Biyani's Think Tank

Concept based notes

Java Programming
(B.Tech)

Deepti Gupta
Lecture
Deptt. of Information Technology
Biyani Girls College, Jaipur
2

Published by :
Think Tanks
Biyani Group of Colleges

Concept & Copyright :

Biyani Shikshan Samiti
Sector-3, Vidhyadhar Nagar,
Jaipur-302 023 (Rajasthan)
Ph : 0141-2338371, 2338591-95 Fax : 0141-2338007
E-mail : [email protected]
Website :www.gurukpo.com; www.biyanicolleges.org

Edition : 2013
Price :

While every effort is taken to avoid errors or omissions in this Publication, any
mistake or omission that may have crept in is not intentional. It may be taken note of
that neither the publisher nor the author will be responsible for any damage or loss of
any kind arising to anyone in any manner on account of such errors and omissions.

Leaser Type Setted by :

Biyani College Print ing Department

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Java Programming 3

Preface
I am glad to present this book, especially designed to serve the needs of the
students. The book has been written keeping in mind the general weakness in
understanding the fundamental concepts of the topics. The book is self-explanatory
and adopts the “Teach Yourself” style. It is based on question-answer pattern. The
language of book is quite easy and understandable based on scientific approach.
Any further improvement in the contents of the book by making corrections,
omission and inclusion is keen to be achieved based on suggestions from the
readers for which the author shall be obliged.
I acknowledge special thanks to Mr. Rajeev Biyani, Chairman & Dr. Sanjay
Biyani, Director (Acad.) Biyani Group of Colleges, who are the backbones and main
concept provider and also have been constant source of motivation throughout this
Endeavour. They played an active role in coordinating the various stages of this
Endeavour and spearheaded the publishing work.
I look forward to receiving valuable suggestions from professors of various
educational institutions, other faculty members and students for improvement of the
quality of the book. The reader may feel free to send in their comments and
suggestions to the under mentioned address.

Note: A feedback form is enclosed along with think tank. Kindly fill the
feedback form and submit it at the time of submitting to books of
library, else NOC from Library will not be given.

Author

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4

Syllabus

JAVA: Introduction to Object Orientated Programming,

Abstraction, Object Oriented Programming Principles, Features of JAVA, Introduction to
Java byte code, Java Virtual machine.

PROGRAM ELEMENTS: Primitive data types, variables, as signment, arithmetic, short

circuit logical operators, Arithm etic operators, bit wise operators, relational operators,
Boolean logic operators, the assignment operators, operator precedence, Decision and
control statements, arrays.

CONTROL STATEMENTS: Java‟s Selection Statements, if st atement, switch statement,

Iteration Statements, while, do-while, f or, for-each, Nested Loops, Jump Statements, Using
break, Using continue, return
OBJECTS AND CLASSES: Objects, constructors, returning and passing objects as
parameter, Nested and inner classes, Single and Multilevel Inheritance, Extended classes,
Access Control, usage of super, Overloading and overriding methods, Abstract classes,
Using final with inheritance.

PACKAGE AND INTERFACES: Defining package, concept of CLASSPATH, access

modifiers, importing package, Defining and implementing interfaces.
STRING HANDLING: String constructors, special string operations, character extraction,
searching and comparing strings, stringBuffer class.

EXCEPTION HANDLING: Exception handling fundamentals, Exception types, uncaught

exceptions, try, catch and multiple catch statements. Usage of throw, throws and finally
.FILE HANDLING: I/O streams, File I/O.

CONCURRENCY: Processes and Threads, Thread Objects, Defining and Starting a Thread,
Pausing Execution with Sleep, Interrupts, Joins, Synchronization. APPLET: Applet
Fundamentals, using paint method and
drawing polygons.

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Java Programming 5

Unit – I

Introduction To Java Programming

Q1. What is the meaning of OOP’s ?
Ans OOP‟s stands for Object Orientated Programming.Everything in OOP is grouped as
self sustainable "objects". Hence, you gain re-usability by means of four main object-
oriented programming concepts.

Let‟s take your “hand” as an example. The “hand” is a class. Your body has two
objects of type hand, named left hand and right hand. Their main functions are
controlled/ managed by a set of electrical signals sent through your shoulders
(through an interface). So the shoulder is an interface which your body uses to
interact with your hands. The hand is a well architected class. The hand is being re-
used to create the left hand and the right hand by slightly changing the properties of
it.

Q2. Explain the features of JAVA ?

Ans Java is an Object Oriented Language. As a language that has the Object Oriented
feature Java supports the following fundamental concepts:

Polymorphism

Polymorphism is the ability of an object to take on many forms. The most common
use of polymorphism in OOP occurs when a parent class reference is used to refer to
a child class object.

It is important to know that the only possible way to access an object is through a
reference variable. A reference variable can be of only one type. Once declared the
type of a reference variable cannot be changed.

Inheritance

Inheritance means to take something that is already made. It is one of the most
important feature of Object Oriented Programming. It is the concept that is used for
reusability purpose. Inheritance is the mechanism through which we can derived
classes from other classes. The derived class is called as child class or the subclass or

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6

we can say the extended class and the class from which we are deriving the subclass
is called the base class or the parent class.

Encapsulation

Encapsulation is the technique of making the fields in a class private and providing
access to the fields via public methods. If a field is declared private, it cannot be
accessed by anyone outside the class, thereby hiding the fields within the class. For
this reason, encapsulation is also referred to as data hiding.

Abstraction

Abstraction refers to the ability to make a class abstract in OOP. An abstract class is
one that cannot be instantiated. All other functionality of the class still exists, and its
fields, methods, and constructors are all accessed in the same manner. You just
cannot create an instance of the abstract class.

Classes

A class can be defined as a template/ blue print that describe the behaviors/states that
object of its type support.

Objects

Objects have states and behaviors. Example: A dog has states-color, name, breed as
well as behaviors -wagging, barking, eating. An object is an instance of a class.

Method

A Java method is a collection of statements that are grouped together to perform an

operation. When you call the System.out.println method, for example, the system
actually executes several statements in order to display a message on the console.

Q3. What do you understand by java bytecode ?

