Contents

Question 1 ..................................................................................................................................... 3
Section A ................................................................................................................................... 3
Section B ................................................................................................................................... 3
Question 2 ..................................................................................................................................... 4
a) Reynolds number and Mach number.................................................................................. 4
b) Flow status ......................................................................................................................... 5
c) Boundary layer thickness calculation .................................................................................. 5
d) Inflation layer..................................................................................................................... 6
e) CFD calculations ................................................................................................................. 6
Bibliography .................................................................................................................................... 13

Table of Figures
Figure 1 - Geometry model of the foil ................................................................................................ 7
Figure 2- Meshed Surface .................................................................................................................. 7
Figure 3 - Sphere of Influence ............................................................................................................ 8
Figure 4 - Inflation layer..................................................................................................................... 8
Figure 5 - Boundary conditions .......................................................................................................... 9
Figure 6 - Pressure distribution ........................................................................................................ 10
Figure 7 - Velocity distribution ......................................................................................................... 11
Figure 8 - Graphs of coefficient of Lift and Drag ............................................................................... 12
Question 1
Section A

For steady flow,

s= constant (taking gravity as zero)
where, u = u/y
v=0
Navier Stokes equation is given by
∂u/∂x + ∂v/∂y = 0

u.∂u/∂x + v.∂u/∂y = -l/s.∂p/∂x +γ.(∂²u/∂x² + ∂²u/∂y²)

u.∂v/∂x + v.∂v/∂y = -l/s.∂p/∂x +γ.(∂²v/∂x² + ∂²v/∂y²)

u.∂T/∂x + v.∂T/∂y = K/Scp (∂²T/∂x² + ∂²T/∂y²) + Φ

a)ii.

From the given data, R=1m,

μ=0.25 Pa.s,
dp/dx= -1 Pa/m

Mass flow rate Q = ∫ (v. n)dA

a 2
𝑎 r2
Q=∫ Δp/L(1 − a2 ) 2πrdr/dA
4𝑢
0
a
r3
=πa2 Δp/L ∫ (r − a2 ) 𝑑𝑟
0

Δp
=πa2/2μ . ( ).( a²/2-a²/4)
L

Δp
= πa4/u( L )

Section B
Navier strokes eqauation for 2D steady incompressible flow is
∂u/∂x + ∂v/∂y = 0

u∂u/∂x + v∂u/∂y = -1/ρ. ∂p/∂x + v (∂²u/∂x² + ∂²u/∂y²)

u∂v/∂x + v∂v/∂y = -1/ρ. ∂p/∂x + v (∂²v/∂x² + ∂²v/∂y²)

here the u and vare the components of velocity.

u∂u/∂x + v∂u/∂y = -1/ρ. ∂p/∂x + v∂²u/∂y²
1/ρ. ∂p/∂y = 0

for incompressible fluid

∂u/∂x + ∂v/∂y = 0

1)b)ii)b).
Reynolds number,Re =ρVL/μ

Where, V=0.2m/s
ρ=997 Kg/m3
L = 2h = 2 x 0.01m = 0.02m
μ = 8.90 × 10−4 Pa·s
Re = 997 x 0.2 x 0.02/8.90 × 10−4

= 4480.9 which is greater than 4000.

Therefore the flow is turbulent.
Flow rate Q = Av
Area A = πr² = π x 0.022 = 0.001256m2
Q = Av

= 0.001256 x 0.2 m3/s

Q = 0.0002512 m3/s

Question 2
a) Reynolds number and Mach number

𝜌vL
Reynolds number, Re = μ

Where 𝜌 = density = 1.2041 kg m-3 for 20°C

v = velocity = 40 m s-1

L = diameter = 1m
μ = viscosity = 1.825 x 10-5 kg·m−1·s−1 (edge, n.d.)

1.2041∗ 40∗ 1
Re = = 26.39 x 105
1.825∗ 10−5
Therefore, Reynolds number = 26.39 x 105

𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑖𝑟
Mach number, M = ⁄𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑

v = velocity = 40 m s-1

Speed of sound, c = √γRT

Where, γ = adiabatic constant = 1.4
R = Gas constant = 287 J/kg
T = 20°C = 293 K

c = √1.4 ∗ 287 ∗ 293

= 343.114 m/s

Mach number, m = 𝑣⁄𝑐 = 40⁄343.11

= 0.117

Therefore, Mach number = 0.117

b) Flow status

Since, Reynolds number, Re = 26.39 x 105 is greater than 4000, the flow is Turbulent

Mach number, m = 0.117 is greater than 0.2, the flow is incompressible

From the reference (Frei, 2017), SST model is selected as it goes well for models with
industrial applications. It has similar requirements in resolution like k-ε and k-ω models but
when formatted it removes few weaknesses that was shown by pure k-ε and k-ω models.

c) Boundary layer thickness calculation

δ = 0.37 x Re-1/5
= 0.37 x 26.39-1/5
 = 0.01923 m = 19.23 mm
Therefore, the boundary layer thickness = 19.23 mm
d) Inflation layer
Since the flow is turbulent y+ value lies between 10 -200
Y+ value is selected as 80 such that inflation layer does not cross 100 more than that.

