromagnetic waves
o Travel at speed of light (c = 3x108 m/s)
o Has a frequency (f) and wavelength (λ)
o c=fxλ
o Higher frequency means higher energy photons
o The higher the energy photon the more penetrating is the radiation
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Frequency Carriers/Channels
o The information from sender to receiver is carrier over a well defined frequency band.
• This is called a channel
o Each channel has a fixed frequency bandwidth (in KHz) and Capacity (bit-rate)
o Different frequency bands (channels) can be used to transmit information in parallel and independently.
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Simplex Communication
• Normally, on a channel, a station can transmit only in one way.
• This is called simplex transmision
• To enable two-way communication (called full-duplex communication)
• We can use Frequency Division Multiplexing
• We can use Time Division Multiplexing
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Duplex Communication - FDD
• FDD: Frequency Division Duplex
Mobile Forward Channel Base Station
Terminal B
Reverse Channel
M
Forward Channel and Reverse Channel use different frequency
bands
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Duplex Communication - TDD
• TDD: Time Division Duplex
Mobile Base Station
Terminal M B M B M B
B
M
A single frequency channel is used. The channel is divided into time
slots. Mobile station and base station transmits on the time slots
alternately.
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What is Mobility
• Initially Internet and Telephone Networks is designed assuming the user
terminals are static
• No change of location during a call/connection
• A user terminals accesses the network always from a fixed location
• Mobility and portability
o Portability means changing point of attachment to the network offline
o Mobility means changing point of attachment to the network online
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Degrees of Mobility
• Walking Users
• Low speed
• Small roaming area
• Usually uses high-bandwith/low-latency access
• Vehicles
• High speeds
• Large roaming area
• Usually uses low-bandwidth/high-latency access
• Uses sophisticated terminal equipment (cell phones)
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The Need for Wireless/Mobile
Networking
• Demand for Ubiquitous Computing
o Anywhere, anytime computing and communication
• You don’t have to go to the lab to check your email
o Pushing the computers more into background
• Focus on the task and life, not on the computer
• Use computers seamlessly to help you and to make your life more easier.
o Computers should be location aware
• Adapt to the current location, discover services
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Some Example Applications of
Ubiquitous Computing
• You walk into your office and your computer
automatically authenticates you through your active
badge and logs you into the Unix system
• You go to a foreign building and your PDA
automatically discovers the closest public printer
where you can print your schedule and give to your
friend
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More Examples
• You walk into a Conference room or a shopping Mall with your PDA
and your PDA is smart enough to collect and filter the public profiles
of other people that are passing nearby
o Of course other people should also have smart PDAs.
• The cows in a village are equipped with GPS and GPRS devices and
they are monitored from a central location on a digital map.
o No need for a person to guide and feed them
• You can find countless examples
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How to realize Ubiquitous Computing
• Small and different size computing and communication devices
o Tabs, pads, boards
o PDAs, Handhelds, Laptops, Cell-phones
• A communication network to support this
o Anywhere, anytime access
o Seamless, wireless and mobile access
o Need for Personal Communication Services (PCS)
• Ubiquitous Applications
o New software
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Major Mobile Radio Standards USA
Standard Type Year Multiple Frequency Modulation Channel
Intro Access Band BW
(MHz) (KHz)
AMPS Cellular 1983 FDMA 824-894 FM 30
USDC Cellular 1991 TDMA 824-894 DQPSK 30
CDPD Cellular 1993 FH/Packet 824-894 GMSK 30
IS-95 Cellular/PCS 1993 CDMA 824-894 QPSK/BPSK 1250
1800-2000
FLEX Paging 1993 Simplex Several 4-FSK 15
DCS-1900 PCS 1994 TDMA 1850-1990 GMSK 200
(GSM)
PACS Cordless/PCS 1994 TDMA/FDMA 1850-1990 DQPSK 300
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Major Mobile Radio Standards - Europe
Standard Type Year Multiple Frequency Modulation Channel
Intro Access Band BW
(MHz) (KHz)
ETACS Cellular 1985 FDMA 900 FM 25
NMT-900 Cellular 1986 FDMA 890-960 FM 12.5
GSM Cellular/PCS 1990 TDMA 890-960 GMSK 200KHz
C-450 Cellular 1985 FDMA 450-465 FM 20-10
ERMES Paging 1993 FDMA4 Several 4-FSK 25
CT2 Cordless 1989 FDMA 864-868 GFSK 100
DECT Cordless 1993 TDMA 1880-1900 GFSK 1728
DCS-1800 Cordless/PCS 1993 TDMA 1710-1880 GMSK 200
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Cordless Telephones
PSTN
Telephone
Network
Cordless Base unit
Phone
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Cordless Telephones
• Characterized by
o Low mobility (in terms of range and speed)
o Low power consumption
o Two-way tetherless (wireless) voice communication
o High circuit quality
o Low cost equipment, small form factor and long talk-time
o No handoffs between base units
• Appeared as analog devices
• Digital devices appeared later with CT2, DECT standards in Europe and ISM
band technologies in USA
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Cordless Telephones
• Usage
o At homes
o At public places where cordless phone base units are available
• Design Choices
o Few users per MHz
o Few users per base unit
• Many base units are connected to only one handset
o Large number of base units per usage area
o Short transmission range
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Cordless Phone
• Some more features
o 32 Kb/s adaptive differential pulse code modulation (ADPCM) digital speech encoding
o Tx power <= 10 mW
o Low-complexity radio signal processing
o No forward error correction (FEC) or whatsoever.