Ans A traditional compiler compiles the source code to machine language. Java compiles
for a "ficticious CPU", not for a specific CPU (processor). The compiled code is
called "bytecode". To run the program, this bytecode is interpreted by the Java Virtual
Machine.

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Java Programming 7

Q4. What do you understand by Java Virtual Machine ?

Ans A Java virtual machine (JVM), interprets compiled Java binary code (called
bytecode) for a computer's processor (or "hardware platform") so that it can perform a
Java program's instructions. Java was designed to allow application programs to be
built that could be run on any platform without having to be rewritten or recompiled
by the programmer for each separate platform. A Java virtual machine makes this
possible because it is aware of the specific instruction lengths and other particularities
of the platform.

Q5. Explain primitive data types ?

Ans There are eight primitive data types supported by Java. Primitive data types are
predefined by the language and named by a key word. Let us now look into detail
about the eight primitive data types.

byte:

Byte data type is a 8-bit signed two's complement integer.

Minimum value is -128 (-2^7)
Maximum value is 127 (inclusive)(2^7 -1)
Default value is 0
Byte data type is used to save space in large arrays, mainly in place of integers, since
a byte is four times smaller than an int.
Example : byte a = 100 , byte b = -50

short:

Short data type is a 16-bit signed two's complement integer.

Minimum value is -32,768 (-2^15)
Maximum value is 32,767(inclusive) (2^15 -1)
Short data type can also be used to save memory as byte data type. A short is 2 times
smaller than an int
Default value is 0.
Example : short s= 10000 , short r = -20000

int:

Int data type is a 32-bit signed two's complement integer.

Minimum value is - 2,147,483,648.(-2^31)
Maximum value is 2,147,483,647(inclusive).(2^31 -1)
Int is generally used as the default data type for integral values unless there is a
concern about memory.
The default value is 0.

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8

Example : int a = 100000, int b = -200000

long:

Long data type is a 64-bit signed two's complement integer.

Minimum value is -9,223,372,036,854,775,808.(-2^63)
Maximum value is 9,223,372,036,854,775,807 (inclusive). (2^63 -1)
This type is used when a wider range than int is needed.
Default value is 0L.
Example : int a = 100000L, int b = -200000L

float:

Float data type is a single-precision 32-bit IEEE 754 floating point.

Float is mainly used to save memory in large arrays of floating point numbers.
Default value is 0.0f.
Float data type is never used for precise values such as currency.
Example : float f1 = 234.5f

double:

double data type is a double-precision 64-bit IEEE 754 floating point.

This data type is generally used as the default data type for decimal values. generally
the default choice.
Double data type should never be used for precise values such as currency.
Default value is 0.0d.
Example : double d1 = 123.4

boolean:

boolean data type represents one bit of information.

There are only two possible values : true and false.
This data type is used for simple flags that track true/false conditions.
Default value is false.
Example : boolean one = true

char:

char data type is a single 16-bit Unicode character.

Minimum value is '\u0000' (or 0).
Maximum value is '\uffff' (or 65,535 inclusive).
Char data type is used to store any character.

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Java Programming 9

Example . char letterA ='A'

Q6. What is the meaning of variables ?

Ans It is the name that stands for a value whose value can always be change. For example,
x,y, a etc. all are variables. It represents numeric value, characters, string or memory
address.eg.-> x can have
x = 5, or it can have x= 6.5. Every variable has a name called variable name and the
type of value that a variable contain is denoted by data types. Eg-> int x means x
contains integer value.

Q7. Explain the operators in JAVA ?

Ans Operators are the operations that are performed on one or more variables. They are of
various types :-
OPERATORS SYMBOLS DESCRIPTION
1) Assignment = Assigns the value to the variable.
2) Arithmetic - Subtracts the right operand from the left operand
+ Add its operands
*
Multiplies the operands
/
Divides the left operand by the right operands
%

++ Remainder of dividing the left operand by the right

operands
--
Adds one to the operand

Subtract one to the operand

3) Relational > Left operand is greater than right operand
< Left operand is less than right operand

>= Left operand is greater than or equal to right

operand
<=
Left operand is less than or equal to right operand
==
Left operand is equal to right operand
!=
Left operand is not equal to right operand

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10

4) Logical && Left and Right are both true

||
Either Left or Right is true

! Right is false

5) Bit wise & Bitwise and of the two operands

| Bitwise inclusive or of the two operands
^
Bitwise exclusive or (xor) of the two operands
>>
Shift bits of OpLeft right by Distance bits (signed)
<<
Shift bits of OpLeft left by Distance bits

>>> Shift bits of OpLeft right by Distance bits

(unsigned)

Shift bits of OpLeft right by Distance bits with Zero

fill

6) Compound += Add left side operand with right side

Assignment operand and assigns the value to the left
side operand
- =
Subtract left side operand with right side
operand and assigns the value to the left
*= side operand

/= Multiply left side operand with right side

operand and assigns the value to the left
side operand
<=
Divide left side operand with right side
operand and assigns the value to the left
>= side operand

Left operand is less than or equal to right operand

Left operand is greater than or equal to right

operand

7) Conditional ?:

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Java Programming 11

Q8. What are arrays ?

Ans When you need to store same „type‟ of data that can be logically grouped together,
then you can go for java array.

There are three types of array in java

1-D Array
A one-dimensional array is a structured collection of components (often called
array elements) that can be accessed individually by specifying the position of a
component with a single index value.

Here is the syntax template of a one-dimensional array declaration:

DataType ArrayName [ConstIntExpression];

example, the declaration

int number[50];

2-D Array
It denote rows and column. Like myArray has 4 rows and 4 column.

int[][] myArray = { {0, 1, 2, 3},

{3, 2, 1, 0},
{3, 5, 6, 1},
{3, 8, 3, 4}
};

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12

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Java Programming 13

Unit – II

Control statements and objects and classes

Q1. What do you understand by selection statements ?

Ans There are two types of decision making statements in Java. They are:

if statements
switch statements

The if Statement:

An if statement consists of a Boolean expression followed by one or more statements.

