Digital Fundamentals
CHAPTER 1
Digital Concepts
Slide 1
1.1 Digital and Analog Quantities
• Analog quantities have continuous
values
• Digital quantities have discrete sets of
values
Slide 2
Digital and Analog Quantities (cont…)
Analog quantities have
Digital quantities have
continuous values
discrete sets of values
Slide 3
Digital and Analog Quantities (cont…)
Types of electronic devices or instruments:
• Analog
• Digital
• Combination analog and digital
Slide 4
1.2 Binary Digits, Logic Levels, and Digital Waveforms
• The conventional numbering system
uses ten digits: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8, and 9.
• The binary numbering system uses just
two digits: 0 and 1.
Slide 5
Binary Digits, Logic Levels, and Digital Waveforms
(cont…)
• The two binary digits are designated 0
and 1
• They can also be called LOW and HIGH,
where LOW = 0 and HIGH = 1
Slide 6
Binary Digits, Logic Levels, and Digital Waveforms
(cont….)
Binary values are also
represented by voltage levels
Slide 7
Binary Digits, Logic Levels, and Digital Waveforms
(cont….)
Major parts of a digital pulse
• Base line
• Amplitude
• Rise time (tr)
• Pulse width (tw)
• Fall time (tf)
Slide 8
Binary Digits, Logic Levels, and Digital Waveforms
(cont….)
• tw = pulse width
• T = period of the waveform
• f = frequency of the waveform
1
f=
T
Slide 9
Binary Digits, Logic Levels, and Digital Waveforms
(cont….)
The duty cycle of a binary waveform is
defined as:
tw
Duty cycle = 100%
T
Slide 10
1.3 Basic Logic Operations
There are only three basic logic operations:
Slide 11
Basic Logic Operations (cont….)
The NOT operation
• When the input is LOW, the output is HIGH
• When the input is HIGH, the output is LOW
The output logic level is
always opposite the input
logic level.
Slide 12
Basic Logic Operations (cont….)
• The AND operation
– When any input is LOW,
the output is LOW
– When both inputs are
HIGH, the output is
HIGH
Slide 13
Basic Logic Operations (cont….)
• The OR operation
– When any input is
HIGH, the output is
HIGH
– When both inputs are
LOW, the output is LOW
Slide 14
Overview of Basic Logic Functions (cont….)
• Comparison function
• Code conversion function
• Arithmetic functions
• Encoding function
• Decoding function
• Data selection function
• Data storage function
• Counting function
Slide 15
Overview of Basic Logic Functions (cont….)
Comparison function
• Compares two binary values and
determines whether or not they are
equal
Code conversion function
• Converts, or translates,
information from one code format
to another
Slide 16
Overview of Basic Logic Functions (cont….)
Arithmetic functions
• Perform the basic arithmetic
operations on two binary values:
– Addition
– Subtraction of two values
– Multiplication
– Division
Slide 17
Overview of Basic Logic Functions (cont….)
Encoding function
• Converts non-binary information
into a binary code
Decoding function
• Converts binary-coded information
into a non-binary form
Slide 18
Overview of Basic Logic Functions (cont….)
Data selection function
• Multiplexer (mux)
– Switches digital data from any
number of input sources to a single
output line
• Demultiplexer (demux)
– switches digital data from a single
input to any number of output lines
Slide 19
Overview of Basic Logic Functions (cont….)
Data storage function
• Retains binary data for a period of
time
– Flip-flops (bistable multvibrators)
– Registers
– Semiconductor memories
– Magnetic-media memories
– Optical-media memories
Slide 20
Overview of Basic Logic Functions (cont….)
Counting function
• Generates sequences of digital
pulse that represent numbers
Slide 21
1.4 Fixed-Function Integrated Circuits
IC package styles
• Dual in-line package (DIP)
• Small-outline IC (SOIC)
• Flat pack (FP)
• Plastic-leaded chip carrier (PLCC)
• Leadless-ceramic chip carrier (LCCC)
Slide 22
Fixed-Function Integrated Circuits (cont….)
• Dual in-line package (DIP)
Slide 23
Fixed-Function Integrated Circuits (cont….)
• Small-outline IC (SOIC)
Slide 24
Fixed-Function Integrated Circuits (cont….)
• Flat pack (FP)
Slide 25
Fixed-Function Integrated Circuits (cont….)
• Plastic-leaded chip carrier (PLCC)
Slide 26
Fixed-Function Integrated Circuits (cont….)
• Leadless-ceramic chip carrier (LCCC)
Slide 27
1.5 Test and Measurement Instruments
• Analog Oscilloscope
• Digital Oscilloscope
• Logic Analyzer
• Logic Probe, Pulser, and Current
Probe
• DC Power Supply
• Function Generator
• Digital Multimeter
Slide 28
