Mobile Communications

Thanks to:
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller
http://www.jochenschiller.de/
for providing these slides

1.1
 Overview of the lecture
 Introduction  Broadcast Systems
 Use-cases, applications  DAB, DVB
 Definition of terms
 Wireless LANs
 Challenges, history
 Basic Technology
 Wireless Transmission
 IEEE 802.11a/b/g, .15, Bluetooth
 frequencies & regulations
 signals, antennas, signal  Network Protocols
propagation  Mobile IP
 multiplexing, modulation, spread  Ad-hoc networking
spectrum, cellular system  Routing
 Media Access
 Transport Protocols
 motivation, SDMA, FDMA, TDMA
(fixed, Aloha, CSMA, DAMA, PRMA,  Reliable transmission
MACA, collision avoidance, polling),  Flow control
CDMA  Quality of Service
 Wireless Telecommunication  Support for Mobility
Systems
 File systems, WWW, WAP, i-mode,
 GSM, HSCSD, GPRS, DECT,
TETRA, UMTS, IMT-2000 J2ME, ...
 Satellite Systems  Outlook
 GEO, LEO, MEO, routing, handover

1.2
 Chapter 1:

Introduction

 A case for mobility – many aspects

 History of mobile communication
 Market
 Areas of research

1.3
 Computers for the next decades?

Computers are integrated

 small, cheap, portable, replaceable - no more separate devices

Technology is in the background

 computer are aware of their environment and adapt (“location awareness”)
 computer recognize the location of the user and react appropriately (e.g.,
call forwarding, fax forwarding, “context awareness”))

Advances in technology
 more computing power in smaller devices
 flat, lightweight displays with low power consumption
 new user interfaces due to small dimensions
 more bandwidth per cubic meter
 multiple wireless interfaces: wireless LANs, wireless WANs, regional
wireless telecommunication networks etc. („overlay networks“)

1.4
 Mobile communication

Two aspects of mobility:

 user mobility: users communicate (wireless) “anytime, anywhere, with
anyone”
 device portability: devices can be connected anytime, anywhere to the
network
Wireless vs. mobile Examples
  stationary computer
  notebook in a hotel
  wireless LANs in historic buildings
  Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)
The demand for mobile communication creates the need for
integration of wireless networks into existing fixed networks:
 local area networks: standardization of IEEE 802.11,
ETSI (HIPERLAN)
 Internet: Mobile IP extension of the internet protocol IP
 wide area networks: e.g., internetworking of GSM and ISDN

1.5
 Applications I

Vehicles
 transmission of news, road condition, weather, music via DAB
 personal communication using GSM
 position via GPS
 local ad-hoc network with vehicles close-by to prevent accidents, guidance
system, redundancy
 vehicle data (e.g., from busses, high-speed trains) can be transmitted in
advance for maintenance

Emergencies
 early transmission of patient data to the hospital, current status, first
diagnosis
 replacement of a fixed infrastructure in case of earthquakes, hurricanes,
fire etc.
 crisis, war, ...

1.6
Typical application: road traffic

UMTS, WLAN,
DAB, DVB, GSM,
cdma2000, TETRA, ...

Personal Travel Assistant,

PDA, Laptop,
GSM, UMTS, WLAN,
Bluetooth, ...

1.7
 Mobile and wireless services – Always Best Connected

UMTS, GSM LAN

DSL/ WLAN GSM/GPRS 53 kbit/s 115 kbit/s 100 Mbit/s,
3 Mbit/s Bluetooth 500 kbit/s WLAN
54 Mbit/s

UMTS
2 Mbit/s

GSM/EDGE 384 kbit/s,

DSL/WLAN 3 Mbit/s
UMTS, GSM
GSM 115 kbit/s,
384 kbit/s
WLAN 11 Mbit/s

1.8
 Applications II

Travelling salesmen
 direct access to customer files stored in a central location
 consistent databases for all agents
 mobile office
Replacement of fixed networks
 remote sensors, e.g., weather, earth activities
 flexibility for trade shows
 LANs in historic buildings
Entertainment, education, ...
 outdoor Internet access
 intelligent travel guide with up-to-date
location dependent information
 ad-hoc networks for
multi user games

