Class 7 ICSE Biology Notes

Chapter: Kingdom Animalia

1. Introduction to Kingdom Animalia
 Multicellular: Bodies are made of many cells.
 Heterotrophic: They cannot make their own food and depend on other organisms.
 Motile: Most can move from place to place for food, shelter, and protection.
2. Basis of Classification: Invertebrates vs. Vertebrates
The main basis for the broad classification of animals is the presence or absence of a backbone
(vertebral column).

Feature Invertebrates Vertebrates

Backbone Absent Present
Percentage of Species ~97% of all animals ~3% of all animals
Examples Sponges, worms, insects, Fish, frogs, snakes,
snails birds, humans

Comparison table — Invertebrate phyla

Meaning Body
/ cavity / Key
Common Example Symmetr Organisa character
Phylum name s Habitat y tion level istics
Porifera Pore- Scypha, Mostly Asymme No Body
bearing Euspongi marine, trical (or coelom covered
(Sponges a attached irregular) — with
) to cellular pores
substrate level of (ostia),
organisat large
ion central
cavity
(spongoc
oel),
skeleton
of
spongin
fibres or
spicules;
no true
 Meaning Body
/ cavity / Key
Common Example Symmetr Organisa character
Phylum name s Habitat y tion level istics
tissues.
Cnidari — Hydra, Mostly Radial No Soft,
a Jellyfish, marine coelom transluce
(Coelent Sea (Hydra — tissue nt body;
erata) anemone — level cnidobla
freshwat (diplobla sts
er) stic) (stinging
cells) on
tentacles;
two body
forms:
polyp
(attached
) and
medusa
(free-
swimmin
g).
Platyhel Flatwor Planaria, Free- Bilateral Acoelom Soft,
minthes ms Tapewor living in ate — flattened,
m, Liver water or organ ribbon-
fluke parasitic level like
inside body;
hosts many
parasitic
forms
have
hooks/su
ckers; no
body
cavity.
Nemato Roundw Ascaris, Soil, Bilateral Pseudoc Long,
da orms Hookwor water, or oelomate cylindric
m parasitic — organ al,
in hosts system unsegme
level nted,
tapering
ends;
complete
digestive
tract
 Meaning Body
/ cavity / Key
Common Example Symmetr Organisa character
Phylum name s Habitat y tion level istics
(mouth
& anus).
Annelid Segment Earthwor Soil or Bilateral True Metamer
a ed m, Leech aquatic coelom ic
worms — organ segmenta
system tion
level (rings),
chaetae
(bristles)
for
locomoti
on, well-
develope
d organ
systems.
Arthrop Jointed Cockroa Terrestri Bilateral True Jointed
oda legs ch, al and coelom appenda
(largest Honeybe aquatic (coelom ges,
phylum) e, Prawn, reduced) body
Spider, — organ regions
Scorpion system (head/tho
level rax/abdo
men),
chitinous
exoskelet
on,
compoun
d eyes,
antennae.
Mollusc Soft- Snail, Terrestri Bilateral True Body
a bodied Oyster, al and coelom with
Mussel, aquatic (reduced head,
Octopus )— visceral
organ mass,
system muscular
level foot;
many
have a
calcareo
us shell;
unsegme
 Meaning Body
/ cavity / Key
Common Example Symmetr Organisa character
Phylum name s Habitat y tion level istics
nted.
Echinod Spiny- Starfish, Exclusiv Radial True Radial
ermata skinned Sea ely (adult) coelom body
urchin, marine — organ plan
Brittle system (arms
star level from
central
disc),
tough
spiny
skin,
tube feet
(water-
vascular
system)
for
moveme
nt and
feeding.

