Laboratory Exercise 2 Page 1
Name: Trần Thanh Nguyên
Section: 23119087
Laboratory Exercise 2
DISCRETE-TIME SYSTEMS: TIME-DOMAIN
REPRESENTATION
2 SIMULATION OF DISCRETE-TIME SYSTEMS
Project 2.1: The Moving Average System
A copy of Program P2_1 is given below:
Listing 1: Program P2_1
1 % Program P2_1
2 % Simulation of an M−point Moving Average Filter
3 % Generate the input signal
4 n = 0:100;
5 s1 = cos(2*pi*0.05*n); % A low frequency sinusoid
6 s2 = cos(2*pi*0.47*n); % A high frequency sinusoid
7 x = s1+s2;
8 % Implementation of the moving average filter
9 M = input('Desired length of the filter = ');
10 num = ones(1,M);
11 y = filter(num,1,x)/M;
12 % Display the input and output signals
13 clf;
14 subplot(2,2,1);
15 plot(n,s1);
16 axis([0, 100, −2, 2]);
17 xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
18 title('Signal # 1');
19 subplot(2,2,2);
20 plot(n,s2);
21 axis([0, 100, −2, 2]);
22 xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
23 title('Signal # 2');
24 subplot(2,2,3);
25 plot(n,x);
26 axis([0, 100, −2, 2]);
27 xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
28 title('Input Signal');
29 subplot(2,2,4);
30 plot(n,y);
31 axis([0, 100, −2, 2]);
32 xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
33 title('Output Signal');
34 axis;
Answers:
Laboratory Exercise 2 Page 2
Q2.1 The output sequence generated by running the above program for M = 2 with x[n] = s1 [n] + s2 [n] as
the input is shown below.
Hình 1: Output sequence for Q2.1
The component of the input x[n] suppressed by the discrete-time system simulated by this program is
Q2.2 Program P2_1 is modified to simulate the LTI system y[n] = 0.5(x[n] − x[n − 1]) and process the input
x[n] = s1 [n] + s2 [n] resulting in the output sequence shown below:
Hình 2: Output sequence for Q2.2
Laboratory Exercise 2 Page 3
The effect of changing the LTI system on the input is
Q2.3 Program P2_1 is run for the following values of filter length M and following values of the frequencies of
the sinusoidal signals s1 [n] and s2 [n]. The output generated for these different values of M and the frequencies
are shown below. From these plots we make the following observations:
Hình 3: Output sequences for different values of M and frequencies
Q2.4 The required modifications to Program P2_1 by changing the input sequence to a swept-frequency
sinusoidal signal (length 101, minimum frequency 0, and a maximum frequency 0.5) as the input signal (see
Program P1_7) are listed below:
Listing 2: Modified Program P2_1 for Q2.4
1 function Q2_4()
2 % Generate swept−frequency sinusoidal signal
3 n = 0:100;
4 f_min = 0;
5 f_max = 0.5;
6 % Linear frequency sweep
7 f_inst = f_min + (f_max − f_min) * n / max(n);
8 x = cos(2*pi * cumsum(f_inst) / 101);
9
10 % Apply moving average filter with M = 2
11 M = 2;
12 num = ones(1,M);
13 y1 = filter(num,1,x)/M;
Laboratory Exercise 2 Page 4
14
15 % Apply modified system y[n] = 0.5(x[n] − x[n−1])
16 num2 = 0.5*[1 −1];
17 y2 = filter(num2, 1, x);
18
19 figure;
20 subplot(3,1,1);
21 plot(n,x);
22 title('Swept−frequency Input Signal');
23 xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
24
25 subplot(3,1,2);
26 plot(n,y1);
27 title('Output of Moving Average Filter (M=2)');
28 xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
29
30 subplot(3,1,3);
31 plot(n,y2);
32 title('Output of Difference Filter');
33 xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
34 end
35 Q2_4()
The output signal generated by running this program is plotted below.
Hình 4: Output signal for swept-frequency input
The results of Questions Q2.1 and Q2.2 from the response of this system to the swept-frequency signal can
be explained as follows:
Laboratory Exercise 2 Page 5
Project 2.2 (Optional): A Simple Nonlinear Discrete-Time System
A copy of Program P2_2 is given below:
Listing 3: Program P2_2
1 % Insert program code here. Copy from m−file(s) and paste.
Answers:
Q2.5 The sinusoidal signals with the following frequencies as the input signals were used to generate the
output signals:
The output signals generated for each of the above input signals are displayed below:
Hình 5: Output signals for different input frequencies
The output signals depend on the frequencies of the input signal according to the following rules:
This observation can be explained mathematically as follows:
Q2.6 The output signal generated by using sinusoidal signals of the form x[n] = sin(ω0 n) + K as the input
signal is shown below for the following values of ω0 and K:
Hình 6: Output signals with DC component
The dependence of the output signal yt [n] on the DC value K can be explained as:
Project 2.3: Linear and Nonlinear Systems
A copy of Program P2_3 is given below:
Laboratory Exercise 2 Page 6
Listing 4: Program P2_3
1 % Insert program code here. Copy from m−file(s) and paste.
