ENERGY MANAGEMENT

WEEK 4
The Energy Audit Process:
An Overview

Lec. M.Sc. Mech. Eng. Semih Yılmaz

 INTRODUCTION
The goals of audit are;

 to clearly identify the types and costs of energy use,

 to understand how that energy is being used—and possibly wasted,
 to identify and analyze alternatives such as improved operational
 techniques and/or new equipment that could substantially reduce energy costs,
 to perform an economic analysis on those alternatives and determine which ones are
cost-effective for the business or industry involved.
Energy Audit Phases

 PHASE ONE:

Preparing for the audit visit;

 PHASE TWO:
 performing the facility survey
 PHASE THREE:
 implementing the audit recommendations.
 PHASE ONE
PREPARING FOR AN ENERGY AUDIT

1.1. Gathering Preliminary Data on the Facility

Analysis of Bills

Figure1.1-Summary form for energy use.

 Analysis of Bills
Example 1-1. This example demonstrates the importance of
analyzing energy bills. As Figure 1-2 shows, most of the gas used at this
facility is used by the main heating plant. Therefore most of the energy
management effort and money should be concentrated on the main heating
plant.

Building Energy Costs Percentage of total

Heating plant €38,742.34 83.2%

East dormitory 4,035.92 8.7%
Married student apartments 1,370.79 2.9%
Undergraduate dormitory 768.42 1.7%
Greenhouse 560.21 1.2%
Child development center 551.05 1.2%
President’s home 398.53 0.9%
Art barn 104.77 0.2%

Figure 1-2. Natural gas bills for a small college.

 Gathering Preliminary Data
on the Facility

Geographic Location/Degree Days/Weather Data

Facility Layout

Operating Hours

Equipment List
 Tools for the Audit
 Tape measures or digital meters
 Lightmeter: Illumination meter (Lux)
 Thermometers
 Voltmeter or Multi-meters
 Wattmeter/Power Factor Meter
 Combustion Analyzer
 Ultrasonic Air Leak Detector
 Airflow Measurement Devices
 Smoke Generator
 Safety Equipment
 Safety Considerations
Safety Checklist
1.Electrical:
Avoid working on live circuits, if possible.
Securely lock circuits and switches in the off position before working.
Always keep one hand in your pocket while making measurements on live circuits
to help prevent accidental electrical shocks.

2.Respiratory:
When necessary, wear a full face respirator mask with adequate filtration.
Use activated carbon cartridges in the mask when working around low
concentrations of noxious gases.
Change the cartridges on a regular basis.
Use a self-contained breathing apparatus for work in toxic environments.

3.Hearing:
Use foam insert plugs while working around loud machinery to reduce sound levels
by nearly 30 decibels.
 PHASE TWO
THE FACILITY INSPECTION

 Introductory Meeting
 Audit Interviews
 Initial Walk-through Tour
 Gathering Detailed Data
 Gathering Detailed Data
As each of these systems are examined, the following
questions should be asked:

1. What function(s) does this system serve?

2. How does this system serve its function(s)?

3. What is the energy consumption of this system?

4. What are the indications that this system is probably working?

5. If this system is not working, how can it be restored to good working condition?

6. How can the energy cost of this system be reduced?

7. How should this system be maintained?

8. Who has direct responsibility for maintaining and improving the operation and energy
efficiency of this system?
 PHASE TWO
THE FACILITY INSPECTION

• The building/ship/facility envelope:

• outside doors, windows, and walls; the roof; and, in some
cases, the floor or ship deck.

Figure 1-4.Completed inspection form for building envelope.

 PHASE TWO
THE FACILITY INSPECTION

• Steam boiler and steam distribution system:

• A steam boiler burns fuel to produce heat that converts
water into steam,
• steam distribution system takes the steam from the
boiler to the point of use

• Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning system:

• All heating, air conditioning and ventilation (HVAC) equipment
should be inventoried.

• Prepared data sheets can be used to;

• record type, size,model numbers, age, electrical specifications or
fuel use specifications, and estimated hours of operation.
 PHASE TWO
THE FACILITY INSPECTION
• Electrical supply system:
• This system consists of transformers, wiring, switches,
and fuses etc…within the ship/company.
• Does NOT Include: lights, motors, or electrical controls

• Lights, windows, and reflective surfaces:

• The functions of this system are to provide sufficient light;
 for necessary work,
 enable people to see where they are going,
 assist in building and
 area security at night,
 illuminate advertising,
 provide decoration.
 PHASE TWO
THE FACILITY INSPECTION

• Hot water distribution system:

• The hot water system distributes hot water for washing,
for use in ship cleaning, and for use in kitchens.

• Air compressors and the air distribution system:

• Air compressors and the air distribution system

provide motive power for tools and some machinery, and
often provide air to operate the heating,
 PHASE TWO
THE FACILITY INSPECTION
• Motors:
• All electric motors over 1 kW should be inventoried.
• Prepared data sheets can be used to;
• record motor size, use, age, model number,
• Estimated hours of operation,
• other electrical characteristics,
• possibly the full load power factor..
 ENERGY AUDIT REPORT
Energy Audit Report Format
1.Executive Summary
• A brief summary of the recommendations and cost savings

2.Table of Contents
3.Introduction
• Purpose of the energy audit
• Need for a continuing energy cost control program

4.Facility Description
• Product or service, and materials flow
• Size, construction, facility layout, and hours of operation
• Equipment list, with specifications

5.Energy Bill Analysis

• Utility rate structures
• Tables and graphs of energy consumptions and costs
• Discussion of energy costs and energy bills
 ENERGY AUDIT REPORT

Energy Audit Report Format

6.Energy Management Opportunities

• Listing of potential EMOs
• Cost and savings analysis
• Economic evaluation

7.Energy Action Plan

• Recommended EMOs and an implementation schedule
• Designation of an energy monitor and ongoing program

8.Conclusion
• Additional comments not otherwise covered
 PHASE THREE
IMPLEMENTING THE AUDIT RECOMMENDATIONS

 The Energy Action Team:

 PHASE THREE
IMPLEMENTING THE AUDIT RECOMMENDATIONS

 Goals:
At least three different kinds of goals can be identified:

 Performance Goals
 Accounting Goal
 Employee Participation

 Monitoring:
 Monitoring consists of collecting and interpreting data.
 The data to collect are defined by the objectives
chosen by the energy action committee.
 The monitoring data should provide direct feedback to

those most able to implement the changes.

Thanks for Your Attention

Questions?
and
Your ideas?
 REFERENCES
1. 2005 ASHRAE Handbook on Fundamentals, American Society of
Heating, Refrigeratingand Air Conditioning Engineers, Inc., Atlanta,
GA, May, 2005.
2. Simplified Energy Analysis Using the Modified Bin Method, American
Society of
Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers, Inc., Atlanta, GA,
1995.
3. IES Lighting Handbook, Illuminating Engineering Society, New York, NY,
2000.
4. Energy Management for the Year 2000, A handbook prepared by the
National Electrical
Contractors Association and the National Electrical Manufacturers
Association,
Washington, DC, First Edition, 1993.
5. Capehart, Lynne C. and Barney L. Capehart, “Writing User-Friendly
Energy Audit
Reports,” Strategic Planning for Energy and the Environment, Vol. 14, No.
4, 1994.
 RESOURCES
 Guide to Energy Management: 5th edition
B.L. Capehart, W.C. Turner, W.J. Kennedy

 ENERGY MANAGEMENT HANDBOOK: 4th edition

W.C. Turner,
 www.WIKIPEDIA.org