1.9
 Location dependent services

Location aware services

 what services, e.g., printer, fax, phone, server etc. exist in the local
environment
Follow-on services
 automatic call-forwarding, transmission of the actual workspace to the
current location
Information services
 „push“: e.g., current special offers in the supermarket
 „pull“: e.g., where is the Black Forrest Cherry Cake?
Support services
 caches, intermediate results, state information etc. „follow“ the mobile
device through the fixed network
Privacy
 who should gain knowledge about the location

1.10
 Mobile devices

Pager PDA Laptop/Notebook

• receive only • graphical displays • fully functional
• tiny displays • character recognition • standard applications
• simple text • simplified WWW
messages

Sensors,
embedded
controllers

Mobile phones Palmtop

• voice, data • tiny keyboard
• simple graphical displays • simple versions
of standard applications
www.scatterweb.net

performance

1.11
 Effects of device portability

Power consumption
 limited computing power, low quality displays, small disks due to
limited battery capacity
 CPU: power consumption ~ CV2f
 C: internal capacity, reduced by integration
 V: supply voltage, can be reduced to a certain limit
 f: clock frequency, can be reduced temporally

Loss of data
 higher probability, has to be included in advance into the design
(e.g., defects, theft)
Limited user interfaces
 compromise between size of fingers and portability
 integration of character/voice recognition, abstract symbols
Limited memory
 limited value of mass memories with moving parts
 flash-memory or ? as alternative

1.12
 Wireless networks in comparison to fixed networks

Higher loss-rates due to interference

 emissions of, e.g., engines, lightning
Restrictive regulations of frequencies
 frequencies have to be coordinated, useful frequencies are almost all
occupied
Low transmission rates
 local some Mbit/s, regional currently, e.g., 53kbit/s with GSM/GPRS
Higher delays, higher jitter
 connection setup time with GSM in the second range, several hundred
milliseconds for other wireless systems
Lower security, simpler active attacking
 radio interface accessible for everyone, base station can be simulated,
thus attracting calls from mobile phones
Always shared medium
 secure access mechanisms important

1.13
 Early history of wireless communication

Many people in history used light for communication

 heliographs, flags („semaphore“), ...
 150 BC smoke signals for communication;
(Polybius, Greece)
 1794, optical telegraph, Claude Chappe
Here electromagnetic waves are
of special importance:
 1831 Faraday demonstrates electromagnetic induction
 J. Maxwell (1831-79): theory of electromagnetic Fields, wave equations
(1864)
 H. Hertz (1857-94): demonstrates
with an experiment the wave character
of electrical transmission through space
(1888, in Karlsruhe, Germany, at the
location of today’s University of Karlsruhe)

1.14
 History of wireless communication I

1896 Guglielmo Marconi

 first demonstration of wireless
telegraphy (digital!)
 long wave transmission, high
transmission power necessary (> 200kw)
1907 Commercial transatlantic connections
 huge base stations
(30 100m high antennas)
1915 Wireless voice transmission New York - San Francisco
1920 Discovery of short waves by Marconi
 reflection at the ionosphere
 smaller sender and receiver, possible due to the invention of the vacuum
tube (1906, Lee DeForest and Robert von Lieben)
1926 Train-phone on the line Hamburg - Berlin
 wires parallel to the railroad track

1.15
 History of wireless communication II

1928 many TV broadcast trials (across Atlantic, color TV, TV news)

1933 Frequency modulation (E. H. Armstrong)
1958 A-Netz in Germany
 analog, 160MHz, connection setup only from the mobile station, no
handover, 80% coverage, 1971 11000 customers
1972 B-Netz in Germany
 analog, 160MHz, connection setup from the fixed network too (but
location of the mobile station has to be known)
 available also in A, NL and LUX, 1979 13000 customer in D
1979 NMT at 450MHz (Scandinavian countries)
1982 Start of GSM-specification
 goal: pan-European digital mobile phone system with roaming
1983 Start of the American AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone
System, analog)
1984 CT-1 standard (Europe) for cordless telephones

1.16
 History of wireless communication III

1986 C-Netz in Germany

 analog voice transmission, 450MHz, hand-over possible, digital
signaling, automatic location of mobile device
 Was in use until 2000, services: FAX, modem, X.25, e-mail, 98%
coverage
1991 Specification of DECT
 Digital European Cordless Telephone (today: Digital Enhanced
Cordless Telecommunications)
 1880-1900MHz, ~100-500m range, 120 duplex channels, 1.2Mbit/s
data transmission, voice encryption, authentication, up to several
10000 user/km2, used in more than 50 countries
1992 Start of GSM
 in D as D1 and D2, fully digital, 900MHz, 124 channels
 automatic location, hand-over, cellular
 roaming in Europe - now worldwide in more than 200 countries
 services: data with 9.6kbit/s, FAX, voice, ...

