Data Representation
DATA REPRESENTATION
Data Types
Complements Fixed Point Representations Floating Point Representations Other Binary Codes Error Detection Codes
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Data Representation
Data Types
DATA REPRESENTATION
Information that a Computer is dealing with * Data - Numeric Data Numbers( Integer, real) - Non-numeric Data Letters, Symbols * Relationship between data elements - Data Structures Linear Lists, Trees, Rings, etc * Program(Instruction)
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NUMERIC DATA REPRESENTATION
Data Numeric data - numbers(integer, real) Non-numeric data - symbols, letters Number System Nonpositional number system - Roman number system Positional number system - Each digit position has a value called a weight associated with it - Decimal, Octal, Hexadecimal, Binary Base (or radix) R number - Uses R distinct symbols for each digit - Example AR = an-1 an-2 ... a1 a0 .a-1a-m - V(AR ) =
i m
a R
i
n 1
Radix point(.) separates the integer portion and the fractional portion R = 2 Binary R = 16 Hexadecimal
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R = 10 Decimal number system, R = 8 Octal,
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Data Representation
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WHY POSITIONAL NUMBER SYSTEM IN THE DIGITAL COMPUTERS ?
Major Consideration is the COST and TIME - Cost of building hardware Arithmetic and Logic Unit, CPU,Communications - Time to processing Arithmetic - Addition of Numbers - Table for Addition
Binary Addition Table
0 1 1 10 0 1 0 1
* Non-positional Number System - Table for addition is infinite --> Impossible to build, very expensive even if it can be built * Positional Number System - Table for Addition is finite --> Physically realizable, but cost wise the smaller the table size, the less expensive --> Binary is favorable to Decimal
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Decimal Addition Table
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112 4 5 6 7 8 9 10111213 5 6 7 8 9 1011121314 6 7 8 9 101112131415 7 8 9 10111213141516 8 9 1011121314151617 9 101112131415161718
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Data Representation
Data Types
REPRESENTATION OF NUMBERS POSITIONAL NUMBERS
Decimal Binary Octal Hexadecimal
00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
Binary, octal, and hexadecimal conversion Octal 1 2 7 5 4 3 Binary 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 Hexa A F 6 3
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CONVERSION OF BASES
Base R to Decimal Conversion A = an-1 an-2 an-3 a0 . a-1 a-m V(A) = ak Rk
(736.4)8 = 7 x 82 + 3 x 81 + 6 x 80 + 4 x 8-1 = 7 x 64 + 3 x 8 + 6 x 1 + 4/8 = (478.5)10 (110110)2 = ... = (54)10 (110.111)2 = ... = (6.785)10 (F3)16 = ... = (243)10 (0.325)6 = ... = (0.578703703 .................)10 Decimal to Base R number - Separate the number into its integer and fraction parts and convert each part separately. - Convert integer part into the base R number --> successive divisions by R and accumulation of the remainders. - Convert fraction part into the base R number --> successive multiplications by R and accumulation of integer digits
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EXAMPLE
Convert 41.687510 to base 2.
Integer = 41 41 20 1 10 0 5 0 2 1 1 0 0 1 (41)10 = (101001)2 (41.6875)10 = (101001.1011)2 Exercise Convert (63)10 to base 5: (223)5 Convert (1863)10 to base 8: (3507)8 Convert (0.63671875)10 to hexadecimal: (0.A3)16
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Fraction = 0.6875 0.6875 x 2 1.3750 x 2 0.7500 x 2 1.5000 x 2 1.0000 (0.6875)10 = (0.1011)2
Data Representation
Complements
COMPLEMENT OF NUMBERS
Two types of complements for base R number system: - R's complement and (R-1)'s complement
The (R-1)'s Complement Subtract each digit of a number from (R-1) Example
- 9's complement of 83510 is 16410 - 1's complement of 10102 is 01012(bit by bit complement operation)
The R's Complement
Add 1 to the low-order digit of its (R-1)'s complement
Example - 10's complement of 83510 is 16410 + 1 = 16510 - 2's complement of 10102 is 01012 + 1 = 01102
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Data Representation
Fixed Point Representations
FIXED POINT NUMBERS
Numbers: Fixed Point Numbers and Floating Point Numbers
Binary Fixed-Point Representation X = xnxn-1xn-2 ... x1x0. x-1x-2 ... x-m Sign Bit(xn): 0 for positive - 1 for negative Remaining Bits(xn-1xn-2 ... x1x0. x-1x-2 ... x-m) - Following 3 representations Signed magnitude representation Signed 1's complement representation Signed 2's complement representation Example: Represent +9 and -9 in 7 bit-binary number Only one way to represent +9 ==> 0 001001 Three different ways to represent -9: In signed-magnitude: 1 001001 In signed-1's complement: 1 110110 In signed-2's complement: 1 110111
In general, in computers, fixed point numbers are represented either integer part only or fractional part only.