Syntax:

The syntax of an if statement is:

if(Boolean_expression)
{
//Statements will execute if the Boolean expression is true
}

If the boolean expression evaluates to true then the block of code inside the if
statement will be executed. If not the first set of code after the end of the if
statement(after the closing curly brace) will be executed.

Example:

public class Test {

public static void main(String args[]){

int x = 10;

if( x < 20 ){
System.out.print("This is if statement");
}
}

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14

This would produce following result:

This is if statement

The if...else Statement:

An if statement can be followed by an optional else statement, which executes when

the Boolean expression is false.

Syntax:

The syntax of a if...else is:

if(Boolean_expression){
//Executes when the Boolean expression is true
}else{
//Executes when the Boolean expression is false
}

Example:

public class Test {

public static void main(String args[]){

int x = 30;

if( x < 20 ){
System.out.print("This is if statement");
}else{
System.out.print("This is else statement");
}
}
}

This would produce following result:

This is else statement

The if...else if...else Statement:

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Java Programming 15

An if statement can be followed by an optional else if...else statement, which is very

usefull to test various conditions using single if...else if statement.

When using if , else if , else statements there are few points to keep in mind.

An if can have zero or one else's and it must come after any else if's.
An if can have zero to many else if's and they must come before the else.
Once an else if succeeds, none of he remaining else if's or else's will be tested.

Syntax:

The syntax of a if...else is:

if(Boolean_expression 1){
//Executes when the Boolean expression 1 is true
}else if(Boolean_expression 2){
//Executes when the Boolean expression 2 is true
}else if(Boolean_expression 3){
//Executes when the Boolean expression 3 is true
}else {
//Executes when the none of the above condition is true.
}

Example:

public class Test {

public static void main(String args[]){

int x = 30;

if( x == 10 ){
System.out.print("Value of X is 10");
}else if( x == 20 ){
System.out.print("Value of X is 20");
}else if( x == 30 ){
System.out.print("Value of X is 30");
}else{
System.out.print("This is else statement");
}
}
}

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16

This would produce following result:

Value of X is 30

Nested if...else Statement:

It is always legal to nest if-else statements, which means you can use one if or else if
statement inside another if or else if statement.

Syntax:

The syntax for a nested if...else is as follows:

if(Boolean_expression 1){
//Executes when the Boolean expression 1 is true
if(Boolean_expression 2){
//Executes when the Boolean expression 2 is true
}
}

You can nest else if...else in the similar way as we have nested if statement.

Example:

public class Test {

public static void main(String args[]){

int x = 30;
int y = 10;

if( x == 30 ){
if( y == 10 ){
System.out.print("X = 30 and Y = 10");
}
}
}

This would produce following result:

X = 30 and Y = 10

The switch Statement:

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Java Programming 17

A switch statement allows a variable to be tested for equality against a list of values.
Each value is called a case, and the variable being switched on is checked for each
case.

Syntax:

The syntax of enhanced for loop is:

switch(expression){
case value :
//Statements
break; //optional
case value :
//Statements
break; //optional
//You can have any number of case statements.
default : //Optional
//Statements
}

Example:

public class Test {

public static void main(String args[]){

char grade = args[0].charAt(0);

switch(grade)
{
case 'A' :
System.out.println("Excellent!");
break;
case 'B' :
case 'C' :
System.out.println("Well done");
break;
case 'D' :
System.out.println("You passed");
case 'F' :
System.out.println("Better try again");
break;
default :

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18

System.out.println("Invalid grade");
}
System.out.println("Your grade is " + grade);
}
}

Q2. Explain loops in java ?

Ans There may be a sitution when we need to execute a block of code several number of
times, and is often referred to as a loop.There are various loops:
1) For
2) While
3) Do-while
The For Loop

A for loop is a repetition control structure that allows you to efficiently write a loop
that needs to execute a specific number of times.

A for loop is useful when you know how many times a task is to be repeated.

Syntax:

The syntax of a for loop is:

for(initialization; Boolean_expression; update)

{
//Statements
}

Here is the flow of control in a for loop:

The initialization step is executed first, and only once. This step allows you to declare
and initialize any loop control variables. You are not required to put a statement here,
as long as a semicolon appears.
Next, the Boolean expression is evaluated. If it is true, the body of the loop is
executed. If it is false, the body of the loop does not execute and flow of control
jumps to the next statement past the for loop.
After the body of the for loop executes, the flow of control jumps back up to the
update statement. This statement allows you to update any loop control variables.
This statement can be left blank, as long as a semicolon appears after the Boolean
expression.

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Java Programming 19

The Boolean expression is now evaluated again. If it is true, the loop executes and the
process repeats itself (body of loop, then update step,then Boolean expression). After
the Boolean expression is false, the for loop terminates.

Example:

public class Test

{
public static void main(String args[])
{

for(int x = 10; x < 20; x = x+1) {

System.out.print("value of x : " + x );
System.out.print("\n");
}
}
}

Enhanced for loop in Java:

As of java 5 the enhanced for loop was introduced. This is mainly used for Arrays.

Syntax:

The syntax of enhanced for loop is:

for(declaration : expression)
{
//Statements
}

Declaration . The newly declared block variable, which is of a type

compatible with the elements of the array you are accessing. The variable will be
available within the for block and its value would be the same as the current array
element.
Expression . This evaluate to the array you need to loop through. The
expression can be an array variable or method call that returns an array.

Example:

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20

public class Test {

public static void main(String args[]){

int [] numbers = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50};

for(int x : numbers ){
System.out.print( x );
System.out.print(",");
}
System.out.print("\n");
String [] names ={"James", "Larry", "Tom", "Lacy"};
for( String name : names ) {
System.out.print( name );
System.out.print(",");
}
}
}

The While Loop

A while loop is a control structure that allows you to repeat a task a certain number of
times.

Syntax:

The syntax of a while loop is:

while(Boolean_expression)
{
//Statements
}
When executing, if the boolean_expression result is true then the actions inside the
loop will be executed. This will continue as long as the expression result is true.

Example:

public class Test {

public static void main(String args[]) {

int x = 10;

while( x < 20 ) {

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Java Programming 21

System.out.print("value of x : " + x );
x++;
System.out.print("\n");
}
}
}

The do...while Loop:

A do...while loop is similar to a while loop, except that a do...while loop is guaranteed
to execute at least one time.

