Mobile Communications Chapter 1: Introduction

A case for mobility History of mobile communication Market Areas of research

Mobile Communications: Introduction

1.0.1

Computers for the next century?

Computers are integrated

small, cheap, portable, replaceable - no more separate devices

Technology in the background

computer are aware of their environment and adapt (location awareness) computer recognize the location of the user and react appropriately (e.g., call forwarding, fax forwarding)
more computing power in smaller devices flat, lightweight displays with low power consumption new user interfaces due to small dimensions more bandwidth per cubic meter multiple wireless interfaces: wireless LANs, wireless WANs, regional wireless telecommunication networks etc. (overlay networks)
1.1.1

Advances in technology

Mobile Communications: Introduction

Mobile communication
Aspects of mobility:
user mobility: users communicate (wireless) anytime, anywhere, with anyone device portability: devices can be connected anytime, anywhere to the network

Wireless vs. mobile

Examples
stationary computer notebook in a hotel wireless LANs in historic buildings Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)

The demand for mobile communication creates the need for integration of wireless networks into existing fixed networks:

local area networks: standardization of IEEE 802.11, ETSI (HIPERLAN) Internet: Mobile IP extension of the internet protocol IP wide area networks: e.g., internetworking of GSM and ISDN
Mobile Communications: Introduction 1.2.1

Applications I
Vehicles

transmission of news, road condition, weather, music via DAB personal communication using GSM position via GPS local ad-hoc network with vehicles close-by to prevent accidents, guidance system, redundancy vehicle data (e.g., from busses, high-speed trains) can be transmitted in advance for maintenance

Emergencies

early transmission of patient data to the hospital, current status, first diagnosis replacement of a fixed infrastructure in case of earthquakes, hurricanes, fire etc. crisis, war, ...

Mobile Communications: Introduction

1.3.1

Typical application: road traffic

UMTS, WLAN, DAB, GSM, TETRA, ...

Personal Travel Assistant, DAB, PDA, laptop, GSM, UMTS, WLAN, Bluetooth, ...
Mobile Communications: Introduction 1.4.1

Applications II
Travelling salesmen

direct access to customer files stored in a central location consistent databases for all agents mobile office

Replacement of fixed networks

remote sensors, e.g., weather, earth activities flexibility for trade shows LANs in historic buildings

Entertainment, education, ...

outdoor Internet access intelligent travel guide with up-to-date location dependent information ad-hoc networks for multi user games

Mobile Communications: Introduction

1.5.1

Location dependent services

Location aware services

what services, e.g., printer, fax, phone, server etc. exist in the local environment automatic call-forwarding, transmission of the actual workspace to the current location

Follow-on services

Information services
push: e.g., current special offers in the supermarket pull: e.g., where is the Black Forrest Cherry Cake?

Support services

caches, intermediate results, state information etc. follow the mobile device through the fixed network who should gain knowledge about the location

Privacy

Mobile Communications: Introduction

1.6.1

Mobile devices
Pager receive only tiny displays simple text messages PDA simple graphical displays character recognition simplified WWW Laptop fully functional standard applications

Sensors, embedded controllers

Mobile phones voice, data simple text displays

Palmtop tiny keyboard simple versions of standard applications

performance
Mobile Communications: Introduction 1.7.1

Effects of device portability

Power consumption

limited computing power, low quality displays, small disks due to limited battery capacity CPU: power consumption ~ CV2f

C: internal capacity, reduced by integration V: supply voltage, can be reduced to a certain limit f: clock frequency, can be reduced temporally

Loss of data

higher probability, has to be included in advance into the design (e.g., defects, theft)

Limited user interfaces

compromise between size of fingers and portability integration of character/voice recognition, abstract symbols

Limited memory

limited value of mass memories with moving parts flash-memory or ? as alternative

Mobile Communications: Introduction 1.8.1

Wireless networks in comparison to fixed networks

Higher loss-rates due to interference

emissions of, e.g., engines, lightning

Restrictive regulations of frequencies

frequencies have to be coordinated, useful frequencies are almost all occupied

local some Mbit/s, regional currently, e.g., 9.6kbit/s with GSM connection setup time with GSM in the second range, several hundred milliseconds for other wireless systems radio interface accessible for everyone, base station can be simulated, thus attracting calls from mobile phones secure access mechanisms important
1.9.1