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Fixed Point Representations
CHARACTERISTICS OF 3 DIFFERENT REPRESENTATIONS
Complement Signed magnitude: Complement only the sign bit Signed 1's complement: Complement all the bits including sign bit Signed 2's complement: Take the 2's complement of the number, including its sign bit. Maximum and Minimum Representable Numbers and Representation of Zero X = xn xn-1 ... x0 . x-1 ... x-m Signed Magnitude
Max: 2n - 2-m 011 ... 11.11 ... 1 Min: -(2n - 2-m) 111 ... 11.11 ... 1 Zero: +0 000 ... 00.00 ... 0 -0 100 ... 00.00 ... 0
Signed 1s Complement
Max: 2n - 2-m Min: -(2n - 2-m) Zero: +0 -0 011 ... 11.11 ... 1 100 ... 00.00 ... 0 000 ... 00.00 ... 0 111 ... 11.11 ... 1
Signed 2s Complement
Max: 2n - 2-m Min: -2n Zero: 0 011 ... 11.11 ... 1 100 ... 00.00 ... 0 000 ... 00.00 ... 0
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Fixed Point Representations
ARITHMETIC ADDITION: SIGNED MAGNITUDE
[1] Compare their signs [2] If two signs are the same , ADD the two magnitudes - Look out for an overflow [3] If not the same , compare the relative magnitudes of the numbers and then SUBTRACT the smaller from the larger --> need a subtractor to add [4] Determine the sign of the result
6+9 6 +) 9 15 0110 1001 1111 -> 01111 9 -)6 3 -6 + 9 1001 0110 0011 -> 00011 -6 + (-9) 6 0110 +) 9 1001 -15 1111 -> 11111
6 + (- 9) 9 1001 -) 6 0110 - 3 0011 -> 10011 Overflow 9 + 9 or (-9) + (-9) 9 1001 +) 9 1001 overflow (1)0010
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Fixed Point Representations
ARITHMETIC ADDITION: SIGNED 2s COMPLEMENT
Add the two numbers, including their sign bit, and discard any carry out of leftmost (sign) bit
Example
6 0 0110 +) 9 0 1001 15 0 1111 6 0 0110 +) -9 1 0111 -3 1 1101
-6 +) 9 3
1 1010 0 1001 0 0011
-9 1 0111 1 0111 +) -9 -18 (1)0 1110
xn-1yn-1sn-1 (cn-1 cn)
9 0 1001 +) 9 0 1001 18 1 0010
xn-1yn sn-1 (cn-1 cn) Computer Organization
overflow
2 operands have the same sign and the result sign changes xn-1yn-1sn-1 + xn-1yn-1sn-1 Computer Architectures Lab
Data Representation
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Fixed Point Representations
ARITHMETIC ADDITION: SIGNED 1s COMPLEMENT
Add the two numbers, including their sign bits. - If there is a carry out of the most significant (sign) bit, the result is incremented by 1 and the carry is discarded.
