3rd Generation Systems
Review of Cellular Wireless Networks UMTS
Cellular Wireless Network Evolution
First Generation: Analog
AMPS: Advance Mobile Phone Systems Residential cordless phones
Second Generation: Digital
IS-54: North American Standard - TDMA IS-95: CDMA (Qualcomm) GSM: Pan-European Digital Cellular DECT: Digital European Cordless Telephone
Cellular Evolution (cont)
Third Generation: T/CDMA
combines the functions of: cellular, cordless, wireless LANs, paging etc. supports multimedia services (data, voice, video, image) a progression of integrated, high performance systems: (a) GPRS (b) EDGE (c) UMTS
Cellular Concept
Geographical separation Capacity (frequency) reuse Backbone connectivity
BS
BS BS
Backbone Network
BS BS BS
AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System): FDMA
B B G A F E G A D B C C F E G A D C
F
E
Frequencies are not reused in adjacent cells
In each cell, 57 channels each for A-side carrier and B -side carrier Channels are divided into 4 categories: 1. Control (base to mobile) to manage the system. 2. Paging (base to mobile) to alert mobile users to incoming calls. 3. Access (bidirectional) for call set up and channel assignment. 4. Data (bidirectional) for voice, FAX, or data
Handoff
Handoff: Transfer of a mobile from one cell to another Each base station constantly monitors the received power from each mobile. When power drops below given threshold, base station asks neighbor station (with stronger received power) to pick up the mobile, on a new channel. The handoff process takes about 300 msec.
Digital Cellular: IS-54 TDMA System
Second generation: digital Same frequency as AMPS Each 30 kHz RF channel is used at a rate of 48.6 kbps
3 TDM slots/RF band 8 kbps voice coding 16.2 kbps TDM digital channel
4 cell frequency reuse Capacity increase per cell per carrier
3 x 416 / 4 = 312 (instead of 57 in AMPS) Additional factor of two with speech activity detection.
IS-54 slot and frame structure
Frame 1944 bits in 40 ms( 48600 b/s)
SLOT 1
SLOT 2
SLOT 3
SLOT 4
SLOT 5
SLOT 6
G R DATA SYNC 28 6 6 16
DATA 122
SACCH DVCC
12
12
DATA 122
G:GUARD TIME R:RAMP TIME DVCC: DIGITAL VERIFFICATION COLOR CODE RSVD: RESERVE FOR FUTURE USE
MOBILE TO BASE
SYNC SACCH 12 28
DATA 130
DATA 12 130 BASE TO MOBILE
DVCC
RSVD
12
GSM (Group Special Mobile)
Pan European Cellular Standard Second Generation: Digital Frequency Division duplex (890-915 MHz Upstream; 935-960 MHz Downstream) 125 frequency carriers Carrier spacing: 200 Khz 8 channels per carrier (Narrowband Time Division) Speech coder: linear predictive coding (Source rate = 13 Kbps) Modulation: phase shift keying (Gaussian minimum shift keying) Multilevel, time division frame structure Slow frequency hopping to overcome multipath fading
GSM functions - TDMA access technique
BURST TRANSMITTED BY MOBILE 1 TDMA FRAME (4.6 ms)
MOBILE 2
MOBILE 8 TIM E TIME-SLOT: 577 ms SIGNAL BURST: 546 ms
GSM network architecture and functions Signalling channels
BCCH: Broadcast Control Channel
point-to-multipoint unidirectional control channel broadcasting system information to MS up-link: CHannel) down-link: RACH (Random Access PCH (Paging Channel) AGCH (Access Grant CHannel)
CCCH: Common Control Channel
DCCH: Dedicated Control CHannel
point-to-point bidirectional control channel SACCH (Slow Associated Control CHannel) FACCH (Fast Associated Control CHannel) SDCCH (Stand Alone Dedicated Control CHannel)
UMTS (Universal Mobile Transport Service)
Requirements
384 Kbps for full area coverage 2 Mbps for local area coverage variable bit rate packet traffic support flexibility (eg, multiple, multimedia streams on a single connection)
Third generation services
2M video conference video conference 384K remote medical service video catalogue shopping video on demand mobile TV
64K 32K 16K internet telephone conference pager 9.6K telephone 2.4K 1.2K bidirectional
electronic newspaper ISDN voice mail electronic publishing FAX distribution services (voice) mobile radio
distribution services (data)
unidirectional point to point
multicast multipoint
UTRAN (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Net) Architecture
Core Network
Iu UTRAN RNS
B-nodeub
Site Contr
Iu
RNC
I Iub
Iu
r
RNS I B-node ub
Site Contr
RNC
Iub
Site Contr
B-node
B-node
Site Contr
BTS BTS BTS
BTS BTS BTS
BTS BTS BTS
BTS BTS BTS
Access techniques for mobile communications
FDMA (TACS) P T P T F
TDMA (GSM, DECT) ATDMA (UMTS) F CDMA (UMTS)
P
P - Power T - Time F - Frequency T
W-CDMA (Wide Band CDMA)
Key features
Improved capacity and coverage (over second generation CDMA); backward compatible High degree of service flexibility: multiple, parallel services per connection; efficient pkt access Operator flexibility: asynchronous interstation operation; hierarchical cell structures (HCS); adaptive antenna arrays (enabled by uplink pilot symbols); TDD (Time Division Duplex) mode for asymmetric traffic and uncoordinated environments.
Radio Interface - protocol architecture
C-plane
U-plane
L3 RRC
L2/LAC
LAC
LAC
LAC
Logical channels
L2/MAC
RLC
RLC MAC
RLC
RLC
Transport channels
L1
Physical Layer
Layer 1 - up link physical channels (W-CDMA)
Data 0.667 ms Pilot
Feedback indicator Transport Dedicated Physical Transmit power control format ind. Control Channel
Dedicated Physical Data Channel
Slot#1Slot#2
Slot#i
Slot#15
Frame#1 Frame#2
Frame#i 10 ms
Frame#72
Layer 1 - down link physical channels (W-CDMA example)
DPCCH Pilot TPC TFI 0.667 ms DPDCH Data
Slot#1Slot#2
Slot#i
Slot#15
frame
Frame#1 Frame#2
Frame#i 10 ms
Frame#72
superframe
Transport channels (example)
Dedicated Channel (DCH):
fast change of bit rate (10ms) fast power control inherent MS addressing collision open loop power control explicit MS addressing
Random Access Channel (RACH) - up link:
Broadcast Control Channel (BCH) - down link Forward Access Channel (FACH) - down link:
Paging Channel (PCH) - down link:
slow power control explicit MS addressing
use of sleep modes
Multiplexing transport channels onto physical channels
trasport channels multiplexing
DCH
coding interleaving
DCH
interleaving
rate matching
multiplexing
coding interleaving
interleaving
rate matching
DCH DCH
dynamic intra frame (up link) interleaving
static
inter frame interleaving
interleaving
rate matching
MS physical layer up-down link example of multiplexing
DCH DCH DCH DCH DCH DCH
Coding and multiplexing
decoding and demultiplexing
Down link mapping TFI transmitted on the control channel multiplexing
phy ch
phy ch
phy ch
phy ch phy ch phy ch
phy ch phy ch phy ch
Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 3
Up link
MAC Services and Functions
set-up, release of logical channels data transfer service on logical channels allocation/re-allocation of radio resources measurement report Functions
Selection of the transport format Handling of priority within one user/between users Scheduling of control messages (broadcast, paging,
DCH
DCH DCH DCH DCH
Coding and multiplexing
Coding and multiplexing
notification)
Multiplexing/de-multiplexing of higher layers PDUs on/from common or dedicated transport channels Contention control on the random access channel
mapping
mapping
phy ch
phy ch
phy ch
Retransmission Protocol services and functions
Layer 2 connection set-up and release transparent data transfer unacknowledged data transfer acknowledged data transfer Services
Functions
RCLP PDU RCLP PDU RCLP PDU 160 bit 160 bit 160 bit
connection control
segmentation and re-assembly error detection/recovery and in-sequence delivery transfer of user data flow control duplicate detection QoS adaptation
10ms 32kbit/s
10ms 16kbit/s
Radio Resource control - functions
Broadcast of information provided by the Core Network related to the access segment
Set-up, maintenance and release of an RRC connection Set-up, maintenance and release of radio bearers on the user plane Assignment, reconfiguration and release of radio resources for the connection Arbitration of radio resource allocation between cells RRC connection mobility functions
Quality of Service control and radio resource allocation among the cells
Admission and congestion control Control of the MS measurement reporting
Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor
c = (1,1,1,1) 4,1 c2,1 = (1,1) c4,2 = (1,1,-1,-1) c4,3 = (1,-1,1,-1) c4,4 = (1,-1,-1,1)
c2,2 = (1,-1)
Uplink Variable Rate
10 ms
1-rate
1/2-rate 1/4-rate 0-rate
Variable rate
R=1
R = 1/2
R=0
R=0
R = 1/2
: DPCCH (Pilot+TPC+RI) : DPDCH (Data)
Downlink Variable Rate (DTX based)
0.625 ms
1-rate 1/2-rate 1/4-rate 0-rate
: DPCCH-part (Pilot+TPC+RI) : DPDCH-part (Data)
TD-CDMA (Time Division Duplex)
Multiple access scheme Channel spacing Charrier chip rate Spreading factor TDMA/CDMA 5 MHz 3.84 Mchips/s 1-16
Frame length
Multirate concept Modulation Burst Types Detection
10 ms
multislot /multicode QPSK burst 1 long delay spread burst 2 short delay spread Coherent, based on midamble
TDD - frame structure
multiframe =24 frames (240 ms)
0 23
frame = 15 TS (10 ms)
0 15
UL DL>UL UL>DL switching points BCCH
DL
codes
RACH
UL TCH
DL TCH
Packet Data Service
In W-CDMA, data packets can be transmitted in 3 ways: (a) RACH (Random Access Channel): used for small amount of data; no reservations, thus low latency; but, collisions and no power control (on RACH) (b) Request a dedicated channel (like VC setup): MS sends a Res Req msg (on RACH) with traffic specs; network returns a Req All + Cap All (with transport formats) on FACH, if resources are available; Cap_All may be issued separately (later) if the network load is high; MS transmits after receiving the Cap All.
Packet Data Service (cont)
(c) use existing dedicated channel (before it expires): if a DCH was recently used, go ahead and tx the unscheduled pkt on that channel. If timer expired, the MS can still omit the Res Req and issue just the Cap All
Real time services
MS issues Res_Req on RACH (or on DCH if it has one going) Network issues Res All (with TF parameters) MS starts transmission immediately (no wait for Cap_All) Network may later reduce/restore the TF depending on load fluctuations
Congestion Control
Congestion may occur even after careful admission control without cong. control, mobiles tend to increase their tx power, to combat interference, thus aggravating the problem solutions: (a) lower bit rate of users insensitive to delay; (b) perform interfrequency handovers ( c) remove connection(s) congestion control remedies activated by load thresholds
Handover modes
hard seamless
Handover Functions basic feature for the RAN architecture
soft
Macrodiversity - active set
Cell A
Cell B
Ec/No
Signal margin
Time margin ADD threshold
DROP threshold Soft handover region
Cell C
Time
The macrodiversity control
control point two control points
mobility control points mobility