Answers:
Q2.7 The outputs y[n], obtained with weighted input, and yt [n], obtained by combining the two outputs
y1 [n] and y2 [n] with the same weights, are shown below along with the difference between the two signals:
Hình 7: Weighted inputs and outputs comparison
The two sequences are
The system is
Q2.8 Program P2_3 was run for the following three different sets of values of the weighting constants, a and
b, and the following three different sets of input frequencies:
The plots generated for each of the above three cases are shown below:
Hình 8: System response for different weights and frequencies
Based on these plots we can conclude that the system with different weights is
Q2.9 Program P2_3 was run with the following non-zero initial conditions:
The plots generated are shown below:
Hình 9: System response with non-zero initial conditions
Based on these plots we can conclude that the system with nonzero initial conditions is
Q2.10 Program P2_3 was run with nonzero initial conditions and for the following three different sets of
values of the weighting constants, a and b, and the following three different sets of input frequencies:
The plots generated for each of the above three cases are shown below:
Hình 10: System response with non-zero initial conditions and different weights
Based on these plots we can conclude that the system with nonzero initial conditions and different weights
is
Laboratory Exercise 2 Page 7
Q2.11 Program P2_3 was modified to simulate the system:
y[n] = x[n]x[n − 1]
The output sequences y1 [n], y2 [n], and y[n] of the above system generated by running the modified program
are shown below:
Hình 11: Modified system output sequences
Comparing y[n] with yt [n] we conclude that the two sequences are
This system is
Project 2.4: Time-invariant and Time-varying Systems
A copy of Program P2_4 is given below:
Listing 5: Program P2_4
1 % Insert program code here. Copy from m−file(s) and paste.
Answers:
Q2.12 The output sequences y[n] and yd [n − 10] generated by running Program P2_4 are shown below:
Hình 12: Output sequences for Q2.12
These two sequences are related as follows:
The system is
Q2.13 The output sequences y[n] and yd [n − D] generated by running Program P2_4 for the following values
of the delay variable D are shown below:
Hình 13: Output sequences for different delay values
In each case, these two sequences are related as follows:
The system is
Laboratory Exercise 2 Page 8
Q2.14 The output sequences y[n] and yd [n−10] generated by running Program P2_4 for the following values
of the input frequencies are shown below:
Hình 14: Output sequences for different input frequencies
In each case, these two sequences are related as follows:
The system is
Q2.15 The output sequences y[n] and yd [n − 10] generated by running Program P2_4 for non-zero initial
conditions are shown below:
Hình 15: Output sequences with non-zero initial conditions
These two sequences are related as follows:
The system is
Q2.16 The output sequences y[n] and yd [n − 10] generated by running Program P2_4 for non-zero initial
conditions and following values of the input frequencies are shown below:
Hình 16: Output sequences with non-zero initial conditions and different frequencies
In each case, these two sequences are related as follows:
The system is
Q2.17 The modified Program P2_4 simulating the system
y[n] = n · x[n] + x[n − 1]
is given below:
Listing 6: Modified Program P2_4 for Q2.17
1 % Insert program code here. Copy from m−file(s) and paste.
The output sequences y[n] and yd [n − 10] generated by running modified Program P2_4 are shown below:
Hình 17: Output sequences for time-varying system
These two sequences are related as follows:
Laboratory Exercise 2 Page 9
The system is
Q2.18 (optional) The modified Program P2_3 to test the linearity of the system of Q2.17 is shown below:
Listing 7: Modified Program P2_3 for Q2.18
1 % Insert program code here. Copy from m−file(s) and paste.
The outputs y[n] and yt [n] obtained by running the modified program P2_3 are shown below:
Hình 18: Linearity test results
The two sequences are
The system is
3 LINEAR TIME-INVARIANT DISCRETE-TIME SYSTEMS
Project 2.5: Computation of Impulse Responses of LTI Systems
A copy of Program P2_5 is shown below:
Listing 8: Program P2_5
1 % Insert program code here. Copy from m−file(s) and paste.
Answers:
Q2.19 The first 41 samples of the impulse response of the discrete-time system of Project 2.3 generated by
running Program P2_5 is given below:
Hình 19: Impulse response (41 samples)
Q2.20 The required modifications to Program P2_5 to generate the impulse response of the following causal
LTI system:
y[n] + 0.71y[n − 1] − 0.46y[n − 2] − 0.62y[n − 3] = 0.9x[n] − 0.45x[n − 1] + 0.35x[n − 2] + 0.002x[n − 3]
are given below:
Laboratory Exercise 2 Page 10
Listing 9: Modified Program P2_5 for Q2.20
1 % Insert program code here. Copy from m−file(s) and paste.
The first 45 samples of the impulse response of this discrete-time system generated by running the modified
program is given below:
Hình 20: Impulse response (45 samples)
Q2.21 The MATLAB program to generate the impulse response of a causal LTI system of Q2.20 using the
filter command is indicated below:
Listing 10: Program using filter command
1 % Insert program code here. Copy from m−file(s) and paste.