Low transmission rates

Higher delays, higher jitter

Lower security, simpler active attacking

Always shared medium

Mobile Communications: Introduction

Early history of wireless communication

Many people in history used light for communication
heliographs, flags (semaphore), ... 150 BC smoke signals for communication; (Polybius, Greece) 1794, optical telegraph, Claude Chappe

Here electromagnetic waves are of special importance: 1831 Faraday demonstrates electromagnetic induction J. Maxwell (1831-79): theory of electromagnetic Fields, wave equations (1864) H. Hertz (1857-94): demonstrates with an experiment the wave character of electrical transmission through space (1886, in Karlsruhe, Germany, at the location of todays University of Karlsruhe)

Mobile Communications: Introduction

1.10.1

History of wireless communication I

1895

Guglielmo Marconi

first demonstration of wireless telegraphy (digital!) long wave transmission, high transmission power necessary (> 200kw)

1907

Commercial transatlantic connections

huge base stations (30 100m high antennas)

1915 1920

Wireless voice transmission New York - San Francisco Discovery of short waves by Marconi

reflection at the ionosphere smaller sender and receiver, possible due to the invention of the vacuum tube (1906, Lee DeForest and Robert von Lieben)

1926

Train-phone on the line Hamburg - Berlin

wires parallel to the railroad track
1.11.1

Mobile Communications: Introduction

History of wireless communication II

1928 1933 1958

many TV broadcast trials (across Atlantic, color TV, TV news) Frequency modulation (E. H. Armstrong) A-Netz in Germany
analog, 160MHz, connection setup only from the mobile station, no handover, 80% coverage, 1971 11000 customers

1972

B-Netz in Germany

analog, 160MHz, connection setup from the fixed network too (but location of the mobile station has to be known) available also in A, NL and LUX, 1979 13000 customer in D

1979 1982

NMT at 450MHz (Scandinavian countries) Start of GSM-specification

goal: pan-European digital mobile phone system with roaming

1983
1984

Start of the American AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System, analog) CT-1 standard (Europe) for cordless telephones
1.12.1

Mobile Communications: Introduction

History of wireless communication III

1986

C-Netz in Germany

analog voice transmission, 450MHz, hand-over possible, digital signaling, automatic location of mobile device still in use today (as T-C-Tel), services: FAX, modem, X.25, e-mail, 98% coverage

1991

Specification of DECT

Digital European Cordless Telephone (today: Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications) 1880-1900MHz, ~100-500m range, 120 duplex channels, 1.2Mbit/s data transmission, voice encryption, authentication, up to several 10000 user/km2, used in more than 40 countries

1992

Start of GSM

in D as D1 and D2, fully digital, 900MHz, 124 channels automatic location, hand-over, cellular roaming in Europe - now worldwide in more than 100 countries services: data with 9.6kbit/s, FAX, voice, ...
Mobile Communications: Introduction 1.13.1

History of wireless communication IV

1994

E-Netz in Germany

GSM with 1800MHz, smaller cells, supported by 11 countries as Eplus in D (1997 98% coverage of the population)

1996

HiperLAN (High Performance Radio Local Area Network)

ETSI, standardization of type 1: 5.15 - 5.30GHz, 23.5Mbit/s recommendations for type 2 and 3 (both 5GHz) and 4 (17GHz) as wireless ATM-networks (up to 155Mbit/s)

1997

Wireless LAN - IEEE802.11

IEEE-Standard, 2.4 - 2.5GHz and infrared, 2Mbit/s already many products (with proprietary extensions)

1998

Specification of GSM successors

for UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System) as European proposals for IMT-2000

