Number of experiment: 01
Name of the experiment: Introduction to measurement instruments in the laboratory.
Objective:
1.To familiar the measurement instrument of the laboratory.
2.To learnt what should need to instruments of the lab.
Theory: There are various types of measuring instruments that are usually found having their
respective functions as well as are also known for being commonly used by the general public and
some other measuring instruments that are commonly found being used by a certain group by people
only depending upon the site requirement. There is a lot to learn about such various types of
measuring instruments along with their functions that you will be reading in this handy guide.
Ammeter: An ammeter is an instrument used to measure the current in a circuit. Electric currents
are measured in amperes (A), hence the name. For direct measurement, the ammeter is connected
in series with the circuit in which the current is to be measured. An ammeter usually has
low resistance so that it does not cause a significant voltage drop in the circuit being measured.
Which model is ED-305 and the measuring reading of the ammeter is zero to one ampear.
Fig 1.1: Ammeter
Voltmeter: A voltmeter is an instrument used for measuring electric potential difference between
two points in an electric circuit. It is connected in parallel. It usually has a high resistance so that it
takes negligible current from the circuit. Which volt meter model is ED-305 and the range of the
measurings capacity (0 to 15), (0 to 30) and (0 to 450) volt.
Fig 1.2: Voltmeter
Resistor: A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical
resistance as a circuit element. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce current flow, adjust
signal levels, to divide voltages, bias active elements, and terminate transmission lines, among other
uses. High-power resistors that can dissipate many watts of electrical power as heat may be used as
part of motor controls, in power distribution systems, or as test loads for generators. Fixed resistors
have resistances that only change slightly with temperature, time or operating voltage. Variable
resistors can be used to adjust circuit elements or as sensing devices for heat, light, humidity, force,
or chemical activity. Which experimental instrument resistance is 108 ohm.
Fig 1.3: resistor
Galvanometer: A galvanometer is an electromechanical measuring instrument for electric
current. Early galvanometers were uncalibrated, but improved versions, called ammeters, were
calibrated and could measure the flow of current more precisely. Galvanometers work by
deflecting a pointer in response to an electric current flowing through a coil in a constant magnetic
field. The mechanism is also used as an actuator in applications such as hard disks. Model of the
instrument is Jo409 and the range of the element is negative 30 to positive 30.
Fig 1.4: Galvanometer
Wattmeter: The wattmeter is an instrument for measuring the electric active power (or the
average of the rate of flow of electrical energy) in watts of any given circuit. Electromagnetic
wattmeter are used for measurement of utility frequency and audio frequency power; other types are
required for radio frequency measurements. The wattmeter were made in two inter connecting coil
one of this current coil and other of the voltage coil. The wattmeter measuring capacity is 0 to 120
watt.
Fig 1.5: Wattmeter
Multimeter: A multimeter also known as a volt-ohm-milliammeter, volt-
ohmmeter or VOM is a measuring instrument that can measure multiple electrical properties. A
typical multimeter can measure voltage, resistance, and current, in which case can be used as
a voltmeter, ohmmeter, and ammeter. Some feature the measurement of additional properties
such as temperature and capacitance. which model is a CD-800a and range of the voltage reading
is zero to six hundred volt.
Fig 1.6: Multimeter
Dc power supply: A DC power supply converts AC power from a standard outlet into a
stable DC power source. This regulated direct current is then used to power a device, module
or component. DC power supplies come in varying levels of input and output voltage, output
current and power rates.
There are three most common power supply. The different designs allow for highly constant
voltage, low ripple and noise or higher efficiency. Linear regulated power supplies provide
highly constant output voltage, low ripple and noise and fast regulation, even with high line
and load transients.
Fig 1.7:DC power supply
Resistor box: These resistor boxes incorporate specially designed switches for precision and rapid
measurement of resistance. The dial assembly is mounted on a panel and enclosed in a box for
protection from dust and acid fumes
A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance as a
circuit element. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce current flow, adjust signal levels,
to device voltages. Bias active element, among other uses.
Which model is RBOX-408 and have a various type of rating ranges.
Fig 1.8: resistance boxes
Energy meter:An electricity meter, electric meter, electrical meter, energy meter, or kilowatt-
hour meter is a device that measures the amount of electric energy consumed by a residence,
a business, or an electrically powered device over a time interval.
When energy savings during certain periods are desired, some meters may measure demand, the
maximum use of power in some interval. "Time of day" metering allows electric rates to be changed
during a day, to record usage during peak high-cost periods and off-peak, lower-cost, periods. Also,
in some areas meters have relays for demand response load shedding during peak load periods.
