Introduction

Outline

 Course Info
 Introduction
 What is Wireless
 What is PCS
 History of Wireless
 Some Mobile Statistics
Course Information
Why projects are important?

 I hear and I forget, I see and I remember, I do

and I understand
Confucius
Outline

 Introduction
 What is wireless and mobile networking
 History of Wireless
 Challenges of Mobile and Wireless
Communication and Networking
 What is Personal Communications Systems
 Why there is demand on that
 What is ubiquitous computing.
 Overview of Wireless Technologies and Systems
Outline

 Wireless Link Characteristics

 Radio Propagation
 Short and Long wave properties
 Attenuation
 Interfence
 Fading and Multi-path Fading
 Transmit power and range
 Bit Error Rate and Models
Outline

 Wireless Media Access

 What is different in Wireless Media than Wireline
Media
 Why CSMA/CD does not work
 MACA and MACAW protocols
 TDMA and FDMA
 CDMA
Outline

 Handoff
 More from telecom point view
 How handoffs are triggered
 How handoffs are managed
 Routing
 more from data networking point of view
 How mobility affect routing for mobile hosts
 Mobile IP
Outline

 Transport Protocols over Wireless and Mobile

Networks
 How does wireless links and mobile hosts affect the
performance and operation of transport protocols
 Look specifically to TCP
 There are many proposals to improve the performance
of TCP over wireless links and for mobile hosts
Outline

 Ad-Hoc Mobile Networks

 What if the mobile hosts are not roaming around an
infrastructure-based network
 Ad-hoc networks are established spontaneounly
 There is no infrastructure that you can rely on
 A mobile terminal may also act as an network router
 Routing protocols for ad-hoc networks
 Network connectivity graph is not fixed; dynamically
changes over time
 The network elements are small-capacity, battery-powered
devices
Outline

 Looking closely to the wireless systems

 Wireless Local Area Networks
 802.11 and HiperLAN Standards
 Wireless Personal Area Networks and Home
Networking
 Bluetooth and HomeRF
 Wide-Area Wireless Cellular Networks
 GSM
 CDMA
 GPRS
 3G Networks
Outline

 Wireless and Mobile Applications

 Wireless Application Protocol
 Mobile Applications
 Mobile Databases
 Quality of Service in Mobile/Wireless
Networks
 What are the challenges for providing QoS in mobile and
wireless environments
Outline

 Service and Device Discover in Mobile

Networks
 How can you discover the resources around you
 Service Location Protocol
 Jini
 Power Management
 How low-power objective affect the design of wireless
systems and network protocols
 Issues and solutions
Outline

 Introduction to Peer2peer networking

 What is peer2peer networking
 Why client-server computing is not enough always
 Centralized, distributed and hybrid peer2peer
systems
 Wrap up and Conclusions
What is Wireless and
Mobile Communication?
Wireless Communication

 Transmitting voice and data using

electromagnetic waves in open space
 Electromagnetic waves
 Travel at speed of light (c = 3x108 m/s)
 Has a frequency (f) and wavelength (l)
 c=fxl
 Higher frequency means higher energy photons
 The higher the energy photon the more penetrating is
the radiation
Electromagnetic Spectrum
104 102 100 10-2 10-4 10-6 10-8 10-10 10-12 10-14 10-16

Radio Micro Cosmic

IR UV X-Rays
Spectrum wave Rays

104 106 108 1010 1012 1014 1016 1018 1020 1022 1024
1MHz ==100m
100MHz ==1m
10GHz ==1cm
Visible light < 30 KHz VLF
30-300KHz LF
300KHz – 3MHz MF
3 MHz – 30MHz HF
30MHz – 300MHz VHF
300 MHz – 3GHz UHF
3-30GHz SHF
> 30 GHz EHF
Wavelength of Some Technologies

 GSM Phones:
 frequency ~= 900 Mhz
 wavelength ~= 33cm
 PCS Phones
 frequency ~= 1.8 Ghz
 wavelength ~= 17.5 cm
 Bluetooth:
 frequency ~= 2.4Gz
 wavelength ~= 12.5cm
Frequency Carries/Channels

 The information from sender to receiver is carrier

over a well defined frequency band.
 This is called a channel
 Each channel has a fixed frequency bandwidth (in
KHz) and Capacity (bit-rate)
 Different frequency bands (channels) can be used
to transmit information in parallel and
independently.
Example
 Assume a spectrum of 90KHz is allocated over a base
frequency b for communication between stations A and B
 Assume each channel occupies 30KHz.
 There are 3 channels
 Each channel is simplex (Transmission occurs in one way)
 For full duplex communication:
 Use two different channels (front and reverse channels)
 Use time division in a channel

Channel 1 (b - b+30)

Station A Channel 2 (b+30 - b+60) Station B

Channel 3 (b+60 - b+90)
Homework 1

 Read and digest the following papers!