Iridium

66 satellites (+6 spare), 1.6GHz to the mobile phone

1.14.1

Mobile Communications: Introduction

Wireless systems: overview of the development

cellular phones
1981: NMT 450

satellites

cordless phones
1980: CT0

wireless LAN

1986: NMT 900

1983: AMPS

1982: Inmarsat-A

1984: CT1 1987: CT1+ 1989: CT 2 1991: DECT 1995/96/97: IEEE 802.11, HIPERLAN

1988: Inmarsat-C 1991: D-AMPS

1991: CDMA

199x: proprietary

1992: GSM
1993: PDC 1994: DCS 1800

1992: Inmarsat-B Inmarsat-M

1998: Iridium 2005?: UMTS/IMT-2000

analog
digital

2005?: MBS, WATM

Mobile Communications: Introduction

1.15.1

The future: ITU-R - Recommendations for IMT-2000

M.687-2

M.1078
IMT-2000 concepts and goals framework for services IMT-2000 network architectures satellites in IMT-2000 IMT-2000 for developing countries requirements for the radio interface(s) framework for radio interface(s) and radio sub-system functions spectrum considerations

security in IMT-2000 speech/voiceband data performance framework for satellites framework for management evaluation of security mechanisms vocabulary for IMT-2000 evaluation of transmission technologies

M.816-1

M.1079

M.817

M.1167

M.818-1

M.1168

M.819-2

M.1223

M.1034-1

M.1224

M.1225

M.1035

...
http://www.itu.int/imt

M.1036

Mobile Communications: Introduction

1.16.1

Worldwide wireless subscribers (prediction)

700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
1.17.1

Americas Europe Japan others total

Mobile Communications: Introduction

Mobile phones per 100 people 1997

Finland Denmark Japan USA Italy UK Spain Western Europe Germany France 0 10 20 30 40 50

1998: 40% growth rate in Germany

Mobile Communications: Introduction

1.18.1

Areas of research in mobile communication

Wireless Communication

transmission quality (bandwidth, error rate, delay) modulation, coding, interference media access, regulations ...

Mobility

location dependent services location transparency quality of service support (delay, jitter, security) ...

Portability

power consumption limited computing power, sizes of display, ... usability ...
Mobile Communications: Introduction 1.19.1

Simple reference model used here

Application

Application

Transport
Network Data Link Network Data Link Network Data Link

Transport
Network Data Link

Physical

Physical

Physical
Medium

Physical

Radio
Mobile Communications: Introduction

1.20.1

Influence of mobile communication to the layer model

Application layer

Transport layer Network layer

Data link layer

Physical layer

service location new applications, multimedia adaptive applications congestion and flow control quality of service addressing, routing, device location hand-over authentication media access multiplexing media access control encryption modulation interference attenuation frequency
1.21.1

Mobile Communications: Introduction

Overview of the chapters

Chapter 11: Support for Mobility Chapter 10: Mobile Transport Layer Chapter 9: Mobile Network Layer

Chapter 4: Telecommunication Systems

Chapter 5: Satellite Systems

Chapter 6: Broadcast Systems

Chapter 7: Wireless LAN

Chapter 8: Wireless ATM

Chapter 3: Medium Access Control

Chapter 2: Wireless Transmission
Mobile Communications: Introduction 1.22.1

Overlay Networks - the global goal

integration of heterogeneous fixed and mobile networks with varying transmission characteristics regional vertical hand-over metropolitan area

campus-based horizontal hand-over in-house

Mobile Communications: Introduction 1.23.1

Mobile Internet Commuication Technologies

Cellular technology is one of the fastest and ongoing growing telecommunication industries of the world.Currently we have following mobile and internet communication technologies adopted by different mobile companies in different parts of the world.

GSM CDMA EDGE GPRS VOIP

Mobile Communications: Technologies

Mobile Internet Communication Technologies - GSM

Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM)
GSM is a cellular network, which means that mobile phones connect to it by searching for cells in the immediate vicinity. GSM technology facilitates with high speed integrated data; voice data, fax, mail, voice mail and mostly used SMS feature. GSM criteria Good subjective speech quality Low terminal and service cost Support for international roaming one system for all of Europe Ability to support handheld terminals Support for range of new services and facilities Enhanced Features ISDN compatibility Enhance privacy Security against fraud
Mobile Communications: GSM

Mobile Internet Communication Technologies - GSM

Building Blocks : 1.AMPS Advanced Mobile Phone System analog technology used in North and South America and approximately 35 other countries operates in the 800 MHz band using FDMA technology 2. TACS Total Access Communication System variant of AMPS deployed in a number of countries primarily in the UK 3. NMT Nordic Mobile Telephone System analog technology deployed in the Benelux countries and Russia operates in the 450 and 900 MHz band first technology to offer international roaming only within the Nordic countries
Mobile Communications: GSM