Example +)
6 -9 -3
0 0110 1 0110 1 1100
end-around carry -6 1 1001 +) 9 0 1001 (1) 0(1)0010 1 +) 3 0 0011 not overflow (cn-1 9 0 1001 9 0 1001 1 (1)0010
cn) = 0
+) +)
-9 1 0110 -9 1 0110 (1)0 1100 1 0 1101
+)
overflow
(cn-1 cn)
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Fixed Point Representations
COMPARISON OF REPRESENTATIONS
* Easiness of negative conversion
S + M > 1s Complement > 2s Complement * Hardware
- S+M: Needs an adder and a subtractor for Addition - 1s and 2s Complement: Need only an adder
* Speed of Arithmetic 2s Complement > 1s Complement(end-around C) * Recognition of Zero 2s Complement is fast
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Fixed Point Representations
ARITHMETIC SUBTRACTION
Arithmetic Subtraction in 2s complement
Take the complement of the subtrahend (including the sign bit) and add it to the minuend including the sign bits. (A)-(-B) =(A)+ B (A)- B=(A)+( -B)
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Floating Point Representation
FLOATING POINT NUMBER REPRESENTATION
* The location of the fractional point is not fixed to a certain location * The range of the representable numbers is wide F = EM mn ekek-1 ... e0 mn-1mn-2 m0 . m-1 m-m sign exponent mantissa - Mantissa Signed fixed point number, either an integer or a fractional number - Exponent Designates the position of the radix point
Decimal Value V(F) = V(M) * RV(E) M: Mantissa E: Exponent R: Radix
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Floating Point Representation
FLOATING POINT NUMBERS
Example sign 0 .1234567 mantissa ==> +.1234567 x 10+04 sign 0 04 exponent
Note: In Floating Point Number representation, only Mantissa(M) and Exponent(E) are explicitly represented. The Radix(R) and the position of the Radix Point are implied. Example A binary number +1001.11 in 16-bit floating point number representation (6-bit exponent and 10-bit fractional mantissa) 0 or
Sign
0 00100 100111000
Exponent Mantissa
0 00101 010011100
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Floating Point Representation
CHARACTERISTICS OF FLOATING POINT NUMBER REPRESENTATIONS
Normal Form - There are many different floating point number representations of the same number --> Need for a unified representation in a given computer - the most significant position of the mantissa contains a non-zero digit
Representation of Zero - Zero Mantissa = 0 - Real Zero Mantissa = 0 Exponent = smallest representable number which is represented as 00 ... 0 <-- Easily identified by the hardware
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INTERNAL REPRESENTATION AND EXTERNAL REPRESENTATION
Another Computer
External Representation Internal Representation CPU Memory External Representation
Human
External Representation
Device
External Representations - Presentability - Efficiency Communication Reliability - Easy to handle - BCD, ASCII, EBCDIC
Internal Representations - Efficiency Memory space Processing time - Easy to convert to external representation - Fixed and Floating points
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External Representations
EXTERNAL REPRESENTATION
Numbers Most of numbers stored in the computer are eventually changed by some kinds of calculations --> Internal Representation for calculation efficiency --> Final results need to be converted to as External Representation for presentability
Alphabets, Symbols, and some Numbers Elements of these information do not change in the course of processing --> No needs for Internal Representation since they are not used for calculations --> External Representation for processing and presentability
Example Decimal Number: 4-bit Binary Code BCD(Binary Coded Decimal)
Decimal 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 BCD Code 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001
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External Representations
OTHER DECIMAL CODES
Decimal BCD(8421) 2421 84-2-1 Excess-3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001
0000 0000 0001 0111 0010 0110 0011 0101 0100 0100 1011 1011 1100 1010 1101 1001 1110 1000 1111 1111
0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100
Note: 8,4,2,-2,1,-1 in this table is the weight associated with each bit position.
d3 d2 d1 d0: symbol in the codes
BCD: d3 x 8 + d2 x 4 + d1 x 2 + d0 x 1 ==> 8421 code. 2421: d3 x 2 + d2 x 4 + d1 x 2 + d0 x 1 84-2-1: d3 x 8 + d2 x 4 + d1 x (-2) + d0 x (-1) Excess-3: BCD + 3
BCD: It is difficult to obtain the 9's complement. However, it is easily obtained with the other codes listed above. ==> Self-complementing codes
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Other Binary codes
GRAY CODE
* Characterized by having their representations of the binary integers differ in only one digit between consecutive integers
* Useful in analog-digital conversion.