Syntax:

The syntax of a do...while loop is:

do
{
//Statements
}while(Boolean_expression);

The Boolean expression appears at the end of the loop, so the statements in the loop
execute once before the Boolean is tested.

If the Boolean expression is true, the flow of control jumps back up to do, and the
statements in the loop execute again. This process repeats until the Boolean
expression is false.

Example:

public class Test

{

public static void main(String args[]){

int x = 10;

do{
System.out.print("value of x : " + x );
x++;
System.out.print("\n");
}while( x < 20 );

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22

}
}

Q3. Explain jump statements in java ?

Ans Java supports three jump statements:
break
continue
return
These statements transfer control to another part of your program.

The break statement

The break keyword is used to stop the entire loop. The break keyword must be used
inside any loop or a switch statement.

The break keyword will stop the execution of the innermost loop and start executing
the next line of code after the block.

Syntax:

The syntax of a break is a single statement inside any loop:

break;
Example:
public class Test {

public static void main(String args[]) {

int [] numbers = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50};

for(int x : numbers ) {
if( x == 30 ) {
break;
}
System.out.print( x );
System.out.print("\n");
}
}
}

This would produce following result:

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Java Programming 23

10
20

Continue statement

The continue keyword can be used in any of the loop control structures. It causes the
loop to immediately jump to the next iteration of the loop.

In a for loop, the continue keyword causes flow of control to immediately

jump to the update statement.
In a while loop or do/while loop, flow of control immediately jumps to the
Boolean expression.

Syntax:

The syntax of a continue is a single statement inside any loop:

continue;

Example:

public class Test {

public static void main(String args[]) {

int [] numbers = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50};

for(int x : numbers ) {
if( x == 30 ) {
continue;
}
System.out.print( x );
System.out.print("\n");
}
}
}

This would produce following result:

10
20
40
50

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24

The return statement

The last control statement is return. The return statement is used to explicitly
return from a method.
That is, it causes program control to transfer back to the caller of the method.
the return statement immediately terminates the method in which it is
executed.

The program below shows the use of return statement.

class Return1
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
boolean t = true;
System.out.println("Before the return.");
if(t)
return; // return to caller
System.out.println("This won't execute.");
}
}

Output :
Before the return.

Q4. What do understand by objects ?

Ans If we consider the real-world we can find many objects around us, Cars, Dogs,
Humans etc. All these objects have a state and behavior.

If we consider a dog then its state is - name, breed, color, and the behavior is -
barking, wagging, running

If you compare the software object with a real world object, they have very similar
characteristics.

Software objects also have a state and behavior. A software object's state is stored in
fields and behavior is shown via methods.

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Java Programming 25

So in software development methods operate on the internal state of an object and the
object-to-object communication is done via methods.

Q4. What do you understand by classes ?

Ans A class is a blue print from which individual objects are created.

A sample of a class is given below:

public class Dog{

String breed;
int age;
String color;

void barking(){
}

void hungry(){
}

void sleeping(){
}
}

A class can contain any of the following variable types.

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26

Local variables . variables defined inside methods, constructors or blocks are

called local variables. The variable will be declared and initialized within the
method and the variable will be destroyed when the method has completed.
Instance variables . Instance variables are variables within a class but outside
any method. These variables are instantiated when the class is loaded.

Q5. What are constructors ?

Ans
A java constructor has the same name as the name of the class to which it belongs.
Constructor‟s syntax does not include a return type, since constructors never return a
value. Java provides a default constructor which takes no arguments and performs no
special actions or initializations, when no explicit constructors are provided. Example
class Cube1
{

int length;
int breadth;
int height;

int getVolume()
{
return (length * breadth * height);
}
Cube1()
{
length = 10;
breadth = 10;
height = 10;
}
Cube1(int l, int b, int h)
{
length = l;
breadth = b;
height = h;
}

public static void main(String[] args)

{
Cube1 cubeObj1, cubeObj2;
cubeObj1 = new Cube1();
cubeObj2 = new Cube1(10, 20, 30);

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Java Programming 27

System.out.println("Volume of Cube1 is : " + cubeObj1.getVolume());

System.out.println("Volume of Cube1 is : " + cubeObj2.getVolume());

}
}

Q6. Explain the concept of “Inheritance” ?

Ans Inheritance means to take something that is already made. It is one of the most
important feature of Object Oriented Programming. It is the concept that is used for
reusability purpose. Inheritance is the mechanism through which we can derived
classes from other classes. The derived class is called as child class or the subclass or
we can say the extended class and the class from which we are deriving the subclass
is called the base class or the parent class.

The following kinds of inheritance are there in java.

Simple Inheritance

Multilevel Inheritance

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28

Example

class A

{
int x;
int y;
int get(int p, int q)

{
x=p;

y=q;

return(0);
}
void Show()

{
System.out.println(x);
}
}

Class B extends A

{
public static void main(String args[])

{
A a = new A();
a.get(5,6);
a.Show();
}
void display()

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Java Programming 29

{
System.out.println(x);
}
}

Java does not support multiple Inheritance

Q7. What is the use of “super” keyword in JAVA ?

Ans

super is used to access the members of the super class.It is used for two purposes in
java.

1) To access the hidden data variables of the super class hidden by the sub class.

e.g. Suppose class A is the super class that has two instance variables as int a and
float b. class B is the subclass that also contains its own data members named a and b.
then we can access the super class (class A) variables a and b inside the subclass class
B just by calling the following command.

super.member;

Here member can either be an instance variable or a method. This form of super most
useful to handle situations where the local members of a subclass hides the members
of a super class having the same name. The following example clarify all the
confusions.

class A
{
int a;
float b;
void Show()
{
System.out.println("b in super class: " + b);
}

class B extends A
{
int a;
float b;
B ( int p, float q)
{
a = p;

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30

super.b = q;
}
void Show(){
super.Show();
System.out.println("b in super class: " + super.b);
System.out.println("a in sub class: " + a);
}

public static void main(String[] args){

B subobj = new B(1, 5);
subobj.Show();
}
}
Q8. What is the difference between overloading and overriding ?
Ans Overloading and overriding are the two concepts in java which have different
meaning but students either consider them same or get confuse between them.
Overloading :- It is the concept in which the two or more methods have the same
name but can have different number of arguments and different return type. Or we
can say that the name of two or more methods are same but the signatures are
different. Example,
Int add (int a, int b)
Float add (int a, float c, int x)
Overriding :- It means the two or more methods have the same name and signature.
Its coding body can be different but the number of argument and the return type is
same. Example,
Class A
{
Void show()
{
}
}
Class B
{
Void show()
{
}
}

Q9. What are “abstract” classes ?

