Mobile Communications Chapter 1: Introduction

A case for mobility History of mobile communication Market Areas of research

Mobile Communications: Introduction

Computers for the next century?

Computers are integrated

small, cheap, portable, replaceable - no more separate devices

Technology in the background

computer are aware of their environment and adapt (location awareness) computer recognize the location of the user and react appropriately (e.g., call forwarding, fax forwarding)

Advances in technology

more computing power in smaller devices flat, lightweight displays with low power consumption new user interfaces due to small dimensions more bandwidth per cubic meter multiple wireless interfaces: wireless LANs, wireless WANs, regional wireless telecommunication networks etc. (overlay networks)

Mobile Communications: Introduction

Mobile communication
Aspects of mobility:
user mobility: users communicate (wireless) anytime, anywhere, with anyone device portability: devices can be connected anytime, anywhere to the network

Wireless vs. mobile

stationary computer notebook in a hotel wireless LANs in historic buildings Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)

Examples

The demand for mobile communication creates the need for integration of wireless networks into existing fixed networks:
local area networks: standardization of IEEE 802.11, ETSI (HIPERLAN) Internet: Mobile IP extension of the internet protocol IP wide area networks: e.g., internetworking of GSM and ISDN

Mobile Communications: Introduction

Applications I
Vehicles

transmission of news, road condition, weather, music via DAB personal communication using GSM position via GPS local ad-hoc network with vehicles close-by to prevent accidents, guidance system, redundancy vehicle data (e.g., from busses, high-speed trains) can be transmitted in advance for maintenance

Emergencies
early transmission of patient data to the hospital, current status, first diagnosis replacement of a fixed infrastructure in case of earthquakes, hurricanes, fire etc. crisis, war, ...

Mobile Communications: Introduction

Typical application: road traffic

UMTS, WLAN, DAB, GSM, TETRA, ...

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Personal Travel Assistant, DAB, PDA, laptop, GSM, UMTS, WLAN, Bluetooth, ...
Mobile Communications: Introduction

Applications II
Travelling salesmen
direct access to customer files stored in a central location consistent databases for all agents mobile office

Replacement of fixed networks

remote sensors, e.g., weather, earth activities flexibility for trade shows LANs in historic buildings

Entertainment, education, ...

outdoor Internet access intelligent travel guide with up-to-date location dependent information ad-hoc networks for multi user games

t Buil C B 150

Mobile Communications: Introduction

Location dependent services

Location aware services

what services, e.g., printer, fax, phone, server etc. exist in the local environment automatic call-forwarding, transmission of the actual workspace to the current location

Follow-on services

Information services
push: e.g., current special offers in the supermarket pull: e.g., where is the Black Forrest Cherry Cake?

Support services

caches, intermediate results, state information etc. follow the mobile device through the fixed network who should gain knowledge about the location

Privacy

Mobile Communications: Introduction

Mobile devices
Pager receive only tiny displays simple text messages Sensors, embedded controllers PDA simple graphical displays character recognition simplified WWW Laptop fully functional standard applications

Mobile phones voice, data simple text displays

Palmtop tiny keyboard simple versions of standard applications

performance
Mobile Communications: Introduction

Effects of device portability

Power consumption
limited computing power, low quality displays, small disks due to limited battery capacity CPU: power consumption ~ CV2f

C: internal capacity, reduced by integration V: supply voltage, can be reduced to a certain limit f: clock frequency, can be reduced temporally

Loss of data

higher probability, has to be included in advance into the design (e.g., defects, theft)

Limited user interfaces

compromise between size of fingers and portability integration of character/voice recognition, abstract symbols

Limited memory
limited value of mass memories with moving parts flash-memory or ? as alternative

Mobile Communications: Introduction

Wireless networks in comparison to fixed networks

Higher loss-rates due to interference

emissions of, e.g., engines, lightning frequencies have to be coordinated, useful frequencies are almost all occupied local some Mbit/s, regional currently, e.g., 9.6kbit/s with GSM connection setup time with GSM in the second range, several hundred milliseconds for other wireless systems radio interface accessible for everyone, base station can be simulated, thus attracting calls from mobile phones secure access mechanisms important

Restrictive regulations of frequencies

Low transmission rates

Higher delays, higher jitter

Lower security, simpler active attacking

Always shared medium

Mobile Communications: Introduction

Early history of wireless communication

Many people in history used light for communication
heliographs, flags... 150 BC smoke signals for communication; (Polybius, Greece) 1794, optical telegraph, Claude Chappe

Here electromagnetic waves are of special importance: 1831 Faraday demonstrates electromagnetic induction J. Maxwell (1831-79): theory of electromagnetic Fields, wave equations (1864) H. Hertz (1857-94): demonstrates with an experiment the wave character of electrical transmission through space (1886, in Karlsruhe, Germany)

