CHE 31.

INTRODUCTION TO CHEMICAL ENGINEERING CALCULATIONS

Lecture 9

Solving Material Balances Problems Involving Non-Reactive Processes

Prof. Manolito E Bambase Jr. Department of Chemical Engineering. University of the Philippines Los Baos

LECTURE 9. Solving Material Balance Problems Involving Non-Reactive Processes

Component and Overall Material Balances

Consider a steady-state distillation process,

Prof. Manolito E Bambase Jr. Department of Chemical Engineering. University of the Philippines Los Baos

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LECTURE 9. Solving Material Balance Problems Involving Non-Reactive Processes

Component and Overall Material Balances

Since the process is at steady-state condition and no chemical reaction is involved, the material balance equation becomes

Input = Output
This balance equation can be applied to: 1. The total mass entering and leaving the process 2. Mass of individual component entering and leaving the process.

Prof. Manolito E Bambase Jr. Department of Chemical Engineering. University of the Philippines Los Baos

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LECTURE 9. Solving Material Balance Problems Involving Non-Reactive Processes

Component and Overall Material Balances

Total Mass (Overall Material Balance)

m1 = m2 + m3
Component A Balance

mA1 = mA2 + mA3 m1xA1 = m2xA2 + m3xA3

mB1 = mB2 + mB3 m1xB1 = m2xB2 + m3xB3

Prof. Manolito E Bambase Jr. Department of Chemical Engineering. University of the Philippines Los Baos

LECTURE 9. Solving Material Balance Problems Involving Non-Reactive Processes

Component and Overall Material Balances

For the given process, 3 material balance equations can be written:

Total Balance: A-Balance: B-Balance:

m1 = m2 + m3 mA1 = mA2 + mA3 mB1 = mB2 + mB3

(E1) (E2) (E3)

Are these material balances independent equations? If (E1) and (E2) are added, what does the resulting equation represents?

Prof. Manolito E Bambase Jr. Department of Chemical Engineering. University of the Philippines Los Baos

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LECTURE 9. Solving Material Balance Problems Involving Non-Reactive Processes

Component and Overall Material Balances

Consider the unsteady-state extraction process:

Extraction is a physical process in which a component of a mixture is extracted using an immiscible solvent.
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Prof. Manolito E Bambase Jr. Department of Chemical Engineering. University of the Philippines Los Baos

LECTURE 9. Solving Material Balance Problems Involving Non-Reactive Processes

Component and Overall Material Balances

Writing the material balance equations:

Total Balance: A-Balance: B-Balance: C-Balance:

(Acc)T = m1 + m2 m3 m4 (Acc)A = mA1 mA3 (Acc)B = mB1 mB3 mB4 (Acc)C = mC2 mC4

The total balance can also be obtained by adding the last 3 equations and is no longer independent.
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Prof. Manolito E Bambase Jr. Department of Chemical Engineering. University of the Philippines Los Baos

LECTURE 9. Solving Material Balance Problems Involving Non-Reactive Processes

Number of Independent Material Balance Equations in Process without Chemical Reaction

For processes with no chemical reaction,

Nm = Ni
where Nm = number of independent material balance equations. Ni = total number of chemical species (or components) involved in the process.

Prof. Manolito E Bambase Jr. Department of Chemical Engineering. University of the Philippines Los Baos

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LECTURE 9. Solving Material Balance Problems Involving Non-Reactive Processes

Example 91. Mixing of Methanol-Water Mixtures

Two methanol-water mixtures are contained in separate tanks. The first mixture contains 40.0 wt% methanol and the second contains 70.0 wt% methanol. If 200 kg of the first mixture is combined with 150 kg of the second, what are the mass and composition of the product?

Prof. Manolito E Bambase Jr. Department of Chemical Engineering. University of the Philippines Los Baos

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LECTURE 9. Solving Material Balance Problems Involving Non-Reactive Processes

Example 91. Mixing of Methanol-Water Mixtures

Step 1. Draw a flowchart to visually organize the data.

