1.​ What is development?

●​ The betterment of anything is called development. Eg. Schools,

hospitals etc
●​ Economic development is considered as an increase in the counties
wealth, growth, standard of living etc.

2.​ Why do different people have different development goals?

OR
Why do different people have different notions of development?
●​ Notions for development are different for different people.
●​ Each one of them seeks different things that are most important for
them, i.e., that which can fulfil their aspirations or desires.
●​ In fact, at times, two persons or groups of persons may seek things
which are conflicting.
Eg
i.​ A girl expects as much freedom and opportunity as her
brother, and that he also shares in the household work. Her
brother may not like this (conflicting)
ii.​ To get more electricity, industrialists may want more dams
but this may submerge the land and disrupt the lives of
people who are displaced – such as tribals. (conflicting)
iii.​ Landless rural labourers seek more days of work and better
wages
iv.​ Prosperous farmers from Punjab seek a high family income
through higher support prices for their crops and through
hardworking and cheap labourers;

3.​ There are goals other than income.Explain?

OR
Give some examples where factors other than income are important
aspects of our lives.
●​ Besides seeking more income people also seek things like equal
treatment, freedom, security, and respect for others.
●​ Quality of our life depends on: Material + Non-material things.

4.​ How do women engaged in paid jobs fulfil a mix of goals?

OR
For development, people look at a mix of goals. Explain with example.
 ●​ If women are engaged in paid work, their dignity in the household
and society increases.
●​ If there is respect for women there would be more sharing of
housework and a greater acceptance of women working outside.
●​ A safe and secure environment may allow more women to take up a
variety of jobs or run a business.

5.​ What is the most important indication used to compare countries?

For comparing countries, their income is considered to be one of the most
important attributes.

6.​ Why is total income not a useful measure of development?

●​ Total income is not such a useful measure.
●​ Since, countries have different populations, comparing total income
will not tell us what an average person is likely to earn.

7.​ What is meant by per capita income? Evaluate significance and limitation
of average income as measure of development?
OR
What is the main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different
countries? What are the limitations of this criterion, if any?
●​ The average income is the total income of the country divided by its
total population. The average income is also called per capita
income.
●​ World Development Reports brought out by the World Bank criteria
Per capita income of US$ 49,300 and above per annum - high income
or rich countries
Per capita income of US$ 2500 or less per annus - low-income
countries
In 2019 per capita income of India was US $6700 and thus a
low-income country.
The rich countries, excluding countries of the Middle East and
certain other small countries, are generally called developed
countries.
●​ Averages are useful for comparison, but they hide disparities.
●​ It does not tell how the income is distributed among the people.
8.​ Infant Mortality Rate (or IMR) indicates the number of children that die
before the age of one year as a proportion of 1000 live children born in
that particular year.
9.​ Literacy Rate measures the proportion of literate population in the
7-and-above age group.
10.​ Net Attendance Ratio is the total number of children of age group 14 and
15 years attending school as a percentage of total number of children in
the same age group.

11.​ Life Expectancy at birth denotes average expected length of life of a

person at the time of birth.

12.​ Money in your pocket cannot buy all the goods and services that you may
need to live well. Explain with examples.
Money cannot buy you 1) a pollution free environment or 2) ensure that
you get unadulterated medicines 3) protect you from infectious diseases

13.​ Significance of Public facilities

●​ For many of the important things in life the best way, also the
cheapest way, is to provide these goods and services collectively.
Example: Security, transportation.
●​ With the increase in public facilities other criteria like health and
education also enhance
.
14.​ Kerala has a low Infant Mortality Rate because it has adequate provision of
basic health and educational facilities.

15.​ In some states, the Public Distribution System (PDS) functions well. Health
and nutritional status of people of such states is certainly likely to be
better.

16.​ Sri Lanka, is much ahead of India in every respect

17.​What is the Human Development Report? Why does Kerala have high HDI?
Human Development Report published by UNDP compares countries
based on the educational levels of the people, their health status and per
capita income.
Kerala has adequate provision of basic health and educational facilities
thus has high HDI.
18.​What did HDR make very clear about pre-fixing hum to development?
It has made it very clear that what is important in development is what is
happening to citizens of a country. It is people, their health, their well
being that is most important.

19.​ What is BMI? How to calculate BMI? And what does this show?
BodyMass Index is a criteria used to find out whether a person is
nourished, undernourished or overweight.
BMI = Weight of the person in Kg / Height in meter square
Growing childrens are not evaluated on body mass index.
In this case:
● Less than 18 = Undernourished
● Between 18-25 = Nourished
● More than 25 = Overweight

20.​ In what respects is the criterion used by the UNDP for measuring
development different from the one used by the World Bank?
UNDP compares countries based on the educational levels of the people,
their health status and per capita income whereas the World Bank
measures the same only on the basis of per capita income.

21.​ How is the issue of sustainability important for development? Explain

●​ Sustainable development refers to a concept maintaining the
present development in such a way that it is available for the future
generations.
●​ Whatever development is taking place currently must be sustainable
enough that it can be used in future
●​ Over utilisation of resources has posed a serious threat of their
existence.
●​ That means future generations will not be able to reap their
benefits.

22.​Find out the present sources of energy that are used by the people in India.
What could be the other possibilities fifty years from now?
The following are the present sources of energy in India.
a)​ Conventional sources
Coal, Petroleum, Natural Gas, Electricity
b)​ Unconventional sources
 Solar energy, WInd energy, Nuclear power energy, Bio gas

Seemingly, since India has very little developed the sources like solar
energy, wind energy, geothermal energy and hydro energy yet. So in
the near future, these might be the few possibilities of sources of
energy known to people.