The Tools
Basic Principles
ELIAS ABLLAH OCTOBER 2011 UKM
Physical Properties
Lithology Boundary Velocity Density
Fluid Type
Water Saturation
Porosity
Clay content
Fracture
Dipping
Probe / Sonde Types
Caliper Log
Electric Logs
Radioactivity
Sonic Acoustic Log
Probe / Sonde Types
Caliper Log
Electric Logs
Self Potential; SP Resistivity Log
Normal Laterolog Induction
Radioactivity
Sonic Acoustic Log
Probe / Sonde Types
Caliper Log
Electric Logs
Radioactivity
Gamma Ray Total Spectrometry U, Th, K Neutron Log Density Log Lithodensity
Sonic Acoustic Log
Probe / Sonde Types
Caliper Log
Electric Logs
Radioactivity
Sonic Acoustic Log
Caliper
Measure the borehole diameter Borehole diameter changes due to
Drill bit shakes Cave in
Profile Log
3 arms @ 6 arms
Caliper
Gamma Ray Logs
measures both natural & induced radioactivity characteristic of the formations
U, Th. Po, Total Gamma Profile Log
Geiger Muller counter @ scintillation detector Stand alone @ combination with others (sonic, neutron, Density, Induction)
1 or more receiver
GR Application
Defining Bed boundary
Shale indicator Correlation for open hole & cased hole
Gamma Ray Logs
Another common log
Records radioactivity of a formation Shales have high gamma radioactive response Gamma ray logs infer grain size (and so subsequently inferred depositional energy) Gamma ray logs are most commonly used logs for sequence stratigraphic analysis
Electric Logs
L
Measure the resistance of the earth layer
Resistance / Conductivity
Dry Solid rock =0
Porous rock oil
No salt No conductivity High Resistivity
No salt No conductivity High Resistivity
Resistance / Conductivity (same porosity; diff. fluid)
Porous rock Fresh water
Porous rock Salty water
No salt No conductivity High Resistivity
salt present high conductivity low Resistivity
Resistance / Conductivity (same porosity; diff. salinity)
Porous rock Moderate salt
Porous rock High salt
salt present moderate conductivity
salt present High conductivity
Resistance / Conductivity (diff. porosity; same fluid)
Small porosity Salty water
Highly Porous rock Salty water
salt present small conductivity high Resistivity
salt present high conductivity low Resistivity
Resistance / Conductivity (same porosity; diff. fluid ratio)
Porous rock 20% Salt water 80% oil
Porous rock 80% Salt water 20% oil
Low conductivity High Resistivity
high conductivity low Resistivity
Borehole condition
Borehole condition
example
Rm > Rmc > Rxo > Rt
To determine Rt accurately, tools were designed with different depths of investigation
Shallow investigation tools
Microresistivity resistiity of invaded zone
Deep investigation tools
Laterolog, Inductions resistivity of uninvaded zone
Resistivity Logs
The most commonly used logs
Measures resistance of flow of electric current Is function of porosity & pore fluid in rock Frequently used to identify lithology
SP Logs
SP curves are caused by electromotive force in the formation
Electro Chemical
Membrane potential
Re
Profile Log
Electro Kinetic
of the movement
Re
Tr
1 or more receiver
SP Logs
Difference in salinity creates an electrical potential The magnitude of deflection indicate the difference in salinity between the drilling fluid and the formation water.
Shale to + Impervious Clsand
High NaCl Contentration
less Salty wate r
+ Salty water
SP Logs
Shale base line
The value is also influenced by the thickness of the beds, the shaliness of the permeable beds, and others
Mud filled hole
SP Logs
deep Salinity of mud < salinity of formation water
intermediate Salinity of mud = salinity of formation water
shallow Salinity of mud > salinity of formation water
NORMAL SP
SUPPRESSED SP
REVERSE SP
SP Application
Define Boundary Detection of permeable beds Correlation Evaluate formation water resistivity Bed shaliness
Spontaneous Potential (SP) Logs
Next most common log
Measures electrical current in well Result of salinity differences between formation water and the borehole mud Separates bed boundaries of permeable sands & impermeable shales.
Neutron Logs
Radioactive tool (2)
Radioactive source bombards the rock around well bore Neutron bombardment causes rocks to emit gamma rays in proportion to their hydrogen content. The gamma ray will be detected by the sonde
Hydrogen exist in all formation fluids (oil, gas, water), but not in the minerals
Thus indirect indicator on the Porosity
R
Profile Log
Problem shale (bounded water)
1 or more receiver
Neutron Logs
Another common log
Measures porosity of formation Uses quantity of hydrogen present Measures lithology when used with Density Log
Density Logs
Radioactive tool (3)
Radioactive source emit gamma radiation & records the gamma returning from the formations Gamma-gamma tools
Profile Log
1 or more receiver
Density Logs
A common log
Measures formations bulk density Used as a porosity measure Differentiates lithologies with Neutron Log Used with Sonic Logs to generate synthetic seismic traces to match to seismic lines
Common Density
g/cm3 Sandstone Limestone Dolomite Shale 2.65 2.71 2.87 1.9 2.7
Acoustic Logs
Measure time taken for sound wave to travel through different material Acoustic velocity depends on
Rock type & Porosity
Re
Profile Log
Re
Tr
1 or more receiver
Sonic (Acoustic) Logs
Another common log
Measures of speed of sound in formation Tied to porosity and lithology Used with Density Logs to generate Synthetic Seismic traces to match to Seismic traces
Lithology (porosity = 0)
Sandstone Limestone Dolomite Anhydrite Halite Fluid (fresh water / oil)
velocity ft/s
18,00021,000 21,00023,000 23,000 20,000 15,000 5,300
m/s
5,400 6,300 6,300 7,000 7,000 6,000 4,500 1,500
Composite Log
Other Logs
Temperature Pressure Televiewer Image NMR Dip Meter