Which is class 1. Model of the energy meter is 96 IEC 62053-21, voltage is 250(V).
Current flow of the instrument is 10 (A) in case of 60 Hz in USA and CANADA and the others
countries frequency is 50 Hz.
Fig 1.9:Energy meter
Megger: Megger works on the principle of electromagnetic attraction. The centrifugal clutch on
the generator is the mechanism that provides the constant for the insulation test. The insulation with
low resistance is tested using a steady voltage
A Megger is a type of an electrical test equipment which is used to measure insulation resistance. It
applies a high voltage to the circuit and measures the amount of current that flows through the
insulation. This helps to identify potential problems with the insulation, such as damage or
degradation. Usually, there are two types of megger; Digital megger and Electrical Megger meter.
Megger voltage is 50 to 1000 volt, and MS 5203 number of its model.
Fig 1.10: Megger
Variac: Amother names of this instrument are Auto transformer, Regulator and only Transformer.
In electrical engineering, an autotransformer is an electrical transformer with only one winding. The
auto prefix refers to the single coil acting alone. In an autotransformer, portions of the same winding
act as both the primary winding and secondary winding sides of the transformer. In contrast, an
ordinary transformer has separate primary and secondary windings that are not connected by an
electrically conductive path between them.
An example of an application of an autotransformer is one style of traveler's voltage converter, that
allows 230-volt devices to be used on 120-volt supply circuits, or the reverse. An autotransformer
with multiple taps may be applied to adjust the voltage at the end of a long distribution circuit to
correct for excess voltage drop; when automatically controlled, this is one example of a voltage
regulator .Class of this transformer is 1.5, model is ED-305 and voltage range of this device is 0 to
450 volt.
Fig 1.11: Variac
Inductor: An inductor is a passive electronic component that temporarily stores energy in a
magnetic field when electric current flows through the in inductor's coil. t is also known as the coil,
choke, or reactor. It is a two-terminal electrical component.
An inductor, also called a coil, choke, or reactor, is a passive two-terminal electrical component that
stores energy in a magnetic field when electric current flows through it.
Fig 1.12: Inductor
Capacitor: Capacitor is a two-terminal electrical device that can store energy in the form of an
electric charge. It consists of two electrical conductors that are separated by a distance. The space
between the conductors may be filled by vacuum or with an insulating material known as a
dielectric.
Fig 1.13: Capacitance
Potential Transformer:
A potential transformer (also known as voltage transformer) is a type of instrument transformer. It
is a step-down voltage transformer that reduces the high-level voltage to safer low levels. The
output voltage of the potential transformer can be measured by connecting an ordinary voltmeter.
Fig 1.14: Potential Transformer
Current transformer:
A current transformer, often known as a CT, is a type of electrical instrument transformer that is
used to step down high currents in electrical circuits to a lower current that can be measured for
the purposes of current protection and measurement.
Fig 1.15: Current Transformer
Required Apparatus:
SL.NO. Name of the component Model No. Range
1 Resistor N/A 0-108Ω
2 Wattmeter SI-2000 0-120W
3 Voltmeter ED-305 0-450V
4 Ammeter ED-305 0-1A
5 Multimeter CD-800a 0-600V
6 Capacitor 16-128MFD 16 µF
7 Inductor N/A N/A
8 DC power supply GPS-3030 0-30V;0-3A
9 Energy meter NME-96IEC 230V, 10A
60253-21
10 Megger MS 5203 50-1000V
11 Galvanometer JO409 -30 to +30
12 Resistance Box RBOX-408 0-4MΩ
13 Variac JB+10091 0-250V
Discussion and Conclusion:
This laboratory session focused on introducing and understanding various laboratory instruments.
The primary objective was to familiarize ourselves with the specific rating and model number of
each instrument. This knowledge is crucial for ensuring accurate and reliable measurements in
future experiments.
Heaven’s Light is Our Guide
Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology
Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering
Course No.: EEE 2212
Course Title: Measurement and Instrumentation Sessional
Experiment no: 01
Experiment name: Intruduction to measurement instruments in the
laboratory
Submitted By: Submitted To:
Md. Tanvir Ahmed Sakib Hossen
Roll:2101118 Lecturer
Section: B Electrical & Electronic Engineering,
Dept. : EEE Rajshahi University of Engineering &
Technology(RUET)
Date of Experiment:08-09-2024
Date of Submission:15-09-2024
