Conducting An

Energy Audit
Conducting An Energy Audit
OUTLINE

 Initiating an Energy Management Program

 Goals of the Energy Audit
 Energy Bills
 Steps in the On-Site Energy Audit
 Degree Days, Layout, Operating Hours
 Equipment List
 Systems to Consider
 Energy Audit Report
Initiating an
Energy Management Program
Designate an energy manager or an energy
management team.

Make sure energy manager or team have support

of top management of the company and the
specific facility

 Essential to get cooperation from the

maintenance and operating personnel
2 Kinds of Management Support
Needed
 Supportfor the data collection necessary to
determine
- how energy is used in the facility
- how much it costs
- how improvements could be made

 Supportby providing the authority and funding

to implement the most cost-effective
improvements
A Difficult Problem for an Energy
Manager
 Trying to reduce energy costs for a facility when these
costs are accounted for as part of general overhead

 Why? Individual managers and supervisors do not

consider themselves responsible for controlling the
energy costs.

 Why not? Individual managers or supervisors do not get

any direct benefit from reducing costs that are part of total
company overhead (C. Air, Motor Tags)
 Best Solution to this Problem
 Top management should allocate energy costs down
to “cost centers” in the company or the facility

If energy costs are charged to production centers – just

like materials and labor – then managers have a direct
incentive to control energy costs to improve the overall
cost-effectiveness of the production center.

10% bonus if goal is met

Employee feels they are considered
Allocation of Energy Costs for
Residential Building
 Each tenant receives a bill and pays for its own
energy consumption

Large buildings are often “master metered” to reduce

utility fixed charges.

 Utility costs should still be allocated to individual

users
 “Master metering” plus submetering can be an
attractive approach
Starting an Energy Management
Program
 Conduct an energy audit

An energy audit (or energy survey) is:

A study of how energy is used in a facility

and an analysis of what alternatives could be
used to reduce energy costs
improve profits
Goals of the Energy Audit are to:
 Clearly identify types and costs of energy use
 Understand how that energy is being used – and
possibly wasted
 Identify and analyze more cost-effective ways of
using energy
- improved operational techniques
- new equipment

 Perform an economic analysis on those

alternatives and determine which are cost-
effective for your business or industry $$$$$
Analysis of Bills
The audit must begin with a detailed analysis of the
energy bills for the previous twelve months. This is
important because:

 The bills show the proportionate use of each different

energy source when compared to the total energy bill,
 An examination of where energy is used can point out
previously unknown energy wastes, and
 The total amount spent on energy puts an obvious
upper limit on the amount that can be saved.
A complete analysis of the energy bills for a facility
requires a detailed knowledge of the rate structures in
effect for the facility.

To accurately determine the costs of operating individual

pieces of equipment, break energy bills down to their
components.

e.g. demand charge and energy charges for the electric

bill.

This breakdown also allows more accurate savings

calculations for Energy Management Opportunities
(EMO’s) such as:
high-efficiency equipment, rescheduling of some on-
peak electrical uses, etc, etc.
 ELECTRIC ENERGY USAGE AND COSTS FOR May 2004 to April 2005
Month Energy Consumed Energy Cost Total Demand Demand Tax on Total
kWh ($) kW Cost $ Electricity ($) Cost $

May-04 175,600 9,110 604 3,926 1,856 14,892

Jun-04 182,800 9,482 628 4,082 1,931 15,495
Jul-04 188,400 9,806 664 4,316 2,010 16,132
Aug-04 186,800 9,734 664 4,316 1,999 16,049
Sep-04 206,800 10,610 652 4,238 2,116 16,964
Oct-04 185,600 9,672 660 4,290 1,987 15,949
Nov-04 179,600 9,394 656 4,264 1,943 15,601
Dec-04 165,600 8,588 568 3,692 1,749 14,029
Jan-05 142,800 7,568 584 3,796 1,616 12,980
Feb-05 165,400 8,630 600 3,900 1,783 14,314
Mar-05 188,000 9,692 616 4,004 1,951 15,647
Apr-05 206,400 11,326 632 4,108 2,157 17,591
Totals 2,173,800 113,612 7,528 48,932 23,099 185,644
Averages 181,150 9,468 627 4,078 1,925 15,470

Average cost per kW per month = $7.42/kW/month

Average cost of energy without demand = $0.060/kWh
Average cost of energy including demand = $0.085/kWh
 Monthly Peak Demand

680 BOATS
660

640

620
kW

600

580 Total Monthly Energy Consumed

560
250,000
540

520 200,000
May- Jun- Jul-04 Aug- Sep- Oct- Nov- Dec- Jan- Feb- Mar- Apr-
04 04 04 04 04 04 04 05 05 05 05
150,000

Total Electric Costs

kWh
100,000
12,000

50,000
10,000

8,000 0
May- Jun- Jul- Aug- Sep- Oct- Nov- Dec- Jan- Feb- Mar- Apr
04 04 04 04 04 04 04 04 05 05 05 05
6,000
$

4,000

2,000

0
May 2004 - April 2005
May- Jun- Jul- Aug- Sep- Oct- Nov- Dec- Jan- Feb- Mar- Apr-
04 04 04 04 04 04 04 04 05 05 05 05
Steps in the On-site Energy Audit
1. Identify layout and operating schedule for facility.