 M. Weiser, The Computer for the Twenty-First
Century, Scientific American, Vol. 265, No. 3,
(September 1991), pp. 94-104.
 D. Cox, Wireless Personal Communications:
What is It?, IEEE Personal Communications
Magazine, (April 1995), pp. 20-35.

 These papers are on the course webpage!

Simplex Communication

 Normally, on a channel, a station can

transmit only in one way.
 This is called simplex transmision
 To enable two-way communication (called
full-duplex communication)
 We can use Frequency Division Multiplexing
 We can use Time Division Multiplexing
Duplex Communication - FDD

 FDD: Frequency Division Duplex

Mobile Forward Channel Base Station

Terminal Reverse Channel B
M

Forward Channel and Reverse Channel use different frequency

bands
Duplex Communication - TDD

 TDD: Time Division Duplex

Mobile Base Station

Terminal M B M B M B
B
M

A singe frequency channel is used. The channel is divided into time

slots. Mobile station and base station transmits on the time slots
alternately.
Example - Frequency Spectrum
Allocation in U.S. Cellular Radio Service
Reverse Channel Forward Channel

991 992 … 1023 1 2 … 799 991 992 … 1023 1 2 … 799

824-849 MHz 869-894 MHz

Channel Number Center Frequency (MHz)

Reverse Channel 1 <=N <= 799 0.030N + 825.0
991 <= N <= 1023 0.030(N-1023) + 825.0

Forward Channel 1 <=N <= 799 0.030N + 870.0

991 <= N <= 1023 0.030(N-1023) + 870.0
(Channels 800-990 are unused)
Channel bandwidth is 45 MHz
What is Mobility

 Initially Internet and Telephone Networks is

designed assuming the user terminals are
static
 No change of location during a call/connection
 A user terminals accesses the network always from a
fixed location
 Mobility and portability
 Portability means changing point of attachment to
the network offline
 Mobility means changing point of attachment to
the network online
Degrees of Mobility

 Walking Users
 Low speed
 Small roaming area
 Usually uses high-bandwith/low-latency access

 Vehicles
 High speeds
 Large roaming area
 Usually uses low-bandwidth/high-latency access
 Uses sophisticated terminal equipment (cell phones)
The Need for Wireless/Mobile
Networking
 Demand for Ubiquitous Computing
 Anywhere, anytime computing and
communication
 You don’t have to go to the lab to check your email
 Pushing the computers more into background
 Focus on the task and life, not on the computer
 Use computers seamlessly to help you and to make
your life more easier.
 Computers should be location aware
 Adapt to the current location, discover services
Some Example Applications of
Ubiquitous Computing
 You walk into your office and your computer
automatically authenticates you through your
active badge and logs you into the Unix
system
 You go to a foreign building and your PDA
automatically discovers the closest public
printer where you can print your schedule
and give to your friend
More Examples

 You walk into a Conference room or a shopping Mall

with your PDA and your PDA is smart enough to
collect and filter the public profiles of other people
that are passing nearby
 Of course other people should also have smart PDAs.
 The cows in a village are equipped with GPS and
GPRS devices and they are monitored from a
central location on a digital map.
 No need for a person to guide and feed them
 You can find countless examples
How to realize Ubiquitous Computing

 Small and different size computing and

communication devices
 Tabs, pads, boards
 PDAs, Handhelds, Laptops, Cell-phones
 A communication network to support this
 Anywhere, anytime access
 Seamless, wireless and mobile access
 Need for Personal Communication Services (PCS)
 Ubiquitous Applications
 New software
What is PCS
Personal Communication
Services
What is PCS

 Personal Communication Services

 A wide variety of network services that includes
wireless access and personal mobility services
 Provided through a small terminal
 Enables communication at any time, at any place,
and in any form.
 The market for such services is tremendously
big
 Think of cell-phone market
Several PCS systems

 High-tier Systems
 GSM: Global System for Mobile Communications
 The mobile telephony system that we are using
 IS-136
 USA digital cellular mobile telephony system
 TDMA based multiple access
 Personal Digital Cellular
 IS-95 cdmaOne System
 CDMA based multiple access
Several PCS systems

 Low-tier systems
 Residential, business and public cordless access
applications and systems
 Cordless Telephone 2 (CT2)
 Digital Enhanced Cordless Telephone (DECT)
 Personal Access Communication Systems (PACS)
 Personal Handy Telephone System (PHS)
Several PCS systems