Ans If a class is abstract and cannot be instantiated, the class does not have much use
unless it is subclassed. This is typically how abstract classes come about during the
design phase. A parent class contains the common functionality of a collection of
child classes, but the parent class itself is too abstract to be used on its own.

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Java Programming 31

Use the abstract keyword to declare a class abstract. The keyword appears in the
class declaration somewhere before the class keyword.

Declaration of abstract class

An abstract class should be declared as follows :

public abstract class AbstractClassDemo {

// declare fields
// declare non-abstract methods
abstract void display();
}

Q9. What is the use of “final” Keyword in java ?

Ans In java final is a key word used in several different contexts. It is used before a
variable, method, and classes so that they cannot be changed latter.

Final Variables

A final variable can only once assigned a value. This value cannot be changed latter.
If final variable used in class then it must assigned a value in class constructor.
Attempting to change the value of final variable/field will generate error.

Example-

public class FinalField {

public final int fistField;

public final int secondField;

FinalField(int first, int second) {

fistField = first;
secondField = second;
}

[...]
}

Final Method

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A final method cannot be overridden by sub class. To declare a final method put the
final after the access pacifier and before the return type.

Example-

public class FinalField {

public final int addNumber(){
final int result;
// Your code
return result;
}
}

Final Class

A class declared final cannot be sub classed. Other classes cannot extend final class.
It provides some benefit to security and thread safety.

Example-

final class MyFinalClass {

public final int fistField;
public final int secondField;

MyFinalClass(int first, int second) {

fistField = first;
secondField = second;
}
}

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Java Programming 33

Unit – III

Package and Interfaces and String

Handling
Q1. What are packages ?

Ans Package is a mechanism for organizing a group of related files in the same directory.
In a computer system, we organize files into different directories according to their
functionality, usability and category.Some of the existing packages in Java are::

java.lang - bundles the fundamental classes

java.io - classes for input , output functions are bundled in this package

Naming convention (Rules) for using the packages

Package names are written in all lowercase to avoid conflict with the names of classes
or interfaces.
The directory name must be same as the name of package that is created using
"package" keyword in the source file.
Before running a program, the class path must be picked up till the main directory (or
package) that is used in the program.
If we are not including any package in our java source file then the source file
automatically goes to the default package.
In general, we start a package name begins with the order from top to bottom level.
In case of the internet domain, the name of the domain is treated in reverse (prefix)
order.

Q2. Explain access modifiers ?

Ans Java provides a number of access modifiers to set access levels for classes, variables,
methods and constructors. The four access levels are:

1) Default
2) Public
3) Private

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4) Protected

Default Access Modifier - No keyword:

Default access modifier means we do not explicitly declare an access modifier for a
class, field, method etc.
A variable or method declared without any access control modifier is available to any
other class in the same package. The default modifier cannot be used for methods,
fields in an interface.
Example:

Variables and methods can be declared without any modifiers, as in the following
examples:

String version = "1.5.1";

boolean processOrder()
{
return true;

Private Access Modifier

Methods, Variables and Constructors that are declared private can only be accessed
within the declared class itself.

Example:

The following class uses private access control:

public class Logger {

private String format;
public String getFormat() {
return this.format;
}
public void setFormat(String format) {
this.format = format;
}
}

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Java Programming 35

Public Access Modifier

A class, method, constructor, interface etc declared public can be accessed from any
other class.

Example:

The following function uses public access control:

public static void main(String[] arguments)

{
// ...
}

Protected Access Modifier

Variables, methods and constructors which are declared protected in a superclass can
be accessed only by the subclasses in other package or any class within the package
of the protected members' class.

Example:

The following parent class uses protected access control, to allow its child class
override openSpeaker() method:

class AudioPlayer {
protected boolean openSpeaker(Speaker sp) {
// implementation details
}
}

class StreamingAudioPlayer {
boolean openSpeaker(Speaker sp) {
// implementation details
}
}

Here if we define openSpeaker() method as private then it would not be accessible

from any other class other than AudioPlayer. If we define it as public then it would
become accessible to all the outside world. But our intension is to expose this method
to its subclass only, thats why we used protected modifier.

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Q4. Define interfaces and how do you implement interfaces ?

Ans An interface is not a class. Writing an interface is similar to writing a class, but they
are two different concepts. A class describes the attributes and behaviors of an object.
An interface contains behaviors that a class implements.

Declaring Interfaces:

The interface keyword is used to declare an interface. Here is a simple example to

declare an interface:

Syntax:

import java.lang.*;
//Any number of import statements

public interface NameOfInterface

{
//Any number of final, static fields
//Any number of abstract method declarations\
}

Interfaces have the following properties:

An interface is implicitly abstract. You do not need to use the abstract

keyword when declaring an interface.
Each method in an interface is also implicitly abstract, so the abstract keyword
is not needed.
Methods in an interface are implicitly public.

Example:

/* File name : Animal.java */

interface Animal {

public void eat();

public void travel();
}

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Implementing Interfaces:

A class uses the implements keyword to implement an interface. The implements

keyword appears in the class declaration following the extends portion of the
declaration.

/* File name : MammalInt.java */

public class MammalInt implements Animal{

public void eat(){

System.out.println("Mammal eats");
}

public void travel(){

System.out.println("Mammal travels");
}

public int noOfLegs(){

return 0;
}

public static void main(String args[]){

MammalInt m = new MammalInt();
m.eat();
m.travel();
}
}

This would produce following result:

Mammal eats
Mammal travels

Q5. Explain string ?