So, lets assume y+ = 80

Δy = L * y+ * √74(26.39 𝑥 105 )-13/14

L=1m
y+ = 80

Δy = 1 * 80+ * √74(26.39 𝑥 105 )-13/14

= 7.49 x 10-4 m
Growth rate, r is assumed to be 1.2
For number of layer
1−𝑟 𝑛
δ = Δy * [ 1−𝑟 ]

1−1.2𝑛
0.01923 = 0.000749 * [ 1−1.2 ]

1−1.2𝑛
25.674 = [ ]
−0.2

- 5.135 = 1 - 1.2n
6.135 = 1.2n
1.2n = 6.135
Take log
n log1.2 = log 6.135
log 6.135 0.7878
n= = 0.0792 = 9.95
log 1.2

≈ 10 layers

e) CFD calculations
The NACA0012 air foil points are obtained from the course notes. Then, the points are
then imported and then connected by means of ‘lines from points’ function on the XY
plane. Then the geometry surface is extruded to 0.1m. Then the boundary for flow is
drawn with a curved inlet and rectangular outlet and extruded along with the air foil.
Then the air foil is cut with the help of freeze option under body operations from the
flow boundary. The geometry of the air foil model is shown in the figure 1.
 Figure 1 - Geometry model of the foil

Mesh Generation

The previous step is continued to generate a mesh with the help of CFD fluent. The
mesh is unstructured with 2D triangular patterns and tetrahedral 3D patterns. The
meshing is done three steps. First the type of mesh is determined, then the quality and
finally verified. Layers of inflation is calculated numerically (shown above 2.d.). The
figure 2 shows the unstructured mesh developed. The sizing method used is the sphere
of influence at user defined global coordinate axis around the foil as it decreases the size
of element at the sphere (figure 3).

Figure 2- Meshed Surface

 Figure 3 - Sphere of Influence

Quality of the Mesh

Quality of the mesh is orthogonal that ranges from 0 – 1, where 1 is the finest and 0 is
vile. For the air foil, we have obtained quality of 0.15211 with the ranging size of element
from .01 to .05 m. Operations namely sizing and sphere of influence have been used to obtain
this. Then the inflation layers are nothing but elements that are stacked towards the direction
that is normal to the boundaries. The boundary layer thickness is also calculated numerically
(2.d.). The layer thickness and layers re 19.23mm and 10 respectively. The figure 4 below
shows the inflation layer around the air foil.

Figure 4 - Inflation layer

Result & Findings
Once the meshing was done, the boundary conditions as inlet and outlet along with
walls are given under setup option. Expressions for drag, velocity, angle of attack, etc. are
given. The angle is given as 2 degree and velocity is 40 m/s. We give iteration value as 100
and RMS value as 0.000001. The boundary condition setup is demonstrated by the figure 5.

Figure 5 - Boundary conditions

We obtain the distribution of pressure over the foil and its region of flow, we get
from the result. The pressure at the top of the foil is a bit low and on the left side it is a bit
high. The pressure at the rest of the area is unaffected. The distribution of pressure changes
with change in velocity. The figure 6 shows the pressure distribution.
 Figure 6 - Pressure distribution

The figure 7 shows velocity distribution of the air foil which demonstrates the
velocity is well as pressure acts at the same point. From the given condition we set velocity
as 40m/s. The velocity is low at the top while high at the left side. Charts and plane option
gives the velocity at specific points.
 Figure 7 - Velocity distribution

The figure 8 shows the lift and drag coefficient of the foil. Greater is the coefficient
of the lift is than that of drag.
 Figure 8 - Graphs of coefficient of Lift and Drag

Thus we have determined the flow over NACA0012 air foil with the help of Ansys at
angle 2° and velocity 40m/s. The Reynolds number obtained is 26.39 x 105 and the Mach
number is 0.117 with Turbulent and Incompressible flow. SST model has been used with
19.23 boundary layer thickness and 10 layers. Then the pressure and velocity figures were
obtained from Ansys.
Bibliography
edge, E. (n.d.). viscosity of air dynamic and kinematic. Retrieved from Engineers edge:
https://www.engineersedge.com/physics/viscosity_of_air_dynamic_and_kinematic_14483.
htm

Frei, W. (2017). Which Turbulence Model Should I Choose for My CFD Application? Retrieved from
COMSOL: https://uk.comsol.com/blogs/which-turbulence-model-should-choose-cfd-
application/