1.17
 History of wireless communication IV

1994 E-Netz in Germany

 GSM with 1800MHz, smaller cells
 As Eplus in D (1997 98% coverage of the population)
1996 HiperLAN (High Performance Radio Local Area Network)
 ETSI, standardization of type 1: 5.15 - 5.30GHz, 23.5Mbit/s
 recommendations for type 2 and 3 (both 5GHz) and 4 (17GHz) as wireless
ATM-networks (up to 155Mbit/s)
1997 Wireless LAN - IEEE802.11
 IEEE standard, 2.4 - 2.5GHz and infrared, 2Mbit/s
 already many (proprietary) products available in the beginning
1998 Specification of GSM successors
 for UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System) as European
proposals for IMT-2000
Iridium
 66 satellites (+6 spare), 1.6GHz to the mobile phone

1.18
 History of wireless communication V

1999 Standardization of additional wireless LANs

 IEEE standard 802.11b, 2.4-2.5GHz, 11Mbit/s
 Bluetooth for piconets, 2.4Ghz, <1Mbit/s
Decision about IMT-2000
 Several “members” of a “family”: UMTS, cdma2000, DECT, …
Start of WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) and i-mode
 First step towards a unified Internet/mobile communicaiton system
 Access to many services via the mobile phone
2000 GSM with higher data rates
 HSCSD offers up to 57,6kbit/s
 First GPRS trials with up to 50 kbit/s (packet oriented!)
UMTS auctions/beauty contests
 Hype followed by disillusionment (50 B$ payed in Germany for 6 licenses!)
2001 Start of 3G systems
 Cdma2000 in Korea, UMTS tests in Europe, Foma (almost UMTS) in
Japan

1.19
 Wireless systems: overview of the development
cordless wireless LAN
cellular phones satellites
phones
1980:
1981: CT0
NMT 450 1982:
1983: Inmarsat-A
AMPS 1984:
CT1
1986:
NMT 900 1987:
1988: CT1+
Inmarsat-C
1989:
CT 2
1991: 1991: 1991:
1992: CDMA D-AMPS 1992: DECT 199x:
GSM Inmarsat-B proprietary
1993:
Inmarsat-M
PDC
1994: 1997:
DCS 1800 IEEE 802.11
1998:
Iridium 1999:
802.11b, Bluetooth

2000: 2000:
analogue GPRS IEEE 802.11a
2001:
IMT-2000
digital
200?:
Fourth Generation
(Internet based)
4G – fourth generation: when and how?

1.20
 Foundation: ITU-R - Recommendations for IMT-2000

M.687-2
M.1078
 IMT-2000 concepts and goals
 security in IMT-2000
M.816-1
M.1079
 framework for services
 speech/voiceband data performance
M.817 M.1167
 IMT-2000 network architectures  framework for satellites
M.818-1 M.1168
 satellites in IMT-2000  framework for management
M.819-2 M.1223
 IMT-2000 for developing countries  evaluation of security mechanisms
M.1034-1 M.1224
 requirements for the radio  vocabulary for IMT-2000
interface(s)
M.1225
M.1035  evaluation of transmission technologies
 framework for radio interface(s) and ...
radio sub-system functions
M.1036 http://www.itu.int/imt
 spectrum considerations

1.21
 Worldwide wireless subscribers (old prediction 1998)

700

600

500
Americas
400 Europe
Japan
300 others
total
200

100

0
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

1.22
 Mobile phones per 100 people 1999

Germany
Greece
Spain
Belgium
France
Netherlands
Great Britain
Switzerland
Ireland
Austria
Portugal
Luxemburg
Italy
Denmark
Norway
Sweden
Finland
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
2005: 70-90% penetration in Western Europe

1.23
 Worldwide cellular subscriber growth

1200

1000
Subscribers [million]

800

600

400

200

0
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Note that the curve starts to flatten in 2000 – 2004: 1.5 billion users