Prof. Manolito E Bambase Jr. Department of Chemical Engineering. University of the Philippines Los Baos

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LECTURE 9. Solving Material Balance Problems Involving Non-Reactive Processes

Example 91. Mixing of Methanol-Water Mixtures

Step 2. Determine the degrees of freedom (DF) Number of unknowns (U):

3 unknowns (m3, xM3, xW3)

Number of independent equations (V):

material balances: physical constraint: total independent equations

2 equations 1 equation (x = 1.00) -------------------------------3 equations

DF = U V = 3 3 = 0, the problem is solvable

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LECTURE 9. Solving Material Balance Problems Involving Non-Reactive Processes

Example 91. Mixing of Methanol-Water Mixtures

Step 3. Write down the equations Material Balances (Steady-State, Non-Reactive Process):

Total Balance: Methanol-Balance: Water-Balance:

m1 + m2 = m3 m1xM1 + m2xM2 = m3xM3 m1xW1 + m2xW2 = m3xW3

(choose only 2 equations since one of them is no longer independent) Physical Constraint (applied to mixture 3):

xM3 + xW3 = 1.00

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LECTURE 9. Solving Material Balance Problems Involving Non-Reactive Processes

Example 91. Mixing of Methanol-Water Mixtures

Step 4. Solve the unknowns (m3, xM3, xW3) Always start with the equation with the least number of unknowns if possible and minimize solving equations simultaneously. Total Balance (m3) Methanol Balance (xM3) Physical Constraint (xW3)

Prof. Manolito E Bambase Jr. Department of Chemical Engineering. University of the Philippines Los Baos

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LECTURE 9. Solving Material Balance Problems Involving Non-Reactive Processes

Example 91. Mixing of Methanol-Water Mixtures

Step 4. Solve the unknowns (m3, xM3, xW3) Total balance:

m3 = (200 kg) + (150 kg) m3 = 350 kg

(200 kg)(0.40) + (150 kg)(0.70) = (350 g)xM3 xM3 = 0.529

xW3 = 1.00 xM3 = 1 0.529 xW3 = 0.471

Prof. Manolito E Bambase Jr. Department of Chemical Engineering. University of the Philippines Los Baos

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LECTURE 9. Solving Material Balance Problems Involving Non-Reactive Processes

Example 92. Mixing of Ethanol-Water Mixtures

Three hundred gallons of a mixture containing 75.0 wt% ethanol and 25% water (mixture specific gravity = 0.877) and a quantity of a 40.0 wt% ethanol-60% water mixture (SG=0.952) are blended to produce a mixture containing 60.0 wt% ethanol. Determine the required volume of the 40% mixture. Ans. Volume require = 207 gal

Prof. Manolito E Bambase Jr. Department of Chemical Engineering. University of the Philippines Los Baos

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LECTURE 9. Solving Material Balance Problems Involving Non-Reactive Processes

Example 93. Humidification of Air

A stream of humid air containing 1.00 mole% H2O(v) and the balance dry air is to be humidified to a water content of 10.0 mole% H2O(v). For this purpose, liquid water is fed through a flow meter and evaporated into the air stream. The flow meter reading, R, is 95. The only available calibration data for the flow meter are two points, indicating that readings of R=15 and R=50 correspond to flow rates V=40.0 ft3/h and V=96.9 ft3/h, respectively. Estimate the molar flow rate (lbmole/h) of the humidified air. Ans. 6489 lbmole/h of humidified air
Prof. Manolito E Bambase Jr. Department of Chemical Engineering. University of the Philippines Los Baos

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LECTURE 9. Solving Material Balance Problems Involving Non-Reactive Processes

Example 94. Absorption of SO2

A waste gas containing SO2 (a precursor of acid rain) and several other species (collectively designated as A) is fed to a scrubbing tower where it contacts a solvent (B) that absorbs SO2. The solvent feed rate to the tower is 1000L/min. The specific gravity of the solvent is 1.30. Absorption of A and evaporation of B in the scrubber may be neglected. The volumetric flow rate of the feed gas is determined with an orifice meter, with a differential mercury manometer and the calibration equation is found to be

V = 13.2h0.515
Prof. Manolito E Bambase Jr. Department of Chemical Engineering. University of the Philippines Los Baos

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LECTURE 9. Solving Material Balance Problems Involving Non-Reactive Processes

Example 94. Absorption of SO2

where V is volumetric flow rate (in m3/min) and h is orifice reading (in mmHg). The mole fraction of SO2 in the inlet and outlet streams is measured with an electrochemical detector. The reading in the detector is calibrated and the relationship is determined to be

y=(5.00x10-4)e0.0600R
where y = kmol SO2/kmol and R=detector reading.

Prof. Manolito E Bambase Jr. Department of Chemical Engineering. University of the Philippines Los Baos

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LECTURE 9. Solving Material Balance Problems Involving Non-Reactive Processes

Example 94. Absorption of SO2

The molar density of the feed gas may be determined from the formula

(mol/L)=12.2P(atm)T-1(K)
where P and T are the absolute pressure and temperature of the gas. The following data are taken for the feed gas: T=750F, P=150 psig, h=210 mm, R=82.4 and for the outlet gas, R=11.6. Determine the (a) mass fraction of SO2 in the liquid effluent stream and (b) the rate at which SO2 is absorbed in the liquid effluent stream.
Prof. Manolito E Bambase Jr. Department of Chemical Engineering. University of the Philippines Los Baos

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LECTURE 9. Solving Material Balance Problems Involving Non-Reactive Processes

Example 94. Absorption of SO2

Ans. a. mass fraction of SO2 in the liquid effluent stream.

0.245 kg SO2 absorbed/kg stream

422 kg SO2/min

Prof. Manolito E Bambase Jr. Department of Chemical Engineering. University of the Philippines Los Baos

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LECTURE 9. Solving Material Balance Problems Involving Non-Reactive Processes

Material Balances on Multiple Unit Processes

Prof. Manolito E Bambase Jr. Department of Chemical Engineering. University of the Philippines Los Baos

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LECTURE 9. Solving Material Balance Problems Involving Non-Reactive Processes

Material Balances on Multiple Unit Processes

The entire process can be analyzed as 1 unit. . .

Prof. Manolito E Bambase Jr. Department of Chemical Engineering. University of the Philippines Los Baos

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LECTURE 9. Solving Material Balance Problems Involving Non-Reactive Processes

Material Balances on Multiple Unit Processes

. . . or portions of the entire process is analyzed.

Prof. Manolito E Bambase Jr. Department of Chemical Engineering. University of the Philippines Los Baos

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LECTURE 9. Solving Material Balance Problems Involving Non-Reactive Processes

Example 95. Distillation of Benzene, Toluene, and Xylene

A liquid mixture containing 30.0 mole% benzene (B), 25.0% toluene (T), and the balance xylene (X) is fed to a distillation column. The bottom product contains 98.0 mole% X and no B, and 96.0% of the X in the feed is recovered in this stream. The overhead product is fed to a second distillation column. The overhead product from the second column contains 97.0% of the B in the feed to this column. The composition of this stream is 94.0 mole% B and the balance T.

Prof. Manolito E Bambase Jr. Department of Chemical Engineering. University of the Philippines Los Baos

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LECTURE 9. Solving Material Balance Problems Involving Non-Reactive Processes

Example 95. Distillation of Benzene, Toluene, and Xylene

Calculate a. the percentage of the benzene in the process feed (i.e. the feed to the first column) that emerges in the overhead product from the second column.

Ans. 97% recovery of benzene

Ans. 89% recovery of toluene

Prof. Manolito E Bambase Jr. Department of Chemical Engineering. University of the Philippines Los Baos

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LECTURE 9. Solving Material Balance Problems Involving Non-Reactive Processes

Example 96. Separation of Benzene and Toluene by Distillation

An equimolar liquid mixture of benzene and toluene is separated into two product streams by distillation. The vapor stream leaving at the top of the column, which contains 97 mole% benzene, is fed to a condenser to undergo complete condensation. The condensed liquid is split into two equal fractions: one is taken off as the final overhead product stream and the other (the reflux) is recycled to the top of the column. The final overhead product contains 89.2% of the benzene fed to the column.

Prof. Manolito E Bambase Jr. Department of Chemical Engineering. University of the Philippines Los Baos

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LECTURE 9. Solving Material Balance Problems Involving Non-Reactive Processes

Example 96. Separation of Benzene and Toluene by Distillation

The liquid leaving the bottom of the column is fed to a partial reboiler in which 45% of it is vaporized. The vapor generated in the reboiler (the boilup) is recycled to the column, and the residual reboiler liquid is taken as the final bottom product stream. The compositions of the streams leaving the reboiler are governed by the relation:

y B /(1-y B ) = 2.25 xB /(1-xB )

Prof. Manolito E Bambase Jr. Department of Chemical Engineering. University of the Philippines Los Baos

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LECTURE 9. Solving Material Balance Problems Involving Non-Reactive Processes

Example 96. Separation of Benzene and Toluene by Distillation

where yB and xB are the mole fractions of benzene in the vapor and liquid streams, respectively. Using 100 mol of feed as a basis, calculate: a. the molar amounts of the overhead and bottoms products. Ans. Overhead = 45.98 mol ; Bottoms = 54.02 mol b. the mole fraction of benzene in the bottoms product Ans. 0.100 mol B/mol c. the percentage recovery of toluene in the bottoms product. Ans. 97% recovery

Prof. Manolito E Bambase Jr. Department of Chemical Engineering. University of the Philippines Los Baos

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