Comparison table — Vertebrate classes (Phylum

Chordata)
Body Respirati
covering on, heart
& & Reprodu
Example locomoti temperat ction /
Class Meaning s Habitat on ure Notes
Pisces — Shark, Aquatic Streamli Breathe Bony or
(Fishes) Rohu, (freshwat ned body by gills; cartilagin
Goldfish er & covered two- ous
marine) with chamber skeleton;
scales; ed heart; usually
 Body Respirati
covering on, heart
& & Reprodu
Example locomoti temperat ction /
Class Meaning s Habitat on ure Notes
swim cold- lay eggs
using blooded (many
fins (ectothe with
rmic) external
fertilisati
on).
Amphibi Double Frog, Moist Moist, Larvae Life
a life Toad, environ smooth have cycle
Salaman ments, skin (no gills; includes
der near scales); adults metamor
water locomoti develop phosis
on by lungs; (tadpole
legs three- →
(adults) chamber adult);
or ed heart; most lay
tail/undu cold- eggs in
lating blooded water
body (external
(larvae) fertilisati
on).
Reptilia To Lizard, Mostly Dry, Breathe Lay
(Reptiles creep / Snake, terrestria waterpro by lungs; leathery-
) crawl Turtle, l (some of scales generally shelled
Crocodil aquatic) or scutes;three- eggs on
e move by chamber land
legs, ed heart (mostly);
crawling, (exceptio internal
or n: fertilisati
swimmin crocodile on.
g has four-
chamber
ed);
cold-
blooded
Aves — Sparrow, Mostly Body Breathe Lay
(Birds) Pigeon, terrestria covered by lungs hard-
Ostrich, l (some with + air shelled
Penguin aquatic) feathers; sacs; eggs;
forelimb four- beak
s chamber with no
 Body Respirati
covering on, heart
& & Reprodu
Example locomoti temperat ction /
Class Meaning s Habitat on ure Notes
modified ed heart; teeth;
as wings warm- adaptatio
(flight in blooded ns for
many; (endothe flight
some rmic) (hollow
flightless bones,
) keel).
Mamma — Human, Terrestri Body Breathe Females
lia Dog, al, covered by lungs; have
(Mamm Whale, aquatic, with hair four- mamma
als) Bat, aerial — or fur chamber ry
Kangaro worldwi (some ed heart; glands
o, de reduced); warm- (milk);
Platypus varied blooded most
locomoti give
on (legs, birth to
fins, live
wings) young
(exceptio
n:
monotre
mes like
platypus
lay
eggs).

Important Differences at a Glance

Feature Cold-blooded Animals Warm-blooded Animals
Scientific Name Ectothermic Endothermic
Body Temperature Changes with Remains constant
environment
Energy Source Sunlight (externally) Food (internally)
Examples Fish, Frog, Lizard Birds, Mammals
Key Terms to Remember: Invertebrate, Vertebrate, Parasite, Symmetry, Segmentation,
Exoskeleton, Chitin, Notochord, Gills, Lungs, Cold-blooded, Warm-blooded, Mammary Glands.

SECTION I: Objective Questions

A. Choose the correct option.
1. b. Sponge (Poriferans have bodies covered with pores)
2. b. Snake (Snake is a vertebrate/reptile; the others are invertebrates)
3. b. Cockroach (Cockroach is an arthropod and has a chitinous exoskeleton)
4. c. parasites (They live inside a host and derive nutrition from it)
5. a. Arthropoda (Insects like bees and cockroaches belong to this phylum)
6. b. Only P and R (They belong to Coelenterata and use tentacles for movement. Their
bodies are translucent, not opaque, and they are radially symmetrical, so they don't have
distinct upper and lower sides.)
7. b. Whale (Whale is an aquatic mammal; shark is a fish, salmon is a fish, crocodile is a
reptile)
8. c. Only P and R (Tadpoles have gills and a tail, which are not present in adult frogs.
Both tadpoles and adult frogs can have webbed feet.)
9. d. flatworms
10. c. Echinodermata - Starfish (Jellyfish is Coelenterata, Cartilaginous fish is Pisces,
Silver fish is an insect/Arthropoda)
B. Assertion and Reasoning Questions
1. d. A is False and R is True.

o Assertion (A) is false because Phylum Annelida comprises segmented worms

(e.g., earthworm), not roundworms. Roundworms belong to Phylum Nematoda.
o Reason (R) is true because roundworms (Nematoda) do have a well-developed,
complete digestive system with a mouth and anus.
2. a. Both A and R are True.

o Assertion (A) is true.

o Reason (R) is true and correctly explains the name "Porifera", which means pore-
bearers.
C. Name the following.
1. Invertebrates
2. Platyhelminthes
3. Arthropods (e.g., insects, scorpions)
4. Tube feet
 5. Reptiles (or Fish)
D. Write True or False. Correct the false statements.
1. False. Chitin is the protein constituent of the exoskeleton in arthropods. (Cutin is found
in plants).
2. False. Worms belong to the group of invertebrate animals.
3. False. The locomotor organ of snails is the muscular foot. (Chaetae are bristles found in
annelids like earthworms).
4. False. A reptile's body temperature fluctuates with the surrounding temperature. (They
are cold-blooded).
5. False. A mammal that lives in an aquatic habitat is a whale or dolphin. (A shark is a
fish).
E. Match the columns.
1. Sponges → d. Porifera
2. Tapeworm → e. Flatworm
3. Earthworm → f. Segmented worm
4. Shark → b. Fish
5. Whale → a. Mammal
F. Choose the odd one out.
1. Odd one: Hydra

