If statement

●​ The if statement is a decision-making statement in

C.
●​ It lets the program check a condition.
●​ If the condition is true, the program runs a block of
code.
●​ If the condition is false, that block of code is skipped.​
🛠️ Basic form:
if (condition) {

// code to run if condition is true

🧠 How it works (step-by-step):

1.​The computer looks at the condition (a logical test
like x > 10).​

2.​If the condition is true (yes), it runs the code inside {

}.​

3.​If the condition is false (no), it skips the code inside

{ } and continues with the rest of the program.​

🧪 Example 1: Check if a number is positive

#include <stdio.h>
int main() {

int n;

printf("Enter a number: ");

scanf("%d", &n);

if (n > 0) {

printf("The number is positive.\n");

printf("This line runs always.\n");

return 0;

●​ If user enters 5, condition n > 0 is true → prints

"The number is positive."​

●​ If user enters -2, condition is false → skips the

message.​
🧪 Example 2: if…else (optional)
Sometimes you want to do one thing if the condition is
true, another if it’s false.

​
For that, you use if…else:

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
 int n;

printf("Enter a number: ");

scanf("%d", &n);

if (n > 0) {

printf("Positive\n");

} else {

printf("Not positive\n");

return 0;

if–else if Statement
●​ The if–else if ladder is used when you have multiple conditions to test, one after
another.​

●​ The program checks conditions in order:​

○​ If one condition is true → it runs that block and skips the rest.​

○​ If none are true → it goes to the final else.​

🛠️ General Syntax
if (condition1) {
// code if condition1 is true
}
else if (condition2) {
// code if condition2 is true
}
else if (condition3) {
// code if condition3 is true
}
else {
// code if none of the above are true
}

#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int day = 3;
printf("Day Number: %d\n", day);
// Check the day of the week
if (day == 1) {
 printf("Day Name: Monday\n");
} else if (day == 2) {
printf("Day Name: Tuesday\n");
} else if (day == 3) {
printf("Day Name: Wednesday\n");
} else if (day == 4) {
printf("Day Name: Thursday\n");
} else if (day == 5) {
printf("Day Name: Friday\n");
} else if (day == 6) {
printf("Day Name: Saturday\n");
} else if (day == 7) {
printf("Day Name: Sunday\n");
} else {
printf("Invalid day Number\n");
}

return 0;
}

🧪 Example: Check if number is positive, negative, or zero

#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int n;
printf("Enter a number: ");
scanf("%d", &n);

if (n > 0) {
printf("Positive\n");
}
else if (n < 0) {
printf("Negative\n");
}
else {
printf("Zero\n");
 }

return 0;
}

Nested if?
●​ A nested if means an if statement inside another if statement.​

●​ It is used when you need to check multiple conditions step by

step.​

🛠️ General Syntax
if (condition1) {
if (condition2) {
// Code runs only if BOTH condition1 and condition2 are true
}
}
🧪 Example 1: Check if a number is positive and even
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int n;
printf("Enter a number: ");
scanf("%d", &n);

if (n > 0) { // First check: positive?

if (n % 2 == 0) { // Second check: even?
printf("Number is positive and even.\n");
} else {
printf("Number is positive but odd.\n");
}
} else {
printf("Number is not positive.\n");
}

return 0;
}
 Examples

1. Check if a number is positive

Algorithm

1.​ Start​

2.​ Read a number (n)​

3.​ If n > 0 → Print "Positive"​

4.​ Else → Print "Not Positive"​

5.​ Stop​

Flowchart (description):
 ​

C Program

#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int n;
printf("Enter a number: ");
scanf("%d", &n);
if (n > 0) {
printf("Positive\n");
} else {
printf("Not Positive\n");
}
return 0;
}
2. Check if a number is even
Algorithm

1.​ Start​

2.​ Read n​

3.​ If n % 2 == 0 → Print "Even"​

4.​ Else → Print "Odd"​

5.​ Stop​

Flowchart:​
Start → Input n → Decision (n % 2 == 0?) → Yes: Even, No: Odd → End

C Program

#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int n;
printf("Enter a number: ");
scanf("%d", &n);
if (n % 2 == 0) {
printf("Even\n");
} else {
printf("Odd\n");
}
return 0;
}

3. Find largest of two numbers

Algorithm

1.​ Start​
 2.​ Read a, b​

3.​ If a > b → Print a is largest​

4.​ Else → Print b is largest​

5.​ Stop​

Flowchart:​
Start → Input a, b → Decision (a > b?) → Yes: Print a largest → No: Print b largest → End