Make a plan or sketch of the building(s) which shows

building size, room sizes, window areas, and wall and
roof composition and insulation (offices, prod, maint,…)

2. Compile an equipment inventory.

List all energy consuming equipment, with hours of use

each year and energy ratings or efficiencies.
Steps in the On-site Energy Audit
3. Determine the pattern of building use to show
annual needs for heating, cooling, & lighting.

4. Conduct a room-by room lighting inventory

- light fixtures
- lamp types, sizes and numbers
- levels of illumination
- uses of task lighting
Energy Balance for a Facility
Electricity Natural Gas
2,432,501 kWh 329,863 therms

Lighting Boiler
130,560 kWh Facility 329,863 therms

Motors Electric Heaters

1,516,619 kWh Chillers 100,100 kWh
Compressors
116,376 kWh 274,560 kWh

HVAC Miscellaneous
34,286 kWh 260,000 kWh

Total: 2,432,501 kWh/yr

Demand Balance for a Facility
Electricity
330 kW

Lighting Boiler
18 kW Facility 329,863 therms

Motors Electric Heaters

197.1 kW Chillers 13.5 kW
Compressors
14.9 kW 34.3 kW
HVAC Miscellaneous
17.1 kW 35 kW

Total: 329.9 kW
Geographic Location/ Degree Days/ Weather
Data
 Geographic location of facility and weather data for
that location are important.
 Obtain average degree days for heating and cooling
for that location for the past twelve months from:
- local weather station,
- local utility, or
- state energy office
 Degree-day data is very useful in analyzing energy
needed to heat or cool facility.
NOAA: National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration
Heating Degree Days (HDD) and Cooling
Degree Days (CDD), are separate values and
are specific to a particular geographic location.
DD assumptions:
 the average building has a desired indoor
temperature of 70°F
 5°F of this is supplied by internal heat sources
such as lights, appliances, equipment, and
people.
∴ The base for computing degree-days is 65°F.

For more thermally heavy buildings, we cool more

 Example:
Assume a period of three days when the outside
temperatures averaged 50°F each day

The number of HDD for this three day period would be:

HDD = (65ºF - 50ºF) * 3days

= 45 degree days

Gainesville: HDD = 1,200 dd CDD = 2,400 dd/yr

HDD = Σ (65 - <Ti >) CDD = Σ (<Ti > - 65)

Facility Layout
Obtain the facility Layout or plan and review it to
determine:

- facility size,
- floor plan,
- construction features
(wall & roof material, insulation levels,
door & window sizes and construction)
Facility Layout (cont’d)
 Obtain operating hours for facility

- How many shifts does the facility run ?

- Is there only a single shift ?, Two, Three ?

Knowing the operation hours in advance

gives some indication as to whether any
loads could be shifted to off-peak times.
Example: Produce Ice at night – Cooling @ On-Peak
 Equipment List
 Get Equipment list for facility and review it before conducting
audit.
 Identify all large pieces of energy consuming equipment such
as:
- heaters, AC, water heaters, and specific
process-related equipment
 Equipment list and data on operational uses of equipment
provide understanding major energy-consuming tasks or
equipment at facility
Nine Major Systems to Consider
 Building Envelope
 HVAC System
 Electrical Supply System
 Lighting
 Boiler and Steam System
 Hot Water System
 Compressed Air System
 Motors
 Special Purpose Process Equipment
As you examine each system, ask:

1. What function(s) does this

system serve ?
2. How does this system serve its
function(s) ?
3. What is the energy
consumption of this system?
4. What are the indications that
this system is probably working
(properly) ?
5. If this system is not working, how can it be restored to good
working condition ?

6. How can the energy cost of this system be reduced ?

7. How should this system be maintained ?

8. Who has direct responsibility for maintaining and improving

the operation and energy efficiency of this system ?
Example: Group Relamping
Preliminary Identification of
Energy Management Opportunities
 During the on-site audit, take notes on potential EMO’s
that are evident.
 In general, devote the greatest effort to analyzing and
implementing the EMO’s which show the greatest
savings, and the least effort to those with the smallest
savings potential.
 Identifying EMO’s requires a good knowledge of energy
efficiency technologies available to do the same job
with less energy and cost.
 The Energy Audit Report
 The energy audit report details the final results of the
energy analyses and provides energy
cost saving recommendations.
 The length and detail of this report will vary
depending on the type of facility audited
 A residential audit may result in a computer printout
from the utility
 An industrial audit should have a detailed explanation
of the EMO’s and benefit-cost analyses.
Energy Audit Report Format
 Executive Summary
Brief summary of recommendations and
cost savings
 Table of Contents
 Introduction

- Purpose of the energy audit

- Need for a continuing energy cost
control program
 Facility Description
Product or service, and materials flow
Size, construction, facility layout, and hours of
operation, Equipment list, with specifications
 Energy Bill Analysis
Utility rate structures
Tables/graphs of energy consumptions and costs
Discussion of energy costs and energy bills
 Energy Management Opportunities
Listing of potential EMO’s
Cost and savings analysis
Economic evaluation
 Energy Action Plan
Recommended EMO’s and an implementation schedule
Designation of an energy monitor and ongoing program

 Conclusion
Additional comments not otherwise covered