o Reason: Hydra belongs to Phylum Coelenterata, while the others (Cockroach,

Honeybee, Scorpion) belong to Phylum Arthropoda.
2. Odd one: Jellyfish

o Reason: Jellyfish is an invertebrate (Phylum Coelenterata), while the others

(Shark, Rohu, Goldfish) are vertebrates (Phylum Chordata, Class Pisces).
3. Odd one: Dog

o Reason: Dog is a warm-blooded mammal, while the others (Frog, Cockroach,

Fish) are cold-blooded animals.
4. Odd one: Frog

o Reason: Frog is an amphibian, while the others (Snakes, Lizard, Crocodile) are
reptiles.
5. Odd one: Starfish

o Reason: Starfish belongs to Phylum Echinodermata, while the others (Oyster,

Snail, Mussel) belong to Phylum Mollusca.
G. Fill in the blanks.
1. pores
2. backbone
3. Chordata / Amphibia (Salamander is an amphibian, which is a sub-group of vertebrates)
4. cold-blooded
5. Whale (or Dolphin/Seal)
SECTION II: Subjective Questions
1. State the main functions of the following.
1. Sucker: To attach to and suck blood from the body of a host (e.g., in leeches and
tapeworms).
2. Chaetae: To help in locomotion by providing grip in the soil (e.g., in earthworms).
3. Gills: To breathe dissolved oxygen in water (respiratory organ in aquatic animals).
4. Tentacles: To help in movement, capturing prey, and defense. They contain stinging
cells.
5. Tube feet: To help in locomotion, capturing food, and respiration (e.g., in starfish).
2. Differentiate between the following pairs of words.
1. Hydra and jellyfish (shape)

o Hydra has a vase-like, tubular shape and is attached.

o Jellyfish has an inverted bowl-like or umbrella-like shape and is free-swimming.
2. Planaria and earthworm (body type)

o Planaria has a soft, flattened (dorsoventrally), leaf-like, and unsegmented body.

o Earthworm has a long, cylindrical, and segmented body (divided into rings).
3. Invertebrate and vertebrate (example)

o Invertebrate: Animals that do not have a backbone, e.g., Earthworm.

o Vertebrate: Animals that have a backbone, e.g., Dog.
4. Fish and bird (organ for locomotion)

o Fish use fins for locomotion in water.

o Birds use wings for flying in the air and legs for walking/perching.
5. Arthropoda and Echinodermata (body covering)

o Arthropoda have a hard body covering made of chitin (exoskeleton).

o Echinodermata have a tough, leathery skin covered with calcareous spines.
3. Short answer questions
1. Give two examples of phylum Cnidaria.

o Hydra and Jellyfish. (Also accept: Sea anemone, Coral).

2. What are cold-blooded animals? Name any two cold-blooded
animals.

o Cold-blooded animals are those whose body temperature changes with the
temperature of their surroundings. They cannot maintain a constant internal body
temperature.
o Examples: Lizard, Frog, Fish, Snake (Any two).
3. Why is frog called an amphibian?
 o Frog is called an amphibian because it can live a dual life – in water as well as on
land. Its larval stage (tadpole) lives in water and breathes through gills, while the
adult frog lives on land and breathes through lungs and moist skin.
4. What are important features of an arthropod?

o The important features of arthropods are:

 Jointed legs.
 Body divided into head, thorax, and abdomen.
 Hard exoskeleton made of chitin.
 Presence of compound eyes and antennae.
5. What are the characteristic features of mammals?

o The characteristic features of mammals are:

 Body covered with hair or fur.
 Females have mammary glands to feed milk to their young ones.
 They are warm-blooded (endothermic).
 Most give birth to live young ones (viviparous).
 They have a four-chambered heart.
 They breathe through lungs.
4. Long answer questions
1. Name the two broad groups of Kingdom Animalia...

o The two broad groups are Invertebrates (without backbone) and Vertebrates
(with backbone).
o Invertebrates are subdivided into phyla like:
 Porifera: e.g., Sponges
 Cnidaria: e.g., Jellyfish
 Platyhelminthes: e.g., Tapeworm
 Nematoda: e.g., Ascaris
 Annelida: e.g., Earthworm
 Arthropoda: e.g., Butterfly
 Mollusca: e.g., Snail
 Echinodermata: e.g., Starfish
o Vertebrates are subdivided into classes:
 Pisces: e.g., Shark
 Amphibia: e.g., Frog
 Reptilia: e.g., Lizard
 Aves: e.g., Sparrow
 Mammalia: e.g., Human
2. What are the two forms of cnidarian?...