 Wideband wireless systems

 For Internet access and multimedia transfer
 Cdma2000
 W-CDMA, proposed by Europe
 SCDMA, proposed by Chine/Europe
Several PCS systems

 Other PCS Systems

 Special data systems
 CDPD: Cellular Digital Packet Data
 RAM Mobile Data
 Advanced Radio Data Information System (ARDIS)
 Paging Systems
 Mobile Satellite Systems
 LEO, MEO, HEO satellites for data/voice
 ISM band systems: Bluetooth, 802.11, etc.
PCS Problems

 How to integrate mobile and wireless users to

the Public Switched Telephone Network
(PSTN) (Voice Network)
 Cellular mobile telephony system
 How to integrate mobile and wireless users to
the Internet (Data Network)
 Mobile IP, DHCP, Cellular IP
 How to integrate all of them together and also
add multimedia services (3G Systems)
Looking to PCS from different
Angles
PSTN Internet
(Telephone Network)

Wireless Access

Mobile Users
Mobile Users
-Laptop users
-Cell phone users
-Pocket PC users
-Cordless phone users
-Mobile IP, DHCP enabled
computers
Telecom People View Data Networking People View
What does this course cover?

 This course will cover the problems/solutions

in the telecommunication domain and also in
the data networking domain
 Mobile IP (data)
 TCP over Wireless (data)
 GSM, GPRS, CDMA (telecom)
 We will also cover some fundamental
problems/solutions for wireless access
 Wireless channel characteristics
 Recovering from errors
 Wireless media access
Telecom and Data Networking

Telecom Interest Data Networking Interest

- Voice Transmission
- Frequency Reuse -Data Transmission
-Radio Propagation -Mobile IP (integrating
- Handoff
-Link Characteristics mobile hosts to
Management
-Error Models internet)
-Location Tracking
-Wireless Medium -Ad-hoc Networks
-Roaming
Access (MAC) -TCP over Wireless
-QoS
- Error Control -Service Discovery
-GSM, CDMA,
Cordless Phones,
-GPRS, EDGE
Very Basic Cellular/PCS Architecture

Mobility
Public Switched Database
Base Station
Telephone Network Controller

Mobile
Switching
Center
(MSC)

Radio Network

Base Station
(BS) Mobile Station
Wireless System Definitions

 Mobile Station
 A station in the cellular radio service intended for use while
in motion at unspecified locations. They can be either hand-
held personal units (portables) or installed on vehicles
(mobiles)
 Base station
 A fixed station in a mobile radio system used for radio
communication with the mobile stations. Base stations are
located at the center or edge of a coverage region. They
consists of radio channels and transmitter and receiver
antennas mounted on top of a tower.
Wireless System Definitions

 Mobile Switching Center

 Switching center which coordinates the routing of calls in a
large service area. In a cellular radio system, the MSC
connections the cellular base stations and the mobiles to
the PSTN (telephone network). It is also called Mobile
Telephone Switching Office (MTSO)
 Subscriber
 A user who pays subscription charges for using a mobile
communication system
 Transceiver
 A device capable of simultaneously transmitting and
receiving radio signals
Wireless System Definitions

 Control Channel
 Radio channel used for transmission of call setup, call
request, call initiation and other beacon and control
purposes.
 Forward Channel
 Radio channel used for transmission of information from
the base station to the mobile
 Reverse Channel
 Radio channel used for transmission of information from
mobile to base station
Wireless System Definitions

 Simplex Systems
 Communication systems which provide only one-way
communication
 Half Duplex Systems
 Communication Systems which allow two-way
communication by using the same radio channel for both
transmission and reception. At any given time, the user can
either transmit or receive information.
 Full Duplex Systems
 Communication systems which allow simultaneous two-way
communication. Transmission and reception is typically on
two different channels (FDD).
Wireless System Definitions

 Handoff
 The process of transferring a mobile station from one
channel or base station to an other.
 Roamer
 A mobile station which operates in a service area (market)
other than that from which service has been subscribed.
 Page
 A brief message which is broadcast over the entire service
area, usually in simulcast fashion by many base stations at
the same time.
PCS Systems Classification

 Cordless Telephones
 Cellular Telephony (High-tier)
 Wide Area Wireless Data Systems (High-tier)
 High Speed Local and Personal Area
Networks
 Paging Messaging Systems
 Satellite Based Mobile Systems
 3G Systems
 Major Mobile Radio Standards
USA
Standard Type Year Multiple Frequency Modulation Channel
Intro Access Band BW
(MHz) (KHz)
AMPS Cellular 1983 FDMA 824-894 FM 30