1.24
Cellular subscribers per region (June 2002)

Middle East;
1,6
Africa; 3,1
Americas (incl.
USA/Canada); Asia Pacific;
22 36,9

Europe; 36,4

2004: 715 million mobile phones delivered

1.25
 Mobile statistics snapshot (09/2002 / 12/2004)
Total Global Mobile Users #1 Mobile Country China (139M / 300m)
869M / 1.52bn #1 GSM Country China (99m)
Total Analogue Users 71M / 34m #1 SMS Country Philipines
Total US Mobile users 145M / 140m #1 Handset Vendor 2Q02 Nokia (37.2%)
Total Global GSM users 680M / 1.25T #1 Network In Africa Vodacom (6.6m)
Total Global CDMA Users 127M / 202m #1 Network In Asia Unicom (153m)
Total TDMA users 84M / 120m #1 Network In Japan DoCoMo
Total European users 283M / 343m #1 Network In Europe T-Mobile (22m / 28m)
Total African users 18.5M / 53m #1 In Infrastructure Ericsson
Total 3G users 130M / 130m(?) SMS Sent Globally 1Q02 60T / 135bn
Total South African users 13.2m / 19m SMS sent in UK 6/02 1.3T / 2.1bn
European Prepaid Penetration 63% SMS sent Germany 1Q02 5.7T
European Mobile Penetration 70.2% GSM Countries on Air 171 / 210
Global Phone Shipments 2001 393m GSM Association members 574 / 839
Global Phone Sales 2Q02 96.7m Total Cost of 3G Licenses in Europe 110T€
SMS/month/user 36
http://www.cellular.co.za/stats/stats-
main.htm

The figures vary a lot depending on the statistic, creator of the statistic etc.!

1.26
 Areas of research in mobile communication

Wireless Communication
 transmission quality (bandwidth, error rate, delay)
 modulation, coding, interference
 media access, regulations
 ...
Mobility
 location dependent services
 location transparency
 quality of service support (delay, jitter, security)
 ...
Portability
 power consumption
 limited computing power, sizes of display, ...
 usability
 ...

1.27
 Key features of future mobile and wireless networks

Improved radio technology and antennas

 smart antennas, beam forming, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO)
 space division multiplex to increase capacity, benefit from multipath
 software defined radios (SDR)
 use of different air interfaces, download new modulation/coding/...
 requires a lot of processing power (UMTS RF 10000 GIPS)
 dynamic spectrum allocation
 spectrum on demand results in higher overall capacity
Core network convergence
 IP-based, quality of service, mobile IP
Ad-hoc technologies
 spontaneous communication, power saving, redundancy
Simple and open service platform
 intelligence at the edge, not in the network (as with IN)
 more service providers, not network operators only

1.28
 Potential problems

Quality of service
 Today‘s Internet is best-effort
 Integrated services did not work out
 Differentiated service have to prove scalability and manageability
 What about the simplicity of the Internet? DoS attacks on QoS?
Internet protocols are well known…
 …also to attackers, hackers, intruders
 security by obscurity does not really work, however, closed systems provide some
protection
Reliability, maintenance
 Open question if Internet technology is really cheaper as soon as high reliability
(99.9999%) is required plus all features are integrated
Missing charging models
 Charging by technical parameters (volume, time) is not reasonable
 Pay-per-application may make much more sense
Killer application? There is no single killer application!
 Choice of services and seamless access to networks determine the success

1.29
 Simple reference model used here

Application Application

Transport Transport

Network Network Network Network

Data Link Data Link Data Link Data Link

Physical Physical Physical Physical

Radio Medium

1.30
 Influence of mobile communication to the layer model

 service location
Application layer  new applications, multimedia
 adaptive applications
Transport layer  congestion and flow control
 quality of service
 addressing, routing,
Network layer device location
 hand-over
 authentication
Data link layer
 media access
 multiplexing
 media access control
Physical layer  encryption
 modulation
 interference
 attenuation
 frequency

1.31
Overview of the main chapters

Chapter 10:
Support for Mobility

Chapter 9:
Mobile Transport Layer

Chapter 8:
Mobile Network Layer

Chapter 4: Chapter 5: Chapter 6: Chapter 7:

Telecommunication Satellite Broadcast Wireless
Systems Systems Systems LAN

Chapter 3:
Medium Access Control

Chapter 2:
Wireless Transmission

1.32
 Overlay Networks - the global goal

integration of heterogeneous fixed and

mobile networks with varying
transmission characteristics

regional

vertical
handover
metropolitan area

campus-based horizontal
handover

in-house

1.33