o Low transmission delay < 50ms
o Simple Frequency Shift Modulation (FSK)
o Time Division Duplex (TDD)
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Cellular Telephony
• Characterized by
o High mobility provision
o Wide-range
o Two-way tetherless voice communication
o Handoff and roaming support
o Integrated with sophisticated public switched telephone network (PSTN)
o High transmit power requires at the handsets (~2W)
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Cellular Telephony - Architecture
Radio tower
PSTN
Telephone
Network
Mobile Switching
Center
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Cellular Telephony Systems
• Mobile users and handsets
o Very complex circuitry and design
• Base stations
o Provides gateway functionality between wireless and wireline links
o ~1 million dollar
• Mobile switching centers
o Connect cellular system to the terrestrial telephone network
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World Cellular Subscriber Growth
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Wireless with Infrastructure
• Satellite – Wide coverage and high mobility
• Cellular networks – High mobility
• Wireless LANs, Wireless Local Loop, etc. – Low/None mobility
Wireless Networks - Ad Hoc
• Disaster recovery
• Battlefield
• Rapidly deployable
• Battlefield/‘Smart’ office and home
Attributes of Wireless Access
Challenges:
• High data rate (multimedia traffic)/greater capacity
• Networking (seamless connectivity)
• Resource allocation (quality of service - QoS)
• Manifold physical impairments
• Mobility (rapidly changing physical channel)
• Portability (battery life)
• Privacy/security (encryption)
Wireless Challenges (I)
• Channel impairments
o Wireless channels are varying and adversely affect performance
• Limited bandwidth
o Bandwidth is expensive or limited in unlicensed band
• Transmission power
o Minimize transmission power to minimize interference & power consumption
• Interference
o Transmission causes interference to other user or system and v.v.
• Power consumption
o Battery last the longer the better
• Processing power & memory
o Available processing power & memory on portable is limited
Wireless Challenges
• Size
o Size of the portable device must be as small as possible (?)
• Security
o Wireless signals can be tapped easily
• Robustness
o Able to communicate in different environments
• Health issue
o Radio wave causing brain damage?
• Goal
o Engineer viewpoint
• Achieve the sufficient quality of service while minimizing all the factors
o Researcher viewpoint
• Achieve the best for each factor individually or jointly
Evolution of Mobile and Wireless
Communication
• 1G – FDMA based analog radio systems e.g. AMPS
• 2G - TDMA based digital systems , introduced voice compression e.g.