Ans Strings, which are widely used, are a sequence of characters. In the Java
programming language, strings are objects.

Creating Strings:

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38

The most direct way to create a string is to write:

String greeting = "Hello world!";

The String class has eleven constructors that allow you to provide the initial value of
the string using different sources, such as an array of characters:

public class StringDemo{

public static void main(String args[]){

char[] helloArray = { 'h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', '.'};
String helloString = new String(helloArray);
System.out.println( helloString );
}
}

This would produce following result:

hello

Q6. Explain string operations in java ?

Ans

char charAt(int index)

1
Returns the character at the specified index.
int compareTo(Object o)
2
Compares this String to another Object.
int compareTo(String anotherString)
3
Compares two strings lexicographically.
int compareToIgnoreCase(String str)
4
Compares two strings lexicographically, ignoring case differences.
String concat(String str)
5
Concatenates the specified string to the end of this string.
boolean contentEquals(StringBuffer sb)
6 Returns true if and only if this String represents the same sequence of characters as the
specified StringBuffer.
static String copyValueOf(char[] data)
7
Returns a String that represents the character sequence in the array specified.

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Java Programming 39

static String copyValueOf(char[] data, int offset, int count)

8
Returns a String that represents the character sequence in the array specified.
boolean endsWith(String suffix)
9
Tests if this string ends with the specified suffix.
boolean equals(Object anObject)
10
Compares this string to the specified object.
boolean equalsIgnoreCase(String anotherString)
11
Compares this String to another String, ignoring case considerations.
byte getBytes()
12 Encodes this String into a sequence of bytes using the platform's default charset, storing
the result into a new byte array.
byte[] getBytes(String charsetName
Encodes this String into a sequence of bytes using the named charset, storing the result
into a new byte array.

int lastIndexOf(String str)

Returns the index within this string of the rightmost occurrence of the specified substring.

int lastIndexOf(String str, int fromIndex)

Returns the index within this string of the last occurrence of the specified substring,
searching backward starting at the specified index.

int length()
Returns the length of this string.

String replace(char oldChar, char newChar)

Returns a new string resulting from replacing all occurrences of oldChar in this string
with newChar.

String replaceFirst(String regex, String replacement)

Replaces the first substring of this string that matches the given regular expression with
the given replacement.

boolean startsWith(String prefix, int toffset)

Tests if this string starts with the specified prefix beginning a specified index.

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40

Unit - IV

Exception Handling Fundamentals

Q1. Explain the concept of exception handling ?

Ans

An exception is a problem that arises during the execution of a program. An exception

can occur for many different reasons, including the following:

A user has entered invalid data.

A file that needs to be opened cannot be found.
A network connection has been lost in the middle of communications, or the JVM has
run out of memory.

The Exception class has two main subclasses : IOException class and RuntimeException
Class.

Q2. Explain various types of Exception ?

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Java Programming 41

Ans Exception is a run-time error which arises during the execution of java program. The
term exception in java stands for an exceptional event. It can be defined as abnormal
event that arises during the execution and normal flow of program.

1) ArithmeticException Arithmetic error, such as divide-by-zero.

2) ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException Array index is out-of-bounds.
3) ArrayStoreException Assignment to an array element of an incompatible type.
4) ClassCastException Invalid cast.
5) IllegalArgumentException Illegal argument used to invoke a method.
6) IllegalMonitorStateException Illegal monitor operation, such as waiting on an
unlocked thread.
7) IllegalStateException Environment or application is in incorrect state.
8) IllegalThreadStateException Requested operation not compatible with current
thread state.
IndexOutOfBoundsException Some type of index is out-of-bounds.
NegativeArraySizeException Array created with a negative size.
NullPointerException Invalid use of a null reference.
NumberFormatException Invalid conversion of a string to a numeric format.
SecurityException Attempt to violate security.
StringIndexOutOfBounds Attempt to index outside the bounds of a string.
UnsupportedOperationException An unsupported operation was encountered

Q3. What are uncaught exception ?

Ans Uncaught exceptions are those exception which are not handled in the program.

class Exc2

{
public static void main(String args[])

{
int d, a;

d = 0;
a = 42 / d;
System.out.println("This will not be printed.");

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42

}
}

In this the program terminates abnormally.

Q4. Explain try, catch and multiple catch statements ?

Ans The try Block

The first step in constructing an exception handler is to enclose the code that might
throw an exception within a try block. In general, a try block looks like the
following:

try {
code
}
Catch ()
{}

The catch Blocks

You associate exception handlers with a try block by providing one or more catch
blocks directly after the try block. No code can be between the end of the try block
and the beginning of the first catch block.

try {

} catch (ExceptionType name) {

} catch (ExceptionType name) {

Each catch block is an exception handler and handles the type of exception indicated
by its argument. If the program has multiple catch statement , it comes under the
category of multiple catch statement.

class Exc2

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Java Programming 43

{
public static void main(String args[])

{
int d, a;
try

{ // monitor a block of code.

d = 0;
a = 42 / d;
System.out.println("This will not be printed.");
}

catch (ArithmeticException e)

{ // catch divide-by-zero error

System.out.println("Division by zero.");
}
System.out.println("After catch statement.");
}
}

This program generates the following output:

Division by zero.
After catch statement.

Q5. Explain throw ?

Ans

The throw keyword in java programming language is used to throw an exception.

-- The throw statement in java programming language takes the object of the class
java.lang.Throwable as an argument. This Throwable is propagates up the
call stack till it is caught by an appropriate catch block lying among the multiple
catch blocks.
-- If any method throws an exception which is not a RuntimeException, then it must
be declared in advance to handle the exceptions it throws using a throws modifier on
the method declaration.

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44

import java.io.IOException;

public class Class1{

public method readtheFile(String file) throws IOException{

<statements>
<statements>
<statements>

if (error){
throw new IOException("error reading file");
}
}

Q6. What are “throws” ?