o The two forms of cnidarians are the polyp (e.g., Hydra) and the medusa (e.g.,
Jellyfish).
 o Similarities: Both forms have a simple, sac-like body with tentacles surrounding
a single mouth. Both have cnidoblasts (stinging cells).
o Differences:
 Polyp is tubular, sessile (attached), and vase-like.
 Medusa is umbrella-like, free-swimming, and bell-shaped.
3. Compare the basic features of the three types of worms.

o Platyhelminthes (Flatworms): Body flattened, leaf-like. Often parasitic.

Example: Tapeworm.
o Nematoda (Roundworms): Body long, cylindrical, unsegmented, and tapered at
ends. Can be parasitic or free-living. Example: Ascaris.
o Annelida (Segmented worms): Body long, cylindrical, and metamerically
segmented (divided into rings). Mostly free-living. Example: Earthworm.
4. List the similarities and differences between a fish and a bird.

o Similarities:
 Both are vertebrates (have a backbone).
 Both have a streamlined body to reduce resistance during movement (in
water/air).
o Differences:
Feature Fish Bird
Habitat Aquatic Mostly terrestrial/Aerial
Locomotion Fins Wings and legs
Respiratory Organ Gills Lungs
Body Covering Scales Feathers
Nature Cold-blooded Warm-blooded
5. What are the distinct features of mammals not found in other
groups?...

o The distinct features of mammals are:

 Presence of mammary glands: For feeding milk to the young. This is
unique to mammals.
 Presence of hair or fur: No other group of animals has true hair.
 Vivipary (mostly): Most mammals give birth to live young and show
parental care, which is not seen in birds (egg-laying) or
fish/reptiles/amphibians (little to no care).
 Highly developed brain: Compared to other vertebrates, mammals have a
more complex brain, especially the cerebrum.
Picture Study (Page 11)
1. Observe the pictures (likely A: Tapeworm, B: Ascaris, C: Earthworm) a. A: Tapeworm
(Platyhelminthes), B: Ascaris (Nematoda), C: Earthworm (Annelida) b. Animals A (Tapeworm)
and B (Ascaris) are parasites. c. Animal C (Earthworm) bears chaetae. d. Two differences
between A (Tapeworm) and B (Ascaris): * Body shape: Tapeworm is flat and ribbon-like,
while Ascaris is cylindrical and pointed at ends. * Body segmentation: Tapeworm's body is
segmented (proglottids), while Ascaris' body is unsegmented.
2. Pictures A (Sponge) and B (Hydra) a. A: Sponge (Phylum Porifera), B: Hydra (Phylum
Cnidaria) b. Habitat: Both are aquatic. Sponges are mostly marine, Hydra is found in
freshwater. c. Purpose of structures: i. The large pore (osculum) in the sponge (A) is for the
exit of water and waste. ii. The filament-like structures (tentacles) in Hydra (B) are for capturing
prey, defense, and locomotion. d. More evolved: Hydra (B) is more evolved. * Reason: Hydra
has a tissue level of organization and distinct parts like tentacles and a mouth. The sponge (A)
only has a cellular level of organization with no true tissues or organs.
3. Identify the animals (Pictures are not viewable here, but common ones are used) *
Assuming the first is a Snail: * Name: Snail * Group: Mollusca * Reason: Soft body, muscular
foot, hard external shell. * Assuming the second is a Starfish: * Name: Starfish * Group:
Echinodermata * Reason: Star-shaped body, arms radiating from central disc, spiny skin. *
Assuming the third is a Honeybee: * Name: Honeybee * Group: Arthropoda * Reason: Body
divided into head, thorax, abdomen; jointed legs; wings; antennae. * Assuming the fourth is a
Shark: * Name: Shark * Group: Pisces (Vertebrates) * Reason: Streamlined body, fins, gills
(visible as slits). * Assuming the fifth is a Lizard: * Name: Lizard * Group: Reptilia
(Vertebrates) * Reason: Dry, scaly skin, four legs, terrestrial. * Assuming the sixth is a Bird
(e.g., Sparrow): * Name: Sparrow * Group: Aves (Vertebrates) * Reason: Body covered with
feathers, beak, wings.