Principles of Prosthetic Design
Prosthetics are artificial devices that replace missing body parts, primarily
limbs, to restore mobility, functionality, and quality of life.
The design process integrates biomechanics, materials science, human
physiology, and user-centered engineering.
Fundamental goals include functionality, comfort, durability, aesthetics, and
affordability.
Prosthetic design starts with clinical assessment: type of amputation
(transradial, transfemoral, transtibial), patient lifestyle, strength, and goals.
Biomechanical considerations:
o Alignment of joints to mimic natural movement.
o Proper load distribution to reduce strain and prevent skin breakdown.
o Range of motion and gait symmetry in lower-limb devices.
Socket design is critical—it interfaces between the residual limb and
prosthesis. Custom-fit sockets prevent pressure sores and maximize comfort.
Common types include suction sockets, pin-lock systems, and elevated
vacuum systems.
Suspension systems secure the prosthesis. They may use mechanical locks,
suction, or anatomical fit to prevent slipping during activity.
Material selection balances weight, strength, and flexibility. Carbon fiber
composites, titanium, and advanced polymers are widely used for lightweight
durability.
Functional components vary:
o Upper-limb: terminal devices such as hooks, hands, or myoelectric
hands.
o Lower-limb: prosthetic feet, pylons, and knee units with mechanical or
microprocessor control.
Myoelectric prostheses use surface electromyography (sEMG) to detect
muscle signals and control movement, offering high dexterity.
Bionic and robotic prosthetics integrate sensors, actuators, and AI algorithms
for near-natural motion. Some include sensory feedback systems that restore
a sense of touch.
Cosmetic design addresses the psychological aspect, using lifelike coverings
and finishes for a natural appearance.
Prosthetics must be tested for load-bearing, fatigue, and impact resistance to
ensure durability.
Emerging technologies: 3D printing allows rapid prototyping and affordable
customization, especially in low-resource settings.
User training and rehabilitation are essential for successful adoption. Physical
therapy, gait training, and occupational therapy help patients adapt.
A successful prosthetic balances performance and usability, integrating
engineering precision with patient needs and lifestyles.