USDC Cellular 1991 TDMA 824-894 DQPSK 30

CDPD Cellular 1993 FH/Packet 824-894 GMSK 30

IS-95 Cellular/PCS 1993 CDMA 824-894 QPSK/BPSK 1250

1800-2000
FLEX Paging 1993 Simplex Several 4-FSK 15

DCS-1900 PCS 1994 TDMA 1850-1990 GMSK 200

(GSM)
PACS Cordless/PCS 1994 TDMA/FDMA 1850-1990 DQPSK 300
 Major Mobile Radio Standards -
Europe
Standard Type Year Multiple Frequency Modulation Channel
Intro Access Band BW
(MHz) (KHz)
ETACS Cellular 1985 FDMA 900 FM 25

NMT-900 Cellular 1986 FDMA 890-960 FM 12.5

GSM Cellular/PCS 1990 TDMA 890-960 GMSK 200KHz

C-450 Cellular 1985 FDMA 450-465 FM 20-10

ERMES Paging 1993 FDMA4 Several 4-FSK 25

CT2 Cordless 1989 FDMA 864-868 GFSK 100

DECT Cordless 1993 TDMA 1880-1900 GFSK 1728

DCS-1800 Cordless/PCS 1993 TDMA 1710-1880 GMSK 200

Cordless Telephones

PSTN
Telephone
Network
Cordless Base unit
Phone
Cordless Telephones

 Characterized by
 Low mobility (in terms of range and speed)
 Low power consumption
 Two-way tetherless (wireless) voice communication
 High circuit quality
 Low cost equipment, small form factor and long talk-time
 No handoffs between base units
 Appeared as analog devices
 Digital devices appeared later with CT2, DECT
standards in Europe and ISM band technologies in
USA
Cordless Telephones

 Usage
 At homes
 At public places where cordless phone base units
are available
 Design Choices
 Few users per MHz
 Few users per base unit
 Many base units are connected to only one handset
 Large number of base units per usage area
 Short transmission range
Cordless Phone

 Some more features

 32 Kb/s adaptive differential pulse code
modulation (ADPCM) digital speech encoding
 Tx power <= 10 mW
 Low-complexity radio signal processing
 No forward error correction (FEC) or whatsoever.
 Low transmission delay < 50ms
 Simple Frequency Shift Modulation (FSK)
 Time Division Duplex (TDD)
Cellular Telephony

 Characterized by
 High mobility provision
 Wide-range
 Two-way tetherless voice communication
 Handoff and roaming support
 Integrated with sophisticated public switched
telephone network (PSTN)
 High transmit power requires at the handsets
(~2W)
Cellular Telephony - Architecture

Radio tower

PSTN
Telephone
Network
Mobile Switching
Center
Cellular Telephony Systems

 Mobile users and handsets

 Very complex circuitry and design
 Base stations
 Provides gateway functionality between wireless
and wireline links
 ~1 million dollar
 Mobile switching centers
 Connect cellular system to the terrestrial
telephone network
World Cellular Subscriber Growth
Mobile Systems Market

 Ericsson sells half of the mobile base stations

 1 base station ~ 100 thousand - 1 million dollar
 Nokia has the biggest market in cell-phones
 1 cell-phone ~ 100 dollar

 Nokia has to sell 10,000 cell-phones to match

the revenue Ericsson obtains from selling just
one base-station!
Cellular Networks
 First Generation
 Analog Systems
 Analog Modulation, mostly FM
 AMPS
 Voice Traffic
 FDMA/FDD multiple access
 Second Generation (2G)
 Digital Systems
 Digital Modulation
 Voice Traffic
 TDMA/FDD and CDMA/FDD multiple access
 2.5G
 Digital Systems
 Voice + Low-datarate Data
 Third Generation
 Digital
 Voice + High-datarate Data
 Multimedia Transmission also
 2G Technologies
cdmaOne (IS-95) GSM, DCS-1900 IS-54/IS-136
PDC
Uplink Frequencies (MHz) 824-849 (Cellular) 890-915 MHz (Eurpe) 800 MHz, 1500 Mhz
1850-1910 (US PCS) 1850-1910 (US PCS) (Japan)
1850-1910 (US PCS)
Downlink Frequencies 869-894 MHz (US Cellular) 935-960 (Europa) 869-894 MHz (Cellular)
1930-1990 MHz (US PCS) 1930-1990 (US PCS) 1930-1990 (US PCS)
800 MHz, 1500 MHz
(Japan)
Deplexing FDD FDD FDD
Multiple Access CDMA TDMA TDMA
Modulation BPSK with Quadrature GMSK with BT=0.3 p/4 DQPSK
Spreading
Carrier Seperation 1.25 MHz 200 KHz 30 KHz (IS-136)
(25 KHz PDC)
Channel Data Rate 1.2288 Mchips/sec 270.833 Kbps 48.6 Kbps (IS-136)
42 Kbps (PDC)
Voice Channels per 64 8 3
carrier
Speech Coding CELP at 13Kbps RPE-LTP at 13 Kbps VSELP at 7.95 Kbps
EVRC at 8Kbps
2G and Data

