Physics project
Newtons Laws of
Motion
A Brief Introduction.
Newton's laws of motionconsist of threephysical
lawsthat form the basis forclassical mechanics.
They describe the relationship between the forces
acting on a body and itsmotiondue to those forces.
They have been expressed in several different ways
over nearly three centuries.
The three laws of motion were first compiled bySir
Isaac Newtonin his workPhilosophi Naturalis
Principia Mathematica, first published on July 5,
1687. Newton used them to explain and investigate
the motion of many physical objects and systems
Newton's First and
Second laws, in
Latin, from the
original 1687
edition of
thePrincipia
Mathematica.
Newtons
first law of
motion
(law of
inertia)
First law of motion
First law of motion :- Every body remains in a
state of rest or uniform motion (constantvelocity)
unless it is acted upon by an external unbalanced
force.This means that in the absence of a nonzero net force, thecenter of massof abodyeither
remains at rest, or moves at a constantspeedin a
straight line.
This tendency is also known as inertia!
Inertia
Inertia is the
tendency of an object
to resist changes in
its velocity. whether
in motion or not
The ball doesn't move unless it is
acted upon by an external unbalanced
force.
Newtons 1st law and you
Dont let this be you. Wear seat belts.
Because of inertia, objects (including you) resist changes in their
motion. When the car going 80 km/hour is stopped by the brick
wall, your body keeps moving at 80 m/hour, so it moves forward!!!
Friction
Now we can get a doubt that
What is this unbalanced force that acts on an
object in motion?
It is none other than friction!! Once airborne
or in motion, unless acted on by an
unbalanced force (gravity and air fluid
friction), it would never stop!
For example --- Unless acted upon by an
unbalanced force, this golf ball move
forever. But because friction and gravity are
acting on it the ball is stopping!
Newtons
second
law of
motion
Momentum
Momentum of a body is defined as
the product of its mass and velocity
P(momentum) = M(mass) x
V(velocity)
Second law of motion
The rate of change of momentum of an object
is proportional to the applied unbalanced
force in the direction of the force
This tell us that
:-
rce = Mass x acceleratio
Units
When mass is in kilograms and acceleration is
in m/s*s the unit of force is in Newton (N). One
Newton is equal to the force required to
accelerate one kilogram of mass at one
meter/second square
If mass remains constant, doubling the acceleration, doubles the force.
If force remains constant, doubling the mass, halves the acceleration.
Newtons 2nd Law proves that different masses accelerate
to the earth at the same rate, but with different forces
We know that
objects with
different masses
accelerate to the
ground at the same
rate.
However, because
of the 2nd Law we
know that they
dont hit the ground
with the same force.
F = ma
98 N = 10 kg x 9.8
F = ma
9.8 N = 1 kg x
9.8 m/s/s
Newton
s 3rd law
of
motion
Third law of motion
For every action, there is an equal and
opposite reaction.
This may be the most popular law in the
universe !
This law is sometimes referred to as
theaction-reaction law, withFcalled the
"action" and Fthe "reaction". The action and
the reaction are simultaneous.
Conservation of momentum
According to Newton's third law every action
has an equalant reaction in the opposite
direction .
So, when 2 bodies of masses M1 and M2
collide with initial velocities U1 and U2 in a
time period t ,Then Force of A on B = -(Force of B on A )
=>
M1(V1-U1)/t = M2(V2-U2)/t
=>
M2V2)
M1U1 +M2U2 = -(M1V1 +
Examples
According to
Newton,
whenever
objects A and B
interact with
each other, they
exert forces
upon each other.
When you sit in
your chair, your
body exerts a
downward force
on the chair and
the chair exerts
an upward force
on your body.
There are two
forces resulting
from this
interaction - a force
on the chair and a
force on your body.
These two forces
are called action
and reaction forces.
Consider the propulsion of a fish through
the water. A fish uses its fins to push water
backwards. In turn, the water reacts by
pushing the fish forwards, propelling the
fish through the water.
The size of the force on the water equals
the size of the force on the fish; the
direction of the force on the water
(backwards) is opposite the direction of
the force on the fish (forwards).
Flying gracefully through the
air, birds depend on Newtons
third law of motion. As the birds
push down on the air with their
wings, the air pushes their
wings up and gives them lift.
The wings of a bird push air
downwards. In turn, the air
reacts by pushing the bird
upwards.
The size of the force on the air
equals the size of the force on
the bird; the direction of the
force on the air (downwards) is
opposite the direction of the
force on the bird (upwards).
Action-reaction force pairs make
it possible for birds to fly.
The reaction of a rocket is an
application of the third law of
motion. Various fuels are burned
in the engine, producing hot
gases.
The hot gases push against the
inside tube of the rocket and
escape out the bottom of the
tube. As the gases move
downward, the rocket moves in
Bibliography :-
NCERT science text book of 9th class
Wikipedia
S.chand super simplified physics for
class 9