GSM,IS95
• 3G- Greater capacity and spectral efficiency, e.g CDMA2000 , UMTS, HSPA,
HSPA+
• 4G – All IP , LTE , Heterogeneous networks
• Read and digest following two papers on evolution of mobile and wireless
communication
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Cellular Networks
• First Generation
• Analog Systems
• Analog Modulation, mostly FM
• AMPS
• Voice Traffic
• FDMA/FDD multiple access
• Second Generation (2G)
• Digital Systems
• Digital Modulation
• Voice Traffic
• TDMA/FDD and CDMA/FDD multiple access
• 2.5G
• Digital Systems
• Voice + Low-datarate Data
• Third Generation
• Digital
• Voice + High-datarate Data
• Multimedia Transmission also
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2G Technologies
cdmaOne (IS-95) GSM, DCS-1900 IS-54/IS-136
PDC
Uplink Frequencies (MHz) 824-849 (Cellular) 890-915 MHz (Eurpe) 800 MHz, 1500 Mhz
1850-1910 (US PCS) 1850-1910 (US PCS) (Japan)
1850-1910 (US PCS)
Downlink Frequencies 869-894 MHz (US Cellular) 935-960 (Europa) 869-894 MHz (Cellular)
1930-1990 MHz (US PCS) 1930-1990 (US PCS) 1930-1990 (US PCS)
800 MHz, 1500 MHz
(Japan)
Deplexing FDD FDD FDD
Multiple Access CDMA TDMA TDMA
Modulation BPSK with Quadrature GMSK with BT=0.3 p/4 DQPSK
Spreading
Carrier Seperation 1.25 MHz 200 KHz 30 KHz (IS-136)
(25 KHz PDC)
Channel Data Rate 1.2288 Mchips/sec 270.833 Kbps 48.6 Kbps (IS-136)
42 Kbps (PDC)
Voice Channels per 64 8 3
carrier
Speech Coding CELP at 13Kbps RPE-LTP at 13 Kbps VSELP at 7.95 Kbps
EVRC at 8Kbps
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2G and Data
• 2G is developed for voice communications
• You can send data over 2G channels by using modem
• Provides adat rates in the order of ~9.6 Kbps
• Increased data rates are requires for internet application
• This requires evolution towards new systems: 2.5 G
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2.5 Technologies
• Evolution of TDMA Systems
o HSCSD for 2.5G GSM
o Up to 57.6 Kbps data-rate
o GPRS for GSM and IS-136
o Up to 171.2 Kbps data-rate
o EDGE for 2.5G GSM and IS-136
o Up to 384 Kbps data-rate
• Evolution of CDMA Systems
o IS-95B
o Up to 64 Kbps
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3G Systems
• Goals
o Voice and Data Transmission
• Simultanous voice and data access
o Multi-megabit Internet access
• Interactive web sessions
o Voice-activated calls
o Multimedia Content
• Live music
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3G Systems
• Evolution of Systems
• CDMA sysystem evaolved to CDMA2000
• CDMA2000-1xRTT: Upto 307 Kbps
• CDMA2000-1xEV:
• CDMA2000-1xEVDO: upto 2.4 Mbps
• CDMA2000-1xEVDV: 144 Kbps datarate
• GSM, IS-136 and PDC evolved to W-CDMA (Wideband CDMA) (also called UMTS)
• Up to 2.048 Mbps data-rates
• Future systems 8Mbps
• Expected to be fully deployed by 2010-2015
• New spectrum is allocated for these technologies
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Interest to 3G Applications
Western Eastern USA
Europe Europe
Emails 4.5 4.7 4.3
City maps/directions 4.3 4.2 4.2
Latest news 4.0 4.4 4.0
Authorize/enable payment 3.4 3.8 3.0
Banking/trading online 3.5 3.4 3.2
Downloading music 3.1 3.4 3.2
Shopping/reservation 3.0 3.1 2.9
Animated images 2.4 2.7 2.6
Chat rooms, forums 2.3 2.9 2.2
Interactive games 2.0 2.2 2.4
Games for money 1.8 1.8 1.8
(Means based upon a six-point interest scale, where 6 indicates high interest and 1 indicates low interest.)
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5G WIRELESS COMMUNICATION
Why 5G
• Exponential increase of the population of wireless devices
• with ubiquitous Internet connectivity (expected to reach 50 billion by 2025)
• Internet of Things (IoT)
The 5G Networks
Limitations of 5G
• 5G systems that are currently being marketed will readily support basic IoE
and URLLC service.
The Vision of 6G
Summary
o Wireless communication brings challenging network conditions
• Slow and sometime disconnected communication
o Mobility causes greater dynamicisim of information
o Portability results limited resources to be available on board
• Mobile computing designers should consider these issues in designing
mobile systems, applications and networks that are comparable with
the traditional stationary computing and communication in terms of
operation, performance, and availability
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Thanks