Mobile Communications: Introduction

History of wireless communication I

1895

Guglielmo Marconi

first demonstration of wireless telegraphy (digital!) long wave transmission, high transmission power necessary (> 200kw)

1907

Commercial transatlantic connections

huge base stations (30x100m high antennas)

1915 1920

Wireless voice transmission New York - San Francisco Discovery of short waves by Marconi

reflection at the ionosphere smaller sender and receiver, possible due to the invention of the vacuum tube (1906, Lee DeForest and Robert von Lieben)

1926

Train-phone on the line Hamburg - Berlin

wires parallel to the railroad track

Mobile Communications: Introduction

History of wireless communication II

1928 1933 1958

many TV broadcast trials (across Atlantic, color TV, TV news) Frequency modulation (E. H. Armstrong) A-Netz in Germany
analog, 160MHz, connection setup only from the mobile station, no handover, 80% coverage, 1971 11000 customers

1972

B-Netz in Germany
analog, 160MHz, connection setup from the fixed network too (but location of the mobile station has to be known)

1979 1982

NMT at 450MHz (Scandinavian countries) Start of GSM-specification

goal: pan-European digital mobile phone system with roaming

1983 1984

Start of the American AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System, analog) at 850MHz CT-1 standard (Europe) for cordless telephones

Mobile Communications: Introduction

History of wireless communication III

1986

C-Netz in Germany

analog voice transmission, 450MHz, hand-over possible, digital signaling, automatic location of mobile device still in use today : FAX, modem, e-mail, 98% coverage

1991

Specification of DECT

Digital European Cordless Telephone (today: Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications) 1880-1900MHz, ~100-500m range, 120 duplex channels, 1.2Mbit/s data transmission, voice encryption, authentication, up to several 10000 user/km2, used in more than 40 countries

1992

Start of GSM

fully digital, 900MHz, 124 channels automatic location, hand-over, cellular roaming in Europe - now worldwide in more than 100 countries services: data with 9.6kbit/s, FAX, voice, ...

Mobile Communications: Introduction

History of wireless communication IV

1994

E-Netz in Germany
GSM with 1800MHz, smaller cells, supported by 11 countries

1996

HiperLAN (High Performance Radio Local Area Network)

ETSI, standardization of type 1: 5.15 - 5.30GHz, 23.5Mbit/s recommendations for type 2 and 3 (both 5GHz) and 4 (17GHz) as wireless ATM-networks (up to 155Mbit/s)

1997

Wireless LAN - IEEE802.11

IEEE-Standard, 2.4 - 2.5GHz and infrared, 2Mbit/s already many products (with proprietary extensions)

1998

Specification of GSM successors

for UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System)

Iridium

66 satellites (+6 spare), 1.6GHz to the mobile phone

Mobile Communications: Introduction

Wireless systems: overview of the development

cellular phones
1981: NMT 450 1983: AMPS

satellites

cordless phones
1980: CT0

wireless LAN

1982: Inmarsat-A

1984: CT1 1987: CT1+ 1989: CT 2 1991: DECT 1995/96/97: IEEE 802.11, HIPERLAN

1986: NMT 900

1988: Inmarsat-C 1991: D-AMPS

1991: CDMA

199x: proprietary

1992: GSM 1993: PDC 1994: DCS 1800 analog digital 2005?: UMTS/IMT-2000

1992: Inmarsat-B Inmarsat-M

1998: Iridium

2005?: MBS, WATM

Mobile Communications: Introduction

Areas of research in mobile communication

Wireless Communication
transmission quality (bandwidth, error rate, delay) modulation, coding, interference media access, regulations ...

Mobility
location dependent services location transparency quality of service support (delay, jitter, security) ...

Portability
power consumption limited computing power, sizes of display, ... usability ...

Mobile Communications: Introduction

Simple reference model used here

Application Transport Network Data Link Physical Radio

Mobile Communications: Introduction

Application Transport Network Data Link Physical Network Data Link Physical Medium Network Data Link Physical

Influence of mobile communication to the layer model

Application layer

Transport layer Network layer Data link layer

Physical layer

service location new applications, multimedia adaptive applications congestion and flow control quality of service addressing, routing, device location hand-over authentication media access multiplexing media access control encryption modulation interference attenuation frequency

Mobile Communications: Introduction

Overview of the chapters

Chapter 11: Support for Mobility Chapter 10: Mobile Transport Layer Chapter 9: Mobile Network Layer Chapter 4: Telecommunication Systems Chapter 5: Satellite Systems Chapter 6: Broadcast Systems Chapter 7: Wireless LAN Chapter 8: Wireless ATM

Chapter 3: Medium Access Control Chapter 2: Wireless Transmission

Mobile Communications: Introduction

Overlay Networks - the global goal

integration of heterogeneous fixed and mobile networks with varying transmission characteristics regional vertical hand-over metropolitan area

campus-based horizontal hand-over in-house

Mobile Communications: Introduction