Ans The throws keyword in java programming language is applicable to a method to

indicate that the method raises particular type of exception while being processed.
-- The throws keyword in java programming language takes arguments as a list
of the objects of type java.lang.Throwables class.
-- when we use the throws with a method it is known as ducking. The method calling
a method with a throws clause is needed to be enclosed within the try catch blocks.

public class Class1{

public method readingFile(String file) throws IOException{

<statements>

if (error){

throw new IOException("error reading file");

}
}
}

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Java Programming 45

Q7. Explain the concept of “Finally” ?

Ans
The finally block always executes when the try block exits. This ensures that the
finally block is executed even if an unexpected exception occurs. But finally is
useful for more than just exception handling — it allows the programmer to avoid
having cleanup code accidentally bypassed by a return, continue, or break

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46

UNIT - V

THREAD

Q.1 What is process ?

Ans A process has a self-contained execution environment. A process generally has a

complete, private set of basic run-time resources; in particular, each process has its
own memory space. Processes are often seen as synonymous with programs or
applications. To facilitate communication between processes, most operating systems
support Inter Process Communication (IPC) resources, such as pipes and sockets. IPC
is used not just for communication between processes on the same system, but
processes on different systems.

Q.2 What is “Thread” in java ?

Ans Multithreading refers to two or more tasks executing concurrently within a single
program. A thread is an independent path of execution within a program. Many
threads can run concurrently within a program. Every thread in Java is created and
controlled by the java.lang.Thread class. A Java program can have many threads,
and these threads can run concurrently, either asynchronously or synchronously.

Q.3 How do you create thread in java ?

Ans

There are two ways to create thread in java;

Implement the Runnable interface (java.lang.Runnable)

By Extending the Thread class (java.lang.Thread)

Implement the Runnable interface

EXAMPLE

public class CreateThreadRunnableExample implements Runnable

{

public void run( )

{
for(int i=0; i < 5; i++)

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Java Programming 47

{
System.out.println("Child Thread : " + i);

Try
{
Thread.sleep(50);
}
catch(InterruptedException ie)
{
System.out.println("Child thread interrupted! " + ie);
}
}

System.out.println("Child thread finished!");

}

public static void main(String[] args) {

/*
* To create new thread, use
* Thread(Runnable thread, String threadName)
* constructor.
*
*/

Thread t = new Thread(new CreateThreadRunnableExample(), "My

Thread");

/* To start a particular thread, use void start() method of Thread class.

* Please note that, after creation of a thread it will not start running until
we call start method.
*/

t.start();

for(int i=0; i < 5; i++){

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48

System.out.println("Main thread : " + i);

try{
Thread.sleep(100);
}
catch(InterruptedException ie){
System.out.println("Child thread interrupted! " + ie);
}
}
System.out.println("Main thread finished!");
}
}

Typical output of this thread example would be

Main thread : 0
Child Thread : 0
Child Thread : 1
Main thread : 1
Main thread : 2
Child Thread : 2
Child Thread : 3
Main thread : 3
Main thread : 4
Child Thread : 4
Child thread finished!
Main thread finished!

Extending the Thread class

class XThread extends Thread

{

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Java Programming 49

XThread()
{}
XThread(String threadName)
{
super(threadName); // Initialize thread.
System.out.println(this);
start();
}
public void run() {
//Display info about this particular thread
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName());
}
}

public class ThreadExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Thread thread1 = new Thread(new XThread(), "thread1");
Thread thread2 = new Thread(new XThread(), "thread2");

//The below 2 threads are assigned default names

Thread thread3 = new XThread();

Thread thread4 = new XThread();
Thread thread5 = new XThread("thread5");

//Start the threads

thread1.start();
thread2.start();
thread3.start();
thread4.start();

try {

//The sleep() method is invoked on the main thread to cause a one second delay.
Thread.currentThread().sleep(1000);
}
catch (InterruptedException e)
{
}

//Display info about the main thread

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50

System.out.println(Thread.currentThread());
}
}

Output

Thread[thread5,5,main]
thread1
thread5
thread2
Thread-3
Thread-2
Thread[main,5,main]

Q.4 Explain the life cycle of Thread ?

Ans Thread has many different state through out its life.

1 Newborn State

2 Runnable State

3 Running State

4 Blocked State

5 Dead State

Thread should be in any one state of above and it can be move from one state to
another by different methods and ways.

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Java Programming 51

1 Newborn State

When we create a thread it will be in Newborn State.

The thread is just created still its not running.

We can move it to running mode by invoking the start() method and it can be killed
by using stop() method.

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52

2 Runnable State

It means that thread is now ready for running and its waiting to give control.

We can move control to another thread by yield() method.

3 Running State

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Java Programming 53

It means thread is in its execution mode becaause the control of cpu is given to that particular
thread.

It can be move in three different situation from running mode.

These all are different methods which can be apply on running thread and how the state is
changing and how we can come in our original previous state using different methods are
shown in above figure.

4 Blocked State

A thread is called in Blocked State when it is not allowed to entering in Runnable State or
Running State.

It happens when thread is in waiting mode, suspended or in sleeping mode.

5 Dead State

When a thread is completed executing its run() method the life cycle of that particular thread
is end.

We can kill thread by invoking stop() method for that particular thread and send it to be in
Dead State

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54

Q.5 What are APPLET ?

Ans A program designed to be executed from within another application. Unlike an

application, applets cannot be executed directly from the operating system. With the
growing popularity of OLE (object linking and embedding), applets are becoming
more prevalent. A well-designed applet can be invoked from many different
applications.

Web browsers, which are often equipped with Java virtual machines, can interpret
applets from Web servers. Because applets are small in files size, cross-platform
compatible, and highly secure (can't be used to access users' hard drives), they are
ideal for small Internet applications accessible from a browser.

Q.6 Explain the life cycle of Applet ?

Ans This is a program, which can create graphical user interface to make visible dynamic
content in the web browser. It creates a window for the web content visible inside the
web browser. The compiled java program can be loaded into the web browser with
the help of html document. To execute the applet in the web browser it must contain
java virtual machine. The applet can deal with presentation logic and business logic.
An applet does not have main method as the starting point of the execution.
Life cycle of applet

It is of five types

1. Init()
2. Start()
3. Paint()
4. Stop()
5. Destroy()

Init():- This is a method which initializes the applet with the required components
inside it. This method executes only once of the life cycle of an applet.

