SSS 1 CHEMISTRY WEEK 7 LESSON NOTES
8th June, 7:28am (Thursday) • Download
CHEMICAL COMBINATION/ BONDING
The tendency of other elements to try to attain the stable duplet or
octet structure possessed by the rare gases. Is achieved during the
chemical combination.
TYPES OF BOND
There are five types of bonds namely;
1. Electrovalent or ionic bond
2. Covalent bond
3. Coordinate covalent or dative bond
4. Hydrogen bond
5. Van der waals forces
These bonds can be classified into strong bonds and weak bonds
ELECTROVALENT OR IONIC BOND : This is the bond that involves the
transfer of electrons from metallic atoms to non-metallic atoms during
chemical reaction. i.e donor-acceptor principle
The metallic atoms, after donating their valence electrons, become
positively charged. While the non-metallic atoms become negatively
charged after acquiring extra electrons . both ions now possess stable
outer duplet or octet structure of noble gases, and are held together by
strong electrostatic forces of attraction which constitute the
electrovalent or ionic bond. The positively charged ions do not pair up
to form molecules because they exert their force of attraction equally
in all directions.
For neutral sodium atoms, Nao to form unipositive sodium ion, Na+,
each sodium atom must lose one electron.
Na0 Na+ + e-
Conversely, for a neutral chlorine atom; Cl0 to form a uninegative
chloride ion, Cl-, the chlorine atom must gain one electron.
Cl0 + e- Cl-
The complete reaction could be represented as : Na0 + Cl0 Na+Cl
Before combination
Sodium chlorine
Atom atom
Proton 11 17
Electron 2, 8, 1 2, 8, 7
After combination
Sodium chloride
Ion(+) ion(-)
Proton 11 17
Electron 2, 8 2, 8, 8
PROPERTIES OF ELECTROVALENT (IONIC) COMPOUND
1. Ionic compounds do not contain molecules, instead they consist of
aggregates of oppositely charged ions arranged in an orderly patter of
three dimensional crystal lattices
2. They are solids at room temperature and do not vapourise easily.
3. They have high melting and boiling points because of the strong
electrovalent bonds between the ions.
compounds readily dissolve in water and other polar solvent.
4. They are good conductors of heat and electricity when in molten
state or in solution, i.e, they are electrolytes . this is because the ions
are free to move about when the compound is in a liquid state.
5. They do not dissolve in non-polar solvents such as toluene, benzene,
ether, trichloromethane, etc.
2. COVALENT BOND: This is a bond in which electrons are not
transferred but are shared by two atoms. Sharing of electrons occur
between atoms of comparable electronegativities and atoms of the
same element. Molecule and not ions are formed in covalent
combination, because the shared electrons may be regarded as
revolving in orbits controlled by both nuclei. A shared pair of electron
in covalent bond is represented by a horizontal bar between the two
atoms, e.g H-H, Cl-Cl, H-Cl.
Considering two hydrogen atoms (H2) in covalency, the atoms
contribute one electron each to a shared-pair, to obtain an
approximation to the external duplet configuration of helium by
making two electron to do work of four electrons.
In chlorine molecules (Cl2), each chlorine atom has the electronic
configuration of 2, 8, 7. In covalency, the atoms contribute one electron
each to a shared pair to obtain an external stables octet structure by
making fourteen electrons do the work of sixteen electrons
PROPERTRIES OF COVALENT COMPOUND
1. Covalent compounds consist of molecules which have a definite
shape.
2. They are gasses or volatile liquids because their molecules being
electrically neutral are not bound by strong attractive forces.
3. They have low melting and boiling points
4. Covalent compounds are readily dissolve in non-polar organic
solvents such as benzene, toluene and carbon disulphide.
5. Covalent compounds do not conduct electricity, i.e, they are non-
electrolytes. This is because the molecules do not contain charged
particles.