 2G is developed for voice communications

 You can send data over 2G channels by
using modem
 Provides adat rates in the order of ~9.6 Kbps
 Increased data rates are requires for internet
application
 This requires evolution towards new systems:
2.5 G
2.5 Technologies

 Evolution of TDMA Systems

 HSCSD for 2.5G GSM
 Up to 57.6 Kbps data-rate
 GPRS for GSM and IS-136
 Up to 171.2 Kbps data-rate
 EDGE for 2.5G GSM and IS-136
 Up to 384 Kbps data-rate

 Evolution of CDMA Systems

 IS-95B
 Up to 64 Kbps
3G Systems

 Goals
 Voice and Data Transmission
 Simultanous voice and data access
 Multi-megabit Internet access
 Interactive web sessions
 Voice-activated calls
 Multimedia Content
 Live music
3G Systems

 Evolution of Systems
 CDMA sysystem evaolved to CDMA2000
 CDMA2000-1xRTT: Upto 307 Kbps
 CDMA2000-1xEV:
 CDMA2000-1xEVDO: upto 2.4 Mbps
 CDMA2000-1xEVDV: 144 Kbps datarate
 GSM, IS-136 and PDC evolved to W-CDMA (Wideband
CDMA) (also called UMTS)
 Up to 2.048 Mbps data-rates
 Future systems 8Mbps
 Expected to be fully deployed by 2010-2015
 New spectrum is allocated for these technologies
 Interest to 3G Applications
Western Eastern USA
Europe Europe
Emails 4.5 4.7 4.3
City maps/directions 4.3 4.2 4.2
Latest news 4.0 4.4 4.0
Authorize/enable payment 3.4 3.8 3.0
Banking/trading online 3.5 3.4 3.2
Downloading music 3.1 3.4 3.2
Shopping/reservation 3.0 3.1 2.9
Animated images 2.4 2.7 2.6
Chat rooms, forums 2.3 2.9 2.2
Interactive games 2.0 2.2 2.4
Games for money 1.8 1.8 1.8

(Means based upon a six-point interest scale, where 6 indicates high interest and 1 indicates low interest.)
Upgrade Paths for 2G Technologies
2G
IS-136
IS-95 GSM
PDC

2.5G
GPRS
IS-95B HSCSD
EDGE

3G
cdma200-1xRTT
W-CDMA
EDGE
cdma2000-1xEV,DV,DO
TD-SCDMA
cdma200-3xRTT
GSM Subscriber Growth
CDMA Subscriber Growth
CDMA2000 Subscriber Growth
GSM and CDMA Coverage Map
Worldwide
GSM Networks in Turkey

Network System GPRS HSCSD Frequency

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Aria GSM Live (March 2002) no 1800
Aycell GSM no no 1800
Telsim GSM Live (Aug. 2000) no 900
Turkcell GSM Live (March 2001) soon 900

Number of Subscribers (Nov 2001)

Turkcell: 6,800,900
Telsim: 2,800,000
Coverage Map - Turkcell
Coverage Map - Telsim
Coverage Map - Aria
Coverage Map - Aycell
Mobile Phone Market Share

 1st Quarter of 2002

 Nokia 34.7%
 Motorola 15.5%
 Samsung 9.6%
 Siemens 8.8%
 Sony-Ericsson 6.4%
Some Mobile Statistics – June 2002

 Total Global Mobile Users:  GSM Countries on Air: 171

860m  #1 Mobile Country: China
 Total Analog Users: 71m  #1 GSM Country: China
 Total US Mobile Users:  #1 SMS Country: Phillipines
137.5m  #1 Cell Phone Vendor:
 Total GSM Users: 669m Nokia
 Total TDMA Users: 84m  #1 Network in Europa: T-
 Total European Users: Mobil
279m  #1 Network in Japan:
 Global Montly SMSs/User: DoCoMo
36  #1 Telecom Infrastructure
 SMS Sent in 2001: 102.9 Company: Ericsson
billion