Start():- This method is responsible for activating the applet. This method executes
when applet will be restored or visible in the web browser. This method executes
more than once in the life cycle of an applet.

Paint():- This method can be used to draw different components or graphical shape
into the applet. This method can be executed repeatedly during the applet execution.

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Java Programming 55

Stop():- When an applet will be minimized or made invisible by using back or

forward button of the web browser then the applet will be deactivated by calling this
method.

Destroy():- When the browser containing the applet will be closed then this method
will be called. This method execute only once in the life cycle of an applet.

Q.7 How do you run applet ?

Ans

Applet viewer is a command line program to run Java applets. It is included in the
SDK. The applet viewer command connects to the documents or resources
designated by urls. It displays each applet referenced by the documents in its own
window.

The syntax for the applet viewer is:

appletviewer Options URL

Where the URL specifies the location of the applet program and the Options
argument specifies how to run the Java applet.

The following program shows how to build an applet and the HTML file for it. Firstly
create a class. Then start the applet using init method. After that enter a string as str =
"This is my first applet". Use paint method to give the dimensions of the applet.
Beneath that is the HTML file which shows how to give the body for applet.

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56

Here is the Java File:

import java.applet.*;
import java.awt.*;
public class Myapplet extends Applet{
String str;
public void init(){
str = "This is my first applet";
}
public void paint(Graphics g){
g.drawString(str, 50,50);
}
}

Here is the HTML File:

<HTML>
<BODY>
<applet code="Myapplet",height="200" width="200">
</applet>
</BODY>
</HTML>

avac>appletviewer Myapplet.html

CAfter building the program, run the applet and the applet viewer as shown below.

C:\javac> javac Myapplet.java

C:\javac>appletviewer Myapplet.html

:\javac> javac Myapplet.jav

When we run the applet viewer it will display the window as shown below.

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Java Programming 57

Gi
C
Q.8 Give an example to draw shapes in java ?
Ans In this program we will see how to draw the different types of shapes like line, circle
and rectangle. There are different types of methods for the Graphics class of the
java.awt.*; package have been used to draw the appropriate shape. Explanation of the
methods used in the program is given just ahead :

Graphics.drawLine() :
The drawLine() method has been used in the program to draw the line in the applet.
Here is the syntax for the drawLine() method :

drawLine(int X_from_coordinate, int Y_from_coordinate, int X_to_coordinate, int

Y_to_coordinate);

Graphics.drawString() :
The drawSring() method draws the given string as the parameter. Here is the syntax
of the drawString() method :

drawString(String string, int X_coordinate, int Y_coordinate);

Graphics.drawOval() :
The drawOval() method draws the circle. Here is the syntax of the drawOval()
method :

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58

g.drawOval(int X_coordinate, int Y_coordinate, int Wdth, int

height);

Graphics.drawRect() :
The drawRect() method draws the rectangle. Here is the syntax of the
drawRect() method :

g.drawRect(int X_coordinate, int Y_coordinate, int Wdth, int height)

Here is the java code of the program :.

import java.applet.*;
import java.awt.*;

public class CircleLine extends Applet{

int x=300,y=100,r=50;

public void paint(Graphics g){

g.drawLine(3,300,200,10);
g.drawString("Line",100,100);
g.drawOval(x-r,y-r,100,100);
g.drawString("Circle",275,100);
g.drawRect(400,50,200,100);
g.drawString("Rectangel",450,100);
}
}

Here is the HTML code of the program:

<HTML>
<HEAD>
</HEAD>
<BODY>
<div align="center">
<APPLET CODE="CircleLine.class" WIDTH="800" HEIGHT="500"></APPLET>
</div>
</BODY>
</HTML>

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Java Programming 59

MCQ’s

1. A good reason to use an object ²oriented language is that. :

A. You can define your data type

B. program statements are simpler than in procedural languages
C. an object ²oriented program can correct its own mistakes
D. it is easier to conceptualize an object-oriented program and reuse code.

2. Sharing of common information is achieved by concept of :

A. polymorphism
B. encapsulation
C. inheritance
D. none of above

3.Java was first developed in ____

A. 1990
B. 1991
C. 1993
D. 1996

4. The old name of java was ____

A. J language
B. Oak
C. Ock
D. none of above

5. full form of ADT is ____

A. Abstract Definition Type
B. Abstract Data Type
C. Abstraction Data Type
D. Abstract Data Toolkit

6. Full form of JVM is ____

A. Java Virtual Mechanism
B. Java Variable machine

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60

C. Java Virtual Machine

D. Java variable Mechanism

7. Full form of JDK is _____

A. Java Development Kit
B. Java Definition Kit
C. Java Data Kit
D. Java Declaration Kit

8. To compile a java program ____ command is used

A. javac
B. java
C. javad
D.javadoc

9. Which of the following is a valid main() method?

A. public static void main()

B. public static void main(String s[])
C. void main(String args[])
D. none of above

10. When source file is successfully compiled , ____ is generated

A. output
B. bytecode
C. error
D. none of above

11. From these which one is the compulsory section in a java program?
A. Package statement
B. Import statement
C. Documentation section
D. Class declaration section

12. Java compiled programs have ______ extension

A .java
B .source
C .compile
D .Class

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Java Programming 61

13. Which of the following is valid java comment?

A. \ \ this is a comment
B. /* This is a comment */
C. /** This is a comment
D. \ * This is a comment *\

14. Which is the valid identifier from following

A. $rate
B. Discount%
C. Number.1
D. First-Rank

15. Which one of these lists contains only Java programming language keywords?

A. class, if, void, long, Int, continue

B. goto, instanceof, native, finally, default, throws
C. try, virtual, throw, final, volatile, transient
D. strictfp, constant, super, implements, do

16.Which of the following is a primitive data types?

A .byte
B.String
C.integer
D.Float

17.To create an array of 5 integers which statement is correct

A. int a[]=int [5]

B. int a[5]=new a[]

C. int a[]=new int [5]

D. int a[]=new a[5]

18. In java , if you do not give a value to a variable before using it ,______
A. It will contain a garbage value

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