Pavement Design Principles
Dr. Christos Drakos University of Florida
Topic 1 Pavement Design Principles What is Design? Conceive & develop plans for something to serve a specific function Must define function prior to design What is the Function of a Pavement? To provide vehicle access between two points
Is this specific enough for you to proceed w/ design?
More specific function for pavements:
Access Under all climatic conditions (drain) Durable Sufficient structure for loads Safe Adequate friction Smooth Good ride quality, level
Topic 1 Pavement Design Principles
How many Elements into the Design of a Highway? Route Geometric design Materials Mix design Pavements Thickness design What information do you need as an Engineer? Topography Route (Access) Drainage (Hydrology) Cut / Fill (Cost) Existing soils Must carry loads Determine structural requirements Affects drainage and drainage requirements
Topic 1 Pavement Design Principles
What information do you need as an Engineer? (cont) Weather (Rainfall Temp. variation) Drainage Frost Heave Durability of Asphalt/PCC Roads Rutting / Bleeding (HOT) Low temperature cracking (COLD) Traffic (Load levels) Structural requirements Use (Primary or secondary facility) Acceptable quality High or low maintenance Design life High initial cost Low maintenance cost (high access) Low initial cost High maintenance cost (low access)
Topic 1 Pavement Design Principles
What information do you need as an Engineer? (cont.) Available materials / Contractors Type of structure (AC or PCC) Stabilization requirements
MANY ASPECTS TO DESIGN OTHER THAN SIZING COMPONENT
Topic 1 Pavement Design Principles
What will this course cover? Pavement types: Failure modes/causes:
Rutting Cracking
Flexible (Asphalt Concrete) Rigid (Portland Cement Concrete)
Stresses in the pavement structure: Traffic Characterization
Distribution of stresses and strains Multilayer analysis
Material Characterization Design Procedures
AI AASHTO
Predict traffic loads over a certain period of years Define material properties
Topic 1 Pavement Design Principles
Pavement History Major Developments Wheel 3500 BC / ASIA Roads begun; movement to Egypt First Long-distance Highway 3500 to 323 BC / Persia 1755 miles; three-month trip First Engineered Road 300 BC / Romans (Appius Claudius) Built 53,000 miles of road Via Appia: 360 miles, 14-ft wide, 3-5 ft thick, hand placed! Lasted 2000 years; Recognized two essentials:
Dry Road bed Impervious surface
Topic 1 Pavement Design Principles First Engineered Road
Concrete (Stone & other material with Lime)
Squared Stones
Fine Dry Soil (Well-compacted)
Topic 1 Pavement Design Principles First Modern Roads 1764 France (Tresaguet) Labor costs too high; smaller stones, thinner sections Maintained two essentials mentioned above; 10 years design life
Topic 1 Pavement Design Principles Use of Tar and Asphalt 1830s USA - England (McAdam) Impervious surface; asphalt/tar mixed hot; sand added to fill voids
Topic 1 Pavement Design Principles Pavement History Other Developments
Portland Cement Concrete (PCC)
1850 Austria first PCC roads
Rubber-tired Motor Cars
1900 USA caused dust & pollution problems Generated need for binders Higher speed requiring more smoothness
Highway Research Board (Currently: TRB)
1920 USA Research efforts to improve pavement design Looked at better materials & construction methods Initiated rapid development in pavement technology
20th Century Pavements
Better understanding of stress distribution Use stiffer/stronger materials near the surface
Topic 1 Pavement Design Principles
1. Introduction 1.1 What is Pavement Structure?
Shoulder Asphalt Concrete PAVEMENT STRUCTURE
Base Course Subbase Course Subgrade (existing Soil)
1.2 Purpose of Pavement Structure
Protect Subgrade reduce stresses & strains to tolerable level Prevent excessive settlement or collapse Remove water Structural integrity & safety How does the structure protect the subgrade?
Topic 1 Pavement Design Principles
1.3 Stress Distribution under Wheel Load Two ways to reduce z:
Increase stiffness Increase thickness
Pavement Structure z0 Vertical Stress Distribution along the vertical axis; highest near the surface
z1 Subgrade Vertical Stress Distribution along the horizontal axis; highest near the center z1
Topic 1 Pavement Design Principles
1.4 What do we need to compute? Subgrade stresses () & strains ()
Since we want to protect the subgrade, is it enough to design the pavement to minimize subgrade & ?
Need & within structural layers; must ensure all layers can withstand stresses
z
AC BASE SUBBASE SUBGRADE
Max z at surface z decreases with depth As the decreases the quality of the material may be lower
Topic 1 Pavement Design Principles 2. Pavement Types 2.1 Two Concepts Thicker section of lower stiffness materials
Flexible pavements Asphalt Concrete Shape can conform to subgrade irregularities without failure
AC Surface Granular Base Granular Subbase
Topic 1 Pavement Design Principles 2.1 Two Concepts Thinner section of higher stiffness materials
Rigid pavements Portland Cement Concrete Stiff enough to bridge subgrade irregularities
PCC Slab Granular Subbase
Topic 1 Pavement Design Principles 2.2 Typical Flexible Pavement Structures Full depth asphalt pavement
Asphalt-aggregate mixture Asphalt-aggregate mixture, or granular material treated with asphalt
Prepared Subgrade
Topic 1 Pavement Design Principles 2.2 Typical Flexible Pavement Structures Asphalt pavement with untreated base (and subbase)
Asphalt-aggregate mixture Base, Granular material; sometimes cement treated Subbase, Granular material or selected soil; Normally not treated
Prepared Subgrade
Topic 1 Pavement Design Principles 2.2 Typical Flexible Pavement Structures Asphalt pavement with PCC
Asphalt Concrete Surface
Base Portland Cement Concrete
Prepared Subgrade
Topic 1 Pavement Design Principles 2.3 Typical Rigid Pavement Structures
Jointed Plain Concrete Pavement (JPCP)
Possibly doweled Purpose of Joints
Is important?
Designated crack relieves thermal stresses
Topic 1 Pavement Design Principles 2.3 Typical Rigid Pavement Structures
Jointed Reinforced Concrete Pavement (JRCP)
Always doweled Purpose of Reinforcement
D
1/ 3-D
Holds cracks together Does not add structural capacity
Purpose of Dowels
Load transfer steel 1 to 1 ; 18 long Never bonded
Topic 1 Pavement Design Principles 2.3 Typical Rigid Pavement Structures Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavement (CRCP)
Cracks spaced @ 3-8 ft
Prestressed Concrete Pavement (PCP)
