Ch.
2 Mobile and
Wireless Networking
1
Simplex Communication
Normally, on a channel, a station can
transmit only in one way.
This is called simplex transmision
To enable two-way communication (called
full-duplex communication)
We can use Frequency Division Multiplexing
We can use Time Division Multiplexing
2
Duplex Communication - FDD
FDD: Frequency Division Duplex
Mobile Forward Channel Base Station
Terminal Reverse Channel B
M
Forward Channel and Reverse Channel use different frequency
bands
3
Duplex Communication - TDD
TDD: Time Division Duplex
Mobile Base Station
Terminal M B M B M B
B
M
A singe frequency channel is used. The channel is divided into time
slots. Mobile station and base station transmits on the time slots
alternately.
4
Example - Frequency Spectrum
Allocation in U.S. Cellular Radio Service
Reverse Channel Forward Channel
991 992 … 1023 1 2 … 799 991 992 … 1023 1 2 … 799
824-849 MHz 869-894 MHz
Channel Number Center Frequency (MHz)
Reverse Channel 1 <=N <= 799 0.030N + 825.0
991 <= N <= 1023 0.030(N-1023) + 825.0
Forward Channel 1 <=N <= 799 0.030N + 870.0
991 <= N <= 1023 0.030(N-1023) + 870.0
(Channels 800-990 are unused)
Channel bandwidth is 45 MHz
5
What is Mobility
Initially Internet and Telephone Networks is
designed assuming the user terminals are
static
No change of location during a call/connection
A user terminals accesses the network always from a
fixed location
Mobility and portability
Portability means changing point of attachment to
the network offline
Mobility means changing point of attachment to
the network online
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Degrees of Mobility
Walking Users
Low speed
Small roaming area
Usually uses high-bandwith/low-latency access
Vehicles
High speeds
Large roaming area
Usually uses low-bandwidth/high-latency access
Uses sophisticated terminal equipment (cell phones)
7
The Need for Wireless/Mobile
Networking
Demand for Ubiquitous Computing
Anywhere, anytime computing and
communication
You don’t have to go to the lab to check your email
Pushing the computers more into background
Focus on the task and life, not on the computer
Use computers seamlessly to help you and to make your
life more easier.
Computers should be location aware
Adapt to the current location, discover services
8
Some Example Applications of
Ubiquitous Computing
You walk into your office and your computer
automatically authenticates you through your
active badge and logs you into the Unix
system
You go to a foreign building and your PDA
automatically discovers the closest public
printer where you can print your schedule
and give to your friend
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More Examples
You walk into a Conference room or a shopping Mall
with your PDA and your PDA is smart enough to
collect and filter the public profiles of other people
that are passing nearby
Of course other people should also have smart PDAs.
The cows in a village are equipped with GPS and
GPRS devices and they are monitored from a
central location on a digital map.
No need for a person to guide and feed them
You can find countless examples
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How to realize Ubiquitous Computing
Small and different size computing and
communication devices
Tabs, pads, boards
PDAs, Handhelds, Laptops, Cell-phones
A communication network to support this
Anywhere, anytime access
Seamless, wireless and mobile access
Need for Personal Communication Services (PCS)
Ubiquitous Applications
New software
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What is PCS
Personal Communication
Services
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What is PCS
Personal Communication Services
A wide variety of network services that includes
wireless access and personal mobility services
Provided through a small terminal
Enables communication at any time, at any place,
and in any form.
The market for such services is tremendously
big
Think of cell-phone market
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Several PCS systems
High-tier Systems
GSM: Global System for Mobile Communications
The mobile telephony system that we are using
IS-136
USA digital cellular mobile telephony system
TDMA based multiple access
Personal Digital Cellular
IS-95 cdmaOne System
CDMA based multiple access
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Several PCS systems
Low-tier systems
Residential, business and public cordless access
applications and systems
Cordless Telephone 2 (CT2)
Digital Enhanced Cordless Telephone (DECT)
Personal Access Communication Systems (PACS)
Personal Handy Telephone System (PHS)
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Several PCS systems
Wideband wireless systems
For Internet access and multimedia transfer
Cdma2000
W-CDMA, proposed by Europe
SCDMA, proposed by Chine/Europe
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Several PCS systems
Other PCS Systems
Special data systems
CDPD: Cellular Digital Packet Data
RAM Mobile Data
Advanced Radio Data Information System (ARDIS)
Paging Systems
Mobile Satellite Systems
LEO, MEO, HEO satellites for data/voice
ISM band systems: Bluetooth, 802.11, etc.
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PCS Problems
How to integrate mobile and wireless users to
the Public Switched Telephone Network
(PSTN) (Voice Network)
Cellular mobile telephony system
How to integrate mobile and wireless users to
the Internet (Data Network)
Mobile IP, DHCP, Cellular IP
How to integrate all of them together and also
add multimedia services (3G Systems)
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Looking to PCS from different
Angles
PSTN Internet
(Telephone Network)
Wireless Access
Mobile Users
Mobile Users -Laptop users
-Cell phone users
-Pocket PC users
-Cordless phone users
-Mobile IP, DHCP enabled
computers
Telecom People View Data Networking People View
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