The first 40 samples of the impulse response generated by this program are shown below:
Hình 21: Impulse response using filter command
Comparing the above response with that obtained in Question Q2.20 we conclude:
Q2.22 The MATLAB program to generate and plot the step response of a causal LTI system is indicated
below:
Listing 11: Step response program
1 % Insert program code here. Copy from m−file(s) and paste.
The first 40 samples of the step response of the LTI system of Project 2.3 are shown below:
Hình 22: Step response
Project 2.6: Cascade of LTI Systems
A copy of Program P2_6 is given below:
Listing 12: Program P2_6
1 % Insert program code here. Copy from m−file(s) and paste.
Laboratory Exercise 2 Page 11
Answers:
Q2.23 The output sequences y[n], y2 [n], and the difference signal d[n] generated by running Program P2_6
are indicated below:
Hình 23: Cascade system outputs
The relation between y[n] and y2 [n] is
Q2.24 The sequences generated by running Program P2_6 with the input changed to a sinusoidal sequence
are as follows:
Hình 24: Cascade system with sinusoidal input
The relation between y[n] and y2 [n] in this case is
Q2.25 The sequences generated by running Program P2_6 with non-zero initial condition vectors are now
as given below:
Hình 25: Cascade system with non-zero initial conditions
The relation between y[n] and y2 [n] in this case is
Q2.26 The modified Program P2_6 with the two 2nd-order systems in reverse order and with zero initial
conditions is displayed below:
Listing 13: Modified Program P2_6 (reverse order)
1 % Insert program code here. Copy from m−file(s) and paste.
The sequences generated by running the modified program are sketched below:
Hình 26: Reversed cascade system
The relation between y[n] and y2 [n] in this case is
Q2.27 The sequences generated by running the modified Program P2_6 with the two 2nd-order systems in
reverse order and with non-zero initial conditions are displayed below:
Hình 27: Reversed cascade with non-zero initial conditions
Laboratory Exercise 2 Page 12
The relation between y[n] and y2 [n] in this case is
Project 2.7: Convolution
A copy of Program P2_7 is reproduced below:
Listing 14: Program P2_7
1 % Insert program code here. Copy from m−file(s) and paste.
Answers:
Q2.28 The sequences y[n] and y1 [n] generated by running Program P2_7 are shown below:
Hình 28: Convolution results
The difference between y[n] and y1 [n] is
The reason for using x1 [n] as the input, obtained by zero-padding x[n], for generating y1 [n] is:
Q2.29 The modified Program P2_7 to develop the convolution of a length-15 sequence h[n] with a length-10
sequence x[n] is indicated below:
Listing 15: Modified Program P2_7 for Q2.29
1 % Insert program code here. Copy from m−file(s) and paste.
The sequences y[n] and y1 [n] generated by running modified Program P2_7 are shown below:
Hình 29: Modified convolution results
The difference between y[n] and y1 [n] is
Project 2.8: Stability of LTI Systems
A copy of Program P2_8 is given below:
Laboratory Exercise 2 Page 13
Listing 16: Program P2_8
1 % Insert program code here. Copy from m−file(s) and paste.
Answers:
Q2.30 The purpose of the for command is
The purpose of the end command is
Q2.31 The purpose of the break command is
Q2.32 The discrete-time system of Program P2_8 is
The impulse response generated by running Program P2_8 is shown below:
Hình 30: Impulse response for stability analysis
The value of |h(K)| here is
From this value and the shape of the impulse response we can conclude that the system is
By running Program P2_8 with a larger value of N the new value of |h(K)| is
From this value we can conclude that the system is
Q2.33 The modified Program P2_8 to simulate the discrete-time system of Q2.33 is given below:
Listing 17: Modified Program P2_8 for Q2.33
1 % Insert program code here. Copy from m−file(s) and paste.
The impulse response generated by running the modified Program P2_8 is shown below:
Hình 31: Modified system impulse response
The values of |h(K)| here are
From this value and the shape of the impulse response we can conclude that the system is
Laboratory Exercise 2 Page 14
Project 2.9: Illustration of the Filtering Concept
A copy of Program P2_9 is given below:
Listing 18: Program P2_9
1 % Insert program code here. Copy from m−file(s) and paste.
Answers:
Q2.34 The output sequences generated by this program are shown below:
Hình 32: Filtering demonstration
The filter with better characteristics for the suppression of the high frequency component of the input signal
x[n] is
Q2.35 The required modifications to Program P2_9 by changing the input sequence to a swept sinusoidal
sequence (length 301, minimum frequency 0, and maximum frequency 0.5) are listed below along with the
output sequences generated by the modified program:
Listing 19: Modified Program P2_9 for Q2.35
1 % Insert program code here. Copy from m−file(s) and paste.
Hình 33: Filtering with swept frequency input
The filter with better characteristics for the suppression of the high frequency component of the input signal
x[n] is