C Program

#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int a, b;
printf("Enter two numbers: ");
scanf("%d %d", &a, &b);
if (a > b) {
printf("%d is largest\n", a);
} else {
printf("%d is largest\n", b);
}
return 0;
}

4. Check if a character is vowel

Algorithm

1.​ Start​

2.​ Read ch​

3.​ If ch in {a, e, i, o, u, A, E, I, O, U} → Print "Vowel"​

4.​ Else → Print "Not Vowel"​

5.​ Stop​
Flowchart:​
Start → Input ch → Decision (ch is vowel?) → Yes: Vowel → No: Not Vowel → End

C Program

#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
char ch;
printf("Enter a character: ");
scanf(" %c", &ch);
if (ch=='a'||ch=='e'||ch=='i'||ch=='o'||ch=='u'||
ch=='A'||ch=='E'||ch=='I'||ch=='O'||ch=='U') {
printf("Vowel\n");
} else {
printf("Not Vowel\n");
}
return 0;
}

5. Check if year is leap year

Algorithm

1.​ Start​

2.​ Read year​

3.​ If (year % 4 == 0 and year % 100 != 0) or (year % 400 == 0) → Leap year​

4.​ Else → Not leap year​

5.​ Stop​

Flowchart:​
Start → Input year → Decision (conditions?) → Yes: Leap year → No: Not leap year → End

C Program

#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int year;
printf("Enter a year: ");
scanf("%d", &year);
if ((year % 4 == 0 && year % 100 != 0) || (year % 400 == 0)) {
printf("Leap Year\n");
} else {
printf("Not Leap Year\n");
}
return 0;
}

6. Check eligibility to vote

Algorithm

1.​ Start​

2.​ Read age​

3.​ If age >= 18 → Eligible​

4.​ Else → Not eligible​

5.​ Stop​

Flowchart:​
Start → Input age → Decision (age >= 18?) → Yes: Eligible → No: Not eligible → End

C Program

#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int age;
printf("Enter age: ");
scanf("%d", &age);
if (age >= 18) {
printf("Eligible to vote\n");
 } else {
printf("Not eligible to vote\n");
}
return 0;
}

7. Check if a number is zero

Algorithm

1.​ Start​

2.​ Read n​

3.​ If n == 0 → Print "Zero"​

4.​ Else → Print "Not Zero"​

5.​ Stop​

Flowchart:​
Start → Input n → Decision (n == 0?) → Yes: Zero → No: Not Zero → End

C Program

#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int n;
printf("Enter a number: ");
scanf("%d", &n);
if (n == 0) {
printf("Zero\n");
} else {
printf("Not Zero\n");
}
return 0;
}
8. Check pass or fail
Algorithm

1.​ Start​

2.​ Read marks​

3.​ If marks >= 40 → Pass​

4.​ Else → Fail​

5.​ Stop​

Flowchart:​
Start → Input marks → Decision (marks >= 40?) → Yes: Pass → No: Fail → End

C Program

#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int marks;
printf("Enter marks: ");
scanf("%d", &marks);
if (marks >= 40) {
printf("Pass\n");
} else {
printf("Fail\n");
}
return 0;
}

9. Find absolute value

Algorithm

1.​ Start​
 2.​ Read n​

3.​ If n < 0 → n = -n​

4.​ Print n​

5.​ Stop​

Flowchart:​
Start → Input n → Decision (n < 0?) → Yes: n = -n → Print n → End

C Program

#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int n;
printf("Enter a number: ");
scanf("%d", &n);
if (n < 0) {
n = -n;
}
printf("Absolute value: %d\n", n);
return 0;
}

10. Check if divisible by 5 and 11

Algorithm

1.​ Start​

2.​ Read n​

3.​ If (n % 5 == 0 && n % 11 == 0) → Print "Divisible by both"​

4.​ Else → Print "Not divisible by both"​

5.​ Stop​
Flowchart:​
Start → Input n → Decision (n % 5 == 0 && n % 11 == 0?) → Yes: Divisible → No: Not divisible
→ End

C Program

#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int n;
printf("Enter a number: ");
scanf("%d", &n);
if (n % 5 == 0 && n % 11 == 0) {
printf("Divisible by both 5 and 11\n");
} else {
printf("Not divisible by both 5 and 11\n");
}
return 0;
}