Mobile Internet Communication Technologies - GSM

System Architecture
1. Mobile Station (MS) Mobile Equipment (ME) Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) 2. Base Station Subsystem (BBS) Base Transceiver Station (BTS) Base Station Controller (BSC) 3. Network Subsystem Mobile Switching Center (MSC) Home Location Register (HLR) Visitor Location Register (VLR) Authentication Center (AUC) Equipment Identity Register (EIR)

Mobile Communications: GSM

Mobile Internet Communication Technologies - GSM

Mobile Stations 1.Mobile Equipment Produced by many different manufacturers Must obtain approval from the standardization body Uniquely identified by an IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity) Mobile Stations -2. Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) Smart card containing the International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) Allows user to send and receive calls and receive other subscribed services Encoded network identification details Protected by a password or PIN Can be moved from phone to phone contains key information to activate the phone

Mobile Communications: GSM

Mobile Internet Communication Technologies - GSM

Base Station Subsystem- 1.Base Transceiver Station (BTS) Houses the radio transceivers that define a cell Handles radio-link protocols with the Mobile Station Speech and data transmissions from the MS are recoded Requirements for BTS: ruggedness reliability portability minimum costs Base Station Subsystem- 2. Base Station Controller (BSC) Manages Resources for BTS Handles call set up Location update Handover for each MS

Mobile Communications: GSM

Mobile Internet Communication Technologies - GSM

Network Subsystem-1. Mobile Switching Center (MSC) Switch speech and data connections between: Base Station Controllers Mobile Switching Centers GSM-networks Other external networks Heart of the network Three main jobs: 1. connects calls from sender to receiver 2. collects details of the calls made and received 3. supervises operation of the rest of the network components Network Subsystem-2. Home Location Registers (HLR) contains administrative information of each subscriber current location of the mobile

Mobile Communications: GSM

Mobile Internet Communication Technologies - GSM

Network Subsystem 3. Visitor Location Registers (VLR) contains selected administrative information from the HLR authenticates the user tracks which customers have the phone on and ready to receive a call periodically updates the database on which phones are turned on and ready to receive calls Network Subsystem 4. Authentication Center (AUC) mainly used for security data storage location and functional part of the network Ki is the primary element Network Subsystem 5. Equipment Identity Register (EIR) Database that is used to track handsets using the IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity) Made up of three sub-classes: The White List, The Black List and the Gray List Optional database
Mobile Communications: GSM

Mobile Internet Communication Technologies - GSM

Features: Calling Line ID - incoming telephone number displayed Alternate Line Service - one for personal calls - one for business calls Closed User Group - call by dialing last for numbers Advice of Charge - tally of actual costs of phone calls Fax & Data - Virtual Office / Professional Office Roaming - services and features can follow customer from market to market Call Waiting - Notification of an incoming call while on the handset Call Hold - Put a caller on hold to take another call Call Barring - All calls, outgoing calls, or incoming calls Call Forwarding - Calls can be sent to various numbers defined by the user Multi Party Call Conferencing - Link multiple calls together

Mobile Communications: GSM

Mobile Internet Communication Technologies - GSM

Architecture of a GSM Network
Mobile Station Base Station Subsystem Network Subsystem Other Networks

PSTN BTS BSC MSC/ VLR GMSC

SIM

ME

PLMN

EIR
SD

HLR

AUC

Internet

Note: Interfaces have been omitted for clarity purposes.

Mobile Communications:GSM

Mobile Internet Communication Technologies - CDMA

CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) splits calls into fragments and send them over different frequencies simultaneously The use of multiple frequencies gives CDMA effective protection against interference and lost calls CDMA supports true packet switching and does not use time slots, therefore is more bandwidth efficient than TDMA -- also a more direct path to 3G Current CDMA penetration in the world market is about 27%

Mobile Communications: CDMA

Mobile Internet Communication Technologies - CDMA

CDMA2000-1xEVDO System Architecture (Basic) BTS: Base Station, which creates a single cell BSC: Base Station Controller, which controls roaming and channel allocations amongst various BSTs and is also referred to as a Radio Network Controller (RNC). MSC: Mobile Switching Center, which performs the telephony switching functions and is usually connected to an SS7 network. PDSN: Packet Data Serving Node, maintains IP communications between all MNs and the Packet Data Network (PDN), which in this diagram is the Internet.

Mobile Communications: CDMA

Mobile Internet Communication Technologies - CDMA

There is no restriction on time and frequency in this scheme. All the users can transmit at all times and at all frequencies. Because users are isolated by code, they can share the same carrier frequency, eliminating the frequency reuse problem encountered in other technologies. With CDMA, unlike other cellular telephone standards, subscriber data change in real time, depending on voice activity and requirements of the network and other users of the network. Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum - DSSS CDMA - In this method, the direct sequence(input data) which is spread over a limited bandwidth is multiplied with a code or spreading sequence (a pseudorandom sequence also known as PN sequence).This will spread the input data over the entire bandwidth of the communication channel. The power density is also reduced and is spread over the frequency spectrum and hence is known as spread spectrum method.
Mobile Communications: CDMA

CDMA MODULATION

Mobile Communications: CDMA

CDMA DE-MODULATION

Mobile Communications: CDMA

Mobile Internet Communication Technologies - EDGE

Enhanced Data-rates for Global Evolution Evolutionary path to 3G services for GSM and TDMA operators Builds on General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) air interface and networks Phase 1 (Release99 & 2002 deployment) supports best effort packet data at speeds up to about 384 kbps Phase 2 (Release2000 & 2003 deployment) will add Voice over IP capability EDGE is three to four times better and efficient then GPRS technology. GPRS acquires four coding schemes while EDGE posses nine Modulation and Coding Schemes.

Mobile Communications: EDGE

Mobile Internet Communication Technologies - GPRS

GPRS is one of the technologies to improve 2G phones (second generation phones) to enable them for transferring data at higher speed, GPRS allows mobile phones to remain connected to network and transfer requested or sent data instantly.

Mobile Communications:GPRS

Mobile Internet Communication Technologies - VOIP

VOIP stands for Voice over the Internet Protocol and is also reffered to as IP Telephony.

Mobile Communications: VOIP

Mobile Internet Communication Technologies - VOIP

Mobile Communications: VOIP

Mobile Internet Communication Technologies 2G

Began in the early 1990s and continues to be used The main distinction between 1G and 2G arises because 2G

uses digital signals to carry voice

The label 2.5G is used for systems that extend a 2G system to include some 3G features.
2.5G networks, such as General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), are an
extension of 2G networks, in that they use circuit switching for voice and packet switching for data transmission resulting in its popularity since packet switching utilizes bandwidth much more efficiently. In this system, each users packets compete for available bandwidth, and users are billed only for the amount of data transmitted.
Mobile Communications: 2G

Mobile Internet Communication Technologies 2G

Some of the advantages that 2G had over 1G are: The lower powered radio signals require less battery power, so phones last much longer between charges, and batteries can be smaller. The digital voice encoding allowed digital error checking which could increase sound quality by increasing dynamic range and lowering the noise floor. The lower power emissions helped address health concerns. Going all-digital allowed for the introduction of digital data services, such as SMS and email. Greatly reduced fraud. With analog systems it was possible to have two or more cloned handsets that had the same phone number. Enhanced privacy. A key digital advantage not often mentioned is that digital cellular calls are much harder to eavesdrop on by use of radio scanners. While the security algorithms used have proved not to be as secure as initially advertised, 2G phones are immensely more private than 1G phones, which have no protection against eavesdropping.

Mobile Communications: 2G

Mobile Internet Communication Technologies 3G

A telecommunication hardware standards and general Technology for mobile networking It is based on the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) family of standards It conceived from Universal Mobile Telecommunication Service (UMTS) concept for high speed networks for enabling variety of data intensive applications It consists of two main standards CDMA 2000 & w- CDMA 3G network operators offer wide range of advanced service to its users This can be achieved by Spectral efficiency Services widearea wireless voice Telephone, video calls, and broadband wireless, data all in a mobile environment

Mobile Communications: Introduction

3G APPLICATIONS

Interactive news delivery (voice, video, e-mail, graphics) Voice /High-quality audio Still photography Video Data transmission services File transfer from intranet Multimedia e-mail (graphics, voice, video) Video conferencing Web browser On-line services Time schedules Global Positioning Services/Geographical Information Systems
Mobile Communications: Introduction

Mobile Communications: Introduction