Gray Decimal number g3 g2 g1 g0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 1 3 0 0 1 0 4 0 1 1 0 5 0 1 1 1 6 0 1 0 1 7 0 1 0 0 8 1 1 0 0 9 1 1 0 1 10 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 0 12 1 0 1 0 13 1 0 1 1 14 1 0 0 1 15 1 0 0 0 Binary b3 b2 b1 b0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 Computer Architectures Lab
4-bit Gray codes
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Other Binary codes
GRAY CODE - ANALYSIS
Letting gngn-1 ... g1 g0 be the (n+1)-bit Gray code for the binary number bnbn-1 ... b1b0 gi = bi bi+1 , 0 i n-1 g n = bn and bn-i = gn gn-1 . . . gn-i b n = gn
Reflection of Gray codes
0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 00 01 11 10 10 11 01 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 000 001 011 010 110 111 101 100 100 101 111 010 011 001 101 000
Note: The Gray code has a reflection property - easy to construct a table without calculation, - for any n: reflect case n-1 about a mirror at its bottom and prefix 0 and 1 to top and bottom halves, respectively
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Other Binary codes
CHARACTER REPRESENTATION ASCII
ASCII
(American Standard Code for Information Interchange)
Code
MSB (3 bits) 0 LSB (4 bits) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F NUL SOH STX ETX EOT ENQ ACK BEL BS HT LF VT FF CR SO SI 1 DLE DC1 DC2 DC3 DC4 NAK SYN ETB CAN EM SUB ESC FS GS RS US 2 SP ! # $ % & ( ) * + , . / 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? 4 @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O 5 P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] m n 6 a b c d e f g h I j k l m n o 7 P q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~ DEL Computer Architectures Lab
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Other Binary codes
CONTROL CHARACTER REPRESENTAION (ACSII)
NUL SOH STX ETX EOT ENQ ACK BEL BS HT LF VT FF CR SO SI DLE
Null Start of Heading (CC) Start of Text (CC) End of Text (CC) End of Transmission (CC) Enquiry (CC) Acknowledge (CC) Bell Backspace (FE) Horizontal Tab. (FE) Line Feed (FE) Vertical Tab. (FE) Form Feed (FE) Carriage Return (FE) Shift Out Shift In Data Link Escape (CC)
DC1 DC2 DC3 DC4 NAK SYN ETB CAN EM SUB ESC FS GS RS US DEL
Device Control 1 Device Control 2 Device Control 3 Device Control 4 Negative Acknowledge (CC) Synchronous Idle (CC) End of Transmission Block (CC) Cancel End of Medium Substitute Escape File Separator (IS) Group Separator (IS) Record Separator (IS) Unit Separator (IS) Delete
(CC) Communication Control (FE) Format Effector (IS) Information Separator Computer Organization Computer Architectures Lab
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Error Detecting codes
ERROR DETECTING CODES
Parity System - Simplest method for error detection - One parity bit attached to the information - Even Parity and Odd Parity Even Parity - One bit is attached to the information so that the total number of 1 bits is an even number
1011001 0 1010010 1
Odd Parity - One bit is attached to the information so that the total number of 1 bits is an odd number 1011001 1 1010010 0
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PARITY BIT GENERATION
Parity Bit Generation For b6b5... b0(7-bit information); even parity bit beven beven = b6 b5 ... b0 For odd parity bit bodd = beven 1 = beven
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Error Detecting codes
PARITY GENERATOR AND PARITY CHECKER
Parity Generator Circuit(even parity)
b6 b5 b4 b3 b2 b1 b0
beven
Parity Checker
beven b6 b5 b4 b3 b2 b1
b0
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Even Parity error indicator Computer Architectures Lab
