DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING

G.Arumugam. L/ECE. Sasurie Academy of Engineering.

THIS SESSION..

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Basic Discussion About the Subject. Unit -1 [ Digital Image Fundamentals]

WHY ? DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING

One picture is worth more than thousand words

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IMAGE PROCESSING (AN APPLICATION VIEW)

Satellite images.

(GPS , Agriculture , Military Applications )

Biomedical images.

(Cancer Detection, Tumor Detection.)

Industrial Automation.
(Finding the Discontinuities)

Robotics. Remote Sensing.

IMAGE
Image

Reflection of Light from an object representing as a 2D function f(x,y) . (incident and reflection of light)

Digital Image
Its an array of pixels that stores light intensities in binary values. E.g.. Photograph , map ,chart.

Pixels

A (2-D) grid that are often represented as dots or squares. Each pixel is a sample of an original image. Caries and stores similar or variable intensity levels.

CLASSIFICATION OF DIGITAL IMAGES

BINARY IMAGE Binary refers two. The Entire Image is represented by only two levels of Intensities 0 Black 1 White

Black 0

White 1

CLASSIFICATION OF DIGITAL IMAGES

GRAY SCALE IMAGE

For an 8-bit image the intensity levels varies from 0 to 255. 0- Black 255- White In between range represent's gray levels 8-bit image Each pixel carries 8 no of zeros (0000 0000) for black and 8 no of ones (1111 1111) for 255. 2n n represents no of bits in one pixel. n = 8 then 28= 256 (i.e.) 0 to 255 n = 16 then 216=65,536 (i.e.) 0 to 65,535

GRAY SCALE IMAGE

CLASSIFICATION OF DIGITAL IMAGES

COLOR IMAGE

Each pixel of a color image carries 24- bits to represent the primary colors. Red 8 bits Green 8 bits Blue 8 bits 224=16 777 216
16 777 216 range of colors

COLOR IMAGE

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CLASSIFICATION OF DIGITAL IMAGES

Binary

Gray Scale

Color
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UNIT-1 DIGITAL IMAGE FUNDAMENTALS

Topics to be Discussed

Elements of digital image processing systems. Elements of visual perception. Psycho visual model- brightness- contrast- hue- saturation. Mach band effect. Color image fundamentals - RGB- HSI models. Image sampling- Quantization. Dither. Two dimensional mathematical preliminaries .
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Elements of digital image processing systems.

Elements of visual perception. Psycho visual model- brightness- contrast- hue- saturation. Mach band effect. Color image fundamentals - RGB- HSI models. Image sampling- Quantization. Dither. Two dimensional mathematical preliminaries .

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ELEMENTS OF DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING

SYSTEMS

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Elements of digital image processing systems.

Elements of visual perception.

Psycho visual model- brightness- contrast- hue- saturation. Mach band effect. Color image fundamentals - RGB- HSI models. Image sampling- Quantization. Dither. Two dimensional mathematical preliminaries .

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ELEMENTS OF VISUAL PERCEPTION.

Structure of eye Image formation in eye Brightness Adaptation and Discrimination.

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ELEMENTS OF VISUAL PERCEPTION.

Structure of eye
Image formation in eye Brightness Adaptation and Discrimination.

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STRUCTURE OF EYE

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 1. 2. 3.

Eye is nearly sphere in shape of average diameter 20mm. Three important membranes are Cornea and Sclera Choroid Retina Cornea - Transparent tissue that covers the anterior surface of the eye. Sclera - Encloses the remaining part. Choroid Responsible for nutrition of eye. Retina Light from the object is imaged in retina , contains two receptors Cones and Rods. Iris controls the amount of light entering the eye ( diameter 2 to 8 mm). Lens contains 60 to 70 % of water and 6% fat. Absorbs approx. 8% of visible light
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Cones

6 to 7 millions . Deposited at the centre portion of retina (fovea). Highly sensitive to color. Each cone is connected with its own nerve end. Cone vision is Photopic or Bright Light Vision. Rods

75 to 150 millions. Spread over the retinal region. Rod vision is Scotopic or Dim Light Vision.
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DISTRIBUTION OF CONES AND RODS

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ELEMENTS OF VISUAL PERCEPTION.

Structure of eye

Image formation in eye

Brightness Adaptation and Discrimination.

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IMAGE FORMATION IN THE EYE

15 / 100 = h / 17
h = 2.55mm
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ELEMENTS OF VISUAL PERCEPTION.

Structure of eye Image formation in eye

Brightness Adaptation and Discrimination.

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BRIGHTNESS ADAPTATION

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BRIGHTNESS DISCRIMINATION.
I- Light illumination in Square K- Light illumination in Circle

I=K

IK
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Elements of digital image processing systems. Elements of visual perception. Psycho visual model- brightness- contrast- hue- saturation.

Mach band effect.

Color image fundamentals - RGB- HSI models. Image sampling- Quantization. Dither. Two dimensional mathematical preliminaries .

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MACHBAND EFFECT

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SIMULTANEOUS CONTRAST

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OPTICAL ILLUSION

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Elements of digital image processing systems. Elements of visual perception.

Psycho visual model- brightness- contrasthue- saturation.

Mach band effect. Color image fundamentals - RGB- HSI models. Image sampling- Quantization. Dither. Two dimensional mathematical preliminaries .

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Hue- Dominant wavelength in a mixture of light waves (i.e Purest form of color) Saturation - Amount of white light mixed with hue. Brightness - Subjective Descriptor cannot be measurable varies for individuals. Contrast Adding same color.

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Elements of digital image processing systems. Elements of visual perception. Psycho visual model- brightness- contrast- hue- saturation. Mach band effect.

Color image fundamentals - RGB- HSI models.

Image sampling- Quantization. Dither. Two dimensional mathematical preliminaries .

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COLOR IMAGE FUNDAMENTALS

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ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

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Achromatic - Void of color, Light in black and white TV Chromatic - Color light spectrum from approx. 400 to 700 nm. Quality of chromatic light Radiance - Total amount of energy that flows from the light source. Unit-watts (w) Luminance - Amount of energy absorb from the light source. Unit- lumens (ls) Brightness - Subjective Descriptor cannot be measurable Cone sensors are responsible for color vision 65% RED (700nm) 33% GREEN (546.1nm) 2% BLUE (485.8nm)
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SPECTRAL RESPONSE OF CONES

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MIXTURE OF COLOR LIGHT

Primary: RED GREEN BLUE Secondary: MAGENTA YELLOW CYAN

Primary: MAGENTA YELLOW CYAN Secondary: RED GREEN BLUE

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RGB COLOR MODEL

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RGB COLOR CUBE

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HSI COLOR MODEL

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Elements of digital image processing systems. Elements of visual perception. Psycho visual model- brightness- contrast- hue- saturation. Mach band effect. Color image fundamentals - RGB- HSI models.

Image sampling- Quantization.

Dither. Two dimensional mathematical preliminaries .

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ANALOG & DIGITAL IMAGE

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IMAGE SAMPLING AND QUANTIZATION

Digitizing the co ordinate values is called Sampling Digitizing the amplitude values is called Quantization

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Elements of digital image processing systems. Elements of visual perception. Psycho visual model- brightness- contrast- hue- saturation. Mach band effect. Color image fundamentals - RGB- HSI models. Image sampling- Quantization.

Dither.
Two dimensional mathematical preliminaries .

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DITHER

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DISCUSSIONS